Wing Trap Research Articles

Stimulated chemoreception with assisted chromoreception using Barrix-Hunter Red Palm Weevil (RPW) trap and lure to effectively attract and trap RPW pest in coconut fields

In the present open field trial study, using Barrix Hunter-RPW Trap and Lure (patent applied:202241012003) the pest RPW was successfully influenced with chemoreception by the use of pheromone lure containing a blend of 4-methyl-5-nonanol and 4-methyl-5-nonanone, in specific blend ratio of 7:1. The attraction efficiency of Barrix Hunter-RPW trap and lure was also affected by the colour of the trap, with specific maroon colour, matching to PANTONE 7421 C colour code influencing the chromoreception and colour cue of the pest RPW. The trap’s colour and pheromone lure both efficiently producing linear influence in attracting and trapping of RPWs in coconut fields. Pest catch data was statistically analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results demonstrated that combined pheromone blend lure and trap’s colour have a significant effect on attracting adult red palm weevils. Mean sum of weevils caught / trap at the end of 4 weeks was significantly higher in maroon coloured trap, followed by brown coloured trap and least number of weevils captured in burgundy coloured trap. Thus, field trials demonstrated maximum mean number of weevils captured was statistically significant for maroon (matching to PANTONE 7421 C colour code) coloured crescent wing trap, used along with pheromone lure; Barrix Hunter RPW Trap and Lure.

Traps and Attractants for Monitoring Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Presence of Mating Disruption

The use of aerosol mating disruption for management of the navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) in California tree nuts has increased markedly. This treatment suppresses pheromone monitoring traps in neighboring orchards as well as in the orchard under treatment. The current study, therefore, addresses the interrelated topics of which attractant is most effective, how the number of adults captured is affected by trap design, and what sex is captured. Under most circumstances, wing traps baited with phenyl propionate (PPO) captured more adults than those baited with a 5-compound kairomone blend. Adding a pheromone lure along with the dispenser for the experimental attractant increased the number of adults captured with PPO both in and near-mating disruption. In contrast, addition of a pheromone lure along with the kairomone blend only increased the number of adults captured in orchards near but not under mating disruption. Delta traps, which are preferred by the industry, captured fewer adults than wing traps. Improvements in the number of adults captured with PPO in delta traps from addition of a pheromone lure and from design modifications were additive. Both sexes were captured by all attractants and trap designs tested, and the sex ratio was highly variable. Open traps like the wing trap captured a slightly higher proportion of males than closed traps. These findings are discussed in the context of management of the navel orangeworm.

Development and Evaluation of Sex Pheromone Mass Trapping Technology for Ectropis grisescens: A Potential Integrated Pest Management Strategy.

Since the identification of the Ectropis grisescens sex pheromone, no effective control technology based on this pheromone has yet been developed and evaluated. In this study, pheromone proportion and dosage, sustained-release dispensers, and pheromone lure-matched traps were optimized. The mass trapping technology developed with the above optimized parameters was tested in a field trial. The results show that two compounds, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-octadecadiene, at a ratio of 30:70 and impregnated into rubber septa at 1 mg, were the most attractive to male moths. These compounds provided the best performance when combined with a sticky wing trap. Adult male moth monitoring data showed that there was a lower population density in the trapping plot compared with the control plot, and there was a clear difference during the peak adult occurrence of the first five insect generations in 2017. The effect of mass trapping on the larva population was investigated in 2018; the control efficiency reached 49.27% after trapping of one generation of adults and was further reduced to 67.16% after two successive adult moth generations, compared with the control plot. The results of the present study provide a scientific basis for the establishment of sex pheromone-based integrated pest management strategies.

Comparison of Different Trap Designs for Capture of Noctuid Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With Pheromone and Floral Odor Attractants.

Six trap designs were assessed for capturing noctuid moths in field trials in the United Kingdom and Argentina. The traps were baited with either a sex pheromone for Autographa gamma in the UK trials and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Argentina, or a floral odor blend. In the UK trials the Universal Trap and a funnel sleeve trap were compared; in Argentina the funnel sleeve trap, a homemade bucket trap, and (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) three sticky traps: LepTrap, wing trap, and delta trap were compared. Comparisons were made between the traps and attractants and captures of noctuid moths and nontarget insects. Traps baited with the floral attractant caught a lower number but a wider range of noctuid species including Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, Rachiplusia, Dargida, Mythimna, Chrysodeixis, Agrotis, and Autographa spp., and nontarget insects. In the UK trials, the funnel sleeve trap caught significantly more A. gamma than the Universal Trap. The addition of an insecticide to the Universal Trap marginally increased trap catches. In the Argentinian trials, the homemade bucket and the sleeve traps outperformed all sticky traps in most situations regardless of crop environment and attractant type. The homemade bucket and the funnel sleeve traps are also considerably cheaper than the other trap designs. Of the sticky traps the LepTrap caught more noctuids than the wing and delta traps. The results suggest that the bucket trap and the sleeve trap have a much greater maximum capacity and possibly a greater retention efficiency for noctuid moths compared to the sticky traps.

San Jose scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa) – new findings of monitoring and possibilities of organic control

San Jose scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) is a widespread pest in the Czech Republic and its harmfulness has increased over the last years. The European Union removed this pest from the list of quarantine pests because of its spread to almost all European countries. The scale develops on vegetative organs, blossoms and fruits. It most commonly occurs on the bark of trunks and branches. Due to the sucking of the plant sap, the trees may die. The only stage that is sensitive to treatment is the crawler stage. Possible control methods are limited to applications of oil-based preparations in early spring in organic agriculture. Our research is two-fold. Firstly, we are testing different pheromone traps (wing traps, delta traps, open traps) suitable for the monitoring of the occurrence of San Jose scale males in three different orchards. The wing trap catches the most males but the delta trap is the most well-adapted for user handling. The second area of our research is the testing of different preparations suitable for organic agriculture against San Jose scale nymphs. In 2013, the highest efficacy was achieved with the Naturalis (Beauveria bassiana) preparation: 59.6-60.9%. Quite good efficacy was recorded with the RockEffect (Pongamia pinnata oil) preparation: 41.8-56.9%. In 2014, the highest efficacy was achieved with the Naturalis preparation: up to 85.2%.

Calibration of a γ-Re θ transition model and its application in low-speed flows

The prediction of laminar-turbulent transition in boundary layer is very important for obtaining accurate aerodynamic characteristics with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tools, because laminar-turbulent transition is directly related to complex flow phenomena in boundary layer and separated flow in space. Unfortunately, the transition effect isnt included in todays major CFD tools because of non-local calculations in transition modeling. In this paper, Menters γ - Re θ transition model is calibrated and incorporated into a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code - Trisonic Platform (TRIP) developed in China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center (CARDC). Based on the experimental data of flat plate from the literature, the empirical correlations involved in the transition model are modified and calibrated numerically. Numerical simulation for low-speed flow of Trapezoidal Wing (Trap Wing) is performed and compared with the corresponding experimental data. It is indicated that the γ - Re θ transition model can accurately predict the location of separation-induced transition and natural transition in the flow region with moderate pressure gradient. The transition model effectively imporves the simulation accuracy of the boundary layer and aerodynamic characteristics.

Identification and application of the sex pheromones of the rice green caterpillar Naranga aenescens in Korea

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum composition of sex pheromones for mate attraction in the rice green caterpillar Naranga aenescens, and to evaluate the effects of pheromone quantity, trap type, and trapping location on trapping success in Korean paddy fields. Mating rate of N. aenescens increased with age, with the highest mating rate 2days after emergence. The highest mating rate occurred within 1h after lights-off; mating pairs were not observed during the photophase. In electroantennogram (EAG) and gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) analysis, virgin female extracts had 2 EAD-active components. The mass spectra of the 2 distinct EAD-active components were identical to those of Z9-14:Ac and Z11-16:Ac. Additionally, Z9-16:Ac was identified in the extracts in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Wing traps with lures containing 1mg of a 2:1:4 mixture of Z9-14:Ac, Z9-16:Ac, and Z11-16:Ac was the most attractive to N. aenescens males. Pheromone-baited wing trapping, therefore, can be a simple and effective tool for monitoring N. aenescens populations.

Optimization of the sex pheromone of the rice leaffolder moth Cnaphalocrocis medinalis as a monitoring tool in China

AbstractThe crude extract from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) has been identified to be (Z)‐11‐octadecenal (Z11‐18:Ald), (Z)‐13‐octadecenal (Z13‐18:Ald), (Z)‐11‐octadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐18:OH) and (Z)‐13‐octadecen‐1‐ol (Z13‐18:OH) in the GC‐MS, confirming the results reported previously in Japan. Field evaluation in China showed that the optimal blend is Z11‐18:Ald, Z13‐18:Ald, Z11‐18:OH and Z13‐18:OH at a ratio of 3 : 25 : 3 : 3. The optimal dosage is 500 μg Z13‐18:Ald per PVC tubing lure. In August, trap catches were highest between 3:00 and 4:00 a.m., and no moths were caught before 12:00 a.m. or after 6:00 a.m. The impact of trap design and trap height placement was also evaluated in the paddy field. The sticky wing trap was better than the water pan trap. The number of moths captured by the electric grid trap was 1.7 times greater than caught by the sticky wing trap. The optimal trap height was 20 cm below the top of the rice plants (80 cm high). Pheromone lure formulated from 60 μg Z11‐18:Ald, 500 μg Z13‐18:Ald, 60 μg Z11‐18:OH and 60 μg Z13‐18:OH was effective for population monitoring in trial sites in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hainan Provinces, encompassing both subtropical and temperate regions. Use of this synthetic pheromone blend provides a promising alternative to the currently used disturb and count method (DCM) for monitoring the population of C. medinalis in China.

Monitoramento de Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) na Cultura do Pessegueiro com Feromônio Sexual Sintético

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), is one of the most important peach pests. In Brazil, two commercial formulations of sexual pheromone for oriental fruit moth are used in delta traps to monitor this pest in peach orchards. The traps are positioned at 1.6 to 1.8 m of height from the ground level with replacement of the lures every 6 weeks. However, this information was adapted from other countries and no local research was done to validate these recommendations. Therefore, we conducted field experiments to evaluated the influence of the format, coloration and position the traps baited with synthetic sexual pheromone of oriental fruit moth, as well as the effectiveness time of two commercial formulations [Z8, 12 Ac + E8, 12 Ac + Z8, 12OH (95:5:1) e Z8, 12 Ac + E8, 12 Ac + Z8, 12OH + 12 OH (17:1.2:2:1)] in the capture of G. molesta in peach orchards, from December 2002 to January 2003. The wing trap was more effective in male catches than delta trap. The position of the traps between 0.5 to 2.5 m above ground level had no effect on male attraction. Delta traps of green, yellow, white, red and blue colors did not differ on male catches of G. molesta. Both formulations of sexual pheromones were equivalent in capturing males of the oriental fruit moth, with effectiveness for up to120 days in the field.

Development of Sex Pheromone Trap for Monitoring Matsumuraeses falcana (Walshingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

This study was carried out to find out an effective formulation for monitoring the soybean podborer, Matsumuraeses falcana (Walshingham), using its sex pheromone in Korea. A 1 : 1 : 1 mixture of ( E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ( E 8–12: Ac), ( E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate ( E 8 E 10–12: Ac) and ( E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate ( E 7 Z 9–12: Ac) was an effective composition in monitoring M. falcana. A binary mixture of E 8–12: Ac and E 8 E 10–12: Ac was essential to attract M. falcana male moths. E 7 Z 9–12: Ac showed a synergistic effect on the attractiveness of 1 : 1 mixture of E 8–12: Ac and E 8 E 10–12: Ac. These chemicals alone showed little or no attractiveness to M. falcana. The sticky-typed wing trap baited with sex pheromone captured significantly more males than the water-pan trap. Trap catches within a soybean field were much more than those in perimeter trap. The trap-baited with sex pheromone gave a distinct fluctuation pattern of male catches throughout the flight seasons. Therefore, it can be expected that pheromone-baited trap provides a simple tool for monitoring the soybean podborer, M. falcana in Korea.

Impact of Trap Design, Windbreaks, and Weather on Captures of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Pheromone-Baited Traps

Pheromone-baited traps are often used in ecological studies of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). However, differences in trap captures may be confounded by trap design, trap location relative to a windbreak, and changes in local weather. The objectives of this experiment were, first, to examine differences in 0. nubilalis adult (moth) captures among the Intercept wing trap, the Intercept bucket/funnel UNI trap, and the Hartstack wire-mesh, 75-cm-diameter cone trap (large metal cone trap) as well as among three cone trap designs. Second, we examined the influence of the location of the large metal cone trap relative to a windbreak on the number of moths captured. Third, we examined the relationship between nightly mean air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and the number of moths captured in large metal cone traps. The number of moths captured was significantly influenced by trap design, with large metal cone traps capturing the most moths. Wing and bucket traps were ineffective. Differences among trap captures were significant among trap locations relative to a windbreak. Under strong (>14 kph) or moderate (7 <14 kph) wind speeds, traps located leeward of the windbreak captured the most moths, but when wind speeds were light (<7 kph), traps not associated with windbreaks captured the most moths. The multiple regression model fitted to the relationship between number of moths captured per Julian date and nightly weather patterns was significant. Nightly mean air temperature was the most influential parameter in the model, and its relationship with moth capture was positive.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE TRAP TO MONITOR THE PRESENCE OF THE CACTUS MOTH CACTOBLASTIS CACTORUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

Various trap specifications were evaluated to identify the most effective trap for capturing wild male Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg). All traps were baited with virgin female C. cactorum and, except for the first comparison of trap type, a standard wing trap was used in all experiments. Although wing traps captured more males than did the other trap types (delta or bucket), the differences were not significant. However, significantly higher numbers of males were captured in wing traps placed 2 m above ground than traps at 1 m or 0.5 m, and wing traps baited with four virgin females caught significantly more males than wing traps baited with a single female. Differences in number of males captured by young and old females were not significant, but more than twice as many males were captured in traps baited with one-day-old females than traps baited with four day old females. In addition, there were no significant differences in number of males caught in unpainted, white, wing traps and wing traps painted one of eight different colors (flat white, black, dark green, fluorescent green, yellow, fluorescent yellow, orange, or blue), although, more males were captured in the unpainted wing traps. The results presented here suggest that the best trap currently available to monitor C. cactorum is a standard (unpainted) wing trap, placed at a height of 2.0 m aboveground, and baited with four newly emerged females.

Monitoring the Seasonal Flight Activity of &lt;I&gt;Cydia pomonella&lt;/I&gt; and &lt;I&gt;Argyrotaenia velutinana&lt;/I&gt; (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple Orchards by Using Pheromone-Baited Traps

Abstract Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), are two key tortricid orchard pests in Minnesota. Field trials were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in Minnesota apple orchards to determine seasonal phenology of C. pomonella and A. velutinana and to evaluate two popular trap designs (Pherocon 1CP or 1C “Wing” trap versus Pherocon VI “delta” trap) for monitoring both species. Trap performance was determined by comparing the number of males captured, date of first moth capture, and the capture of nontarget beneficial insects. For C. pomonella, two distinct flight periods were recorded, suggesting two generations per year in Minnesota. Emergence and flight activity of first generation C. pomonella began at ≈110 degree-days (DD) base 10°F. This corresponded to apple bloom in southern Minnesota. The delta trap captured significantly more C. pomonella males than the wing trap (Pherocon 1CP version). For A. velutinana, three flight periods were recorded at a...

Comparison of Sticky Wing and Cone Pheromone Traps for Monitoring Seasonal Abundance of Black Cutworm Adults and Larvae on Golf Courses

Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), flight activity was monitored on three golf courses in Wisconsin by using two types of pheromone traps: the Texas cone trap and sticky wing trap. The Texas cone trap caught significantly more black cutworm males compared with the sticky wing trap, capturing almost 12-fold more males. Black cutworm males were most abundant during mid-July in 2001 and 2002, between 700 and 800 cumulative degree-days. Flight activity also was detected in early May and mid-August, but these peaks were not as pronounced as in mid-July. No definitive relationship between black cutworm flight activity and subsequent larval infestations on golf course putting greens occurred.

Efficacy of Wing Versus Delta Traps for Predicting Infestation Levels of Four Generations of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Southern United States

Abstract The use of pheromone trap catches to reliably predict damage by the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations would provide forest managers with a valuable integrated pest management tool. At 17 sites throughout four states in the southern United States, in areas where R. frustrana has four annual generations, adult moths were monitored throughout the year (2002) using two types of pheromone traps, and subsequent infestation levels were determined for each tip moth generation. Cumulative wing trap catch tallies up to published spray dates for three of four adult emergence periods were highly predictive of top whorl damage during the subsequent generation using linear regression models. Multiple linear regression that included initial average tree height as a covariate did not significantly improve model efficacy. Cumulative delta trap catch tallies up to the spray date were not predictive of subsequent damage levels for any tip moth ge...

Motivating State Workers with Entomology

In the early 1980s, my lab group was trying to determine how Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), the beet armyworm, migrated into California. At that time, the belief was that the insect migrated from northern Mexico, or perhaps from Texas (the apparent source of many of California’s problems). To document how this might be occurring, we examined pheromone trap catches of adults and related these to wind patterns and temperatures at elevations up to several thousand feet (as measured by weather balloons released twice daily from a series of military bases). This part of the study was pretty straightforward: the insects not only overwintered in southern California, but were active throughout the year and were migrating in large numbers, even when weather patterns would not facilitate movement from the south (Trumble and Baker 1984). Unfortunately we couldn’t blame Texas for this particular problem—these pests were homegrown. More troublesome was the additional part of this study in which we wanted to compare types of pheromone traps. We evaluated five very different trap designs: (1) a now standard wing trap (Pherocon 1C); (2) an omnidirectional trap patterned on those created by Sharma et al. (1973); (3) an omnidirectional trap modified with inserts that allowed adult males to enter the trap but not exit (welcome to the Hotel California); (4) a delta trap; and (5) a cone orifice trap originally described by Struble (1983) and manufactured in an early form by Hara Ltd. of Canada. We tested these traps in a series of commercial tomato or celery fields in Ventura, Motivating State Workers with Entomology

Developing techniques for monitoring forest tent caterpillar populations using synthetic pheromones

AbstractTo effectively monitor forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), populations using sex pheromone baited traps, we field-tested pheromone dispenser (lure) type, lure age, and trap design using (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal:(Z,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal (100:1). Rubber septa lures, polyurethane lures, and two trap types [sticky-type pheromone traps (Wing Trap I) and bucket-type pheromone traps (Universal Moth trap)] were evaluated. Traps baited with polyurethane lures produced higher trap catches and lower zero-catch frequencies than did rubber septa traps. There was no detectable difference in trap catch among polyurethane lures aged 0–28 days. Wing traps reached a functional saturation point in outbreak M. disstria populations and caught fewer moths than Universal traps in nonoutbreak populations. A nonsaturating trap such as the Universal trap in conjunction with the polyurethane lure should be effective for monitoring M. disstria populations.

Uso do feromônio sexual sintético para captura de machos da traça-das-crucíferas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a atração dos machos da traça-das-crucíferas (Plutella xylostella L., Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) por diferentes formulações do feromônio sexual sintético. Os tratamentos consistiram em: 1) formulação comercial; 2) Z11,16:Ald; 3) Z11,16:Ac; 4) mistura 7:3 de 2+3; 5) mistura 5:5 de 2+3; 6) septos de borracha com hexano (testemunha); e 7) cinco fêmeas virgens. A formulação comercial do feromônio sexual sintético propiciou maior captura de machos, não diferindo significativamente de fêmeas virgens e da mistura 5:5 utilizadas como isca. Os componentes isoladamente foram pouco atrativos aos machos. Foram testados cinco modelos de armadilhas. A armadilha Pherocon 1 CP (33,2 machos/armadilha/noite) foi a mais eficiente na captura de machos, seguida pelas armadilhas Cilíndrica Aberta, Cilíndrica Fechada, Delta e Redonda Aberta. Três alturas de instalação da armadilha foram avaliadas. Ocorreu significativamente maior captura de machos na altura do ápice das plantas (30 cm do solo). As alturas de 5 e 60 cm não diferiram entre si.

Influence of trap design and location on the capture of Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a release-recapture study

Five commercial pheromone trap designs were tested simultaneously in a warehouse to determine the most effective design for capturing Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (the Indian meal moth). About 72% of the males released were recaptured. The most effective trap was the wing trap (Pherocon 1c), which significantly exceeded the expected value. The remaining trap designs in order of effectiveness were the diamond trap (Pherocon II), Multipher, Delta and Unitrap. Of these four traps, only the diamond trap equalled or slightly surpassed the expected catch number. The location of the traps affected the catch, with traps located near the walls of the warehouse capturing the most insects. Unbaited traps caught few insects, and the necessity of using unbaited traps in tests is discussed.

Field Response of Feral Male Banded Cucumber Beetles to the Sex Pheromone 6,12-Dimethylpentadecan-2-One

Capture of male banded cucumber beetles Diabrotica balteata LaConte in sex pheromone-baited traps or in virgin female baited traps peaked at the beginning of the scotophase (2100-2200h) and declined thereafter. Virgin females (1 or 2) were not as effective as the racemic synthetic sex pheromone (0.5mg/septum) in attracting males. The most efficient design of capturing males was the Sentry wing trap and no differences in captures were found among traps placed 25.4, 50.8 or 101.6cm from the ground. Field tests showed that a rubber septum bait containing 0.5mg of the pheromone was attractive to males for a 12 month period and high captures occurred in August and September. Males were collected in pheromone traps from October through February in Charleston, SC.