Wine Glass Shape Research Articles

Column-to-beam flexural strength ratio for performance-based design of RC moment frames

The concept of strong column – weak beam is frequently used in seismic design to secure the safety of framed buildings, and for RC special moment frames, current design codes require the minimum column-to-beam flexural strength ratio at joints to reduce the likelihood of yielding in columns. However, the requirement for the strength ratio may not be satisfactory to prevent column hinging due to inelastic moment distributions and higher mode effects of dynamic response. In the present study, to investigate the required strength ratio, a numerical study was performed considering various parameters (plastic rotations of beams and columns, design earthquake loads and vertical distributions, gravity loads, stiffness ratios, design methods for beam strength, joint locations, and frame heights). The numerical study results showed that the strength ratio varies with the parameters and its vertical distribution is generally in a wine-glass shape along the frame height. On the basis of the numerical investigation, a design method for the strength ratio was developed as a function of the height ratio for performance-based design. For verification, nonlinear static and dynamic analyses were performed for regular and irregular frames designed by the developed method, and the results showed that the use of the developed method can improve seismic performance in a more economical way.

The wineglass effect shapes particle export to the deep ocean in mesoscale eddies

AbstractMesoscale eddies in the ocean strongly impact the distribution of planktonic particles, mediating carbon fluxes over ~1/3 of the world ocean. However, mechanisms controlling particle transport through eddies are complex and challenging to measure in situ. Here we show the subsurface distribution of eddy particles funneled into a wineglass shape down to 1000 m, leading to a sevenfold increase of vertical carbon flux in the eddy center versus the eddy flanks, the “wineglass effect”. We show that the slope of the wineglass (R) is the ratio of particle sinking velocity to the radially inward velocity, such that R represents a tool to predict radial particle movement (here 0.05 m s−1). A simple model of eddy spindown predicts such an ageostrophic flow concentrating particles in the eddy center. We explore how size‐specific particle flux toward the eddy center impacts eddies' biogeochemistry and export fluxes.

Effect of base metal and welding speed on fusion zone microstructure and HAZ hot-cracking of electron-beam welded Inconel 718

Influences of base metal and welding speed on fusion zone microstructure and heat affected zone (HAZ) hot-cracking of electron beam welded (EBW) Inconel 718 were investigated systematically. Microstructures of fusion zone and HAZ were characterized using the optical microscope and a field emission scanning electron microscope, complemented by the microhardness measurements. It is found that the weld shape transforms from a stemless wine glass shape to a nail head shape with the increase of the grain size of base metal. The largest amount of Laves or the lowest hardness is obtained in the center of the weld pool, which mainly due to the strong microsegregation in this region. The microsegregation of weld pool is significantly affected by welding speed, which is associated with the rate of transference of energy to the weld. The occurrence of HAZ cracking is related to the grain boundary and the generation of porosities is induced by fracture of the brittle carbides. Furthermore, the susceptibility of HAZ cracking is greatly dependent on the grain size of base metal and welding speed.

A sniffer-camera for imaging of ethanol vaporization from wine: the effect of wine glass shape.

A two-dimensional imaging system (Sniffer-camera) for visualizing the concentration distribution of ethanol vapor emitting from wine in a wine glass has been developed. This system provides image information of ethanol vapor concentration using chemiluminescence (CL) from an enzyme-immobilized mesh. This system measures ethanol vapor concentration as CL intensities from luminol reactions induced by alcohol oxidase and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-luminol-hydrogen peroxide system. Conversion of ethanol distribution and concentration to two-dimensional CL was conducted using an enzyme-immobilized mesh containing an alcohol oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and luminol solution. The temporal changes in CL were detected using an electron multiplier (EM)-CCD camera and analyzed. We selected three types of glasses-a wine glass, a cocktail glass, and a straight glass-to determine the differences in ethanol emission caused by the shape effects of the glass. The emission measurements of ethanol vapor from wine in each glass were successfully visualized, with pixel intensity reflecting ethanol concentration. Of note, a characteristic ring shape attributed to high alcohol concentration appeared near the rim of the wine glass containing 13 °C wine. Thus, the alcohol concentration in the center of the wine glass was comparatively lower. The Sniffer-camera was demonstrated to be sufficiently useful for non-destructive ethanol measurement for the assessment of food characteristics.

A Study on Laser Beam Welding (LBW) Technique: Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructural Evolution of Superalloy Inconel 718

The effect of heat input from laser beam welding (LBW) on the microstructural evolution of superalloy Inconel 718 was investigated. LBW was carried out on 1.6-mm-thick sheets with an average grain size of 13 μm (ASTM # 9.5), and four different heat inputs in the range of 74.5 mm−1 to 126.6 J mm−1 were used. Full penetration was achieved in all weld experiments. Microstructures of the welds were evaluated using an optical microscope and a field emission scanning electron microscope. Increasing the heat input changed the resulting weld shape from a wine glass shape to a stemless glass shape with wider surface bead widths, and the measured average dendrite arm spacing was increased from 1.06 μm to 2.30 μm, indicating the corresponding solidification rate in the range of 1.75 × 105 K s−1 (°C s−1) to 3.5 × 106 K s−1 (°C s−1). The welds also were free from microfissuring even at the lowest heat input trials. The Nb concentration of Laves phase for the current LBW samples was ≈20.0 wt pct. The coefficients of partition and distribution for Nb were determined to be approximately 3.40 and 0.50, respectively.

Bronchopleural Fistula Treated With a Silicone-Covered Bronchial Occlusion Stent

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), one of the potentially fatal complications after pulmonary resection, remains a therapeutic challenge. We present a case of postpneumonectomy BPF successfully managed with a silicone-covered bronchial occlusion stent. The BPF was successfully occluded without complications, and there was no stent migration or any other problem seen at the 1-year follow-up. This novel technique can be an effective option for the treatment of postoperative BPF.

Effect of ambient atmosphere on penetration geometry in single laser and laser-arc hybrid welding. Welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (second report)

YAG laser only or YAG laser-TIG arc hybrid welding was carried out on Type 304 stainless steel plate with a low S content in air or in the chamber with Ar gas including 0% to 15% oxygen gas. It was confirmed in both laser and hybrid welding that the penetration and geometry of welds depended upon the volume of the oxygen in the ambient atmosphere, and that a pronounced nail head part disappeared in a weld metal containing a higher content of oxygen in both the laser and the hybrid welding at 100 A. In addition, laser and hybrid welding were performed on polished Type304 plate with high S content and surface-oxidized Type304 plate with low S content in pure Ar atmosphere to discuss the influence of the minor element on the surface-tension driven melt flow. Then the geometry of their weld beads was similar to that made in the chamber with Ar and oxygen gas mixed. These experimental results suggest that convective flow induced by surface-tension driven force produces the upper part of the weld bead and consequently the weld displays a wine glass shape in both laser welding and hybrid welding at 100A in Ar atmosphere.

Effect of oxygen in ambient atmosphere on penetration characteristics in single yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser and hybrid welding

Welding with a yttrium–aluminum–garnet (YAG) laser only or with hybrid source combined with a YAG laser and a TIG arc was carried out on Type 304 stainless steel plate with low S content in the air or in the chamber with Ar gas including 0%–15% oxygen gas. It was confirmed in both laser and hybrid welding that the penetration and geometry of welds depended upon the volume of the oxygen in the ambient atmosphere, and that a pronounced “nail head” disappeared in a weld metal containing a higher content of oxygen. An x-ray transmission real-time imaging apparatus revealed that melt flows depended on the volume ratio of oxygen in the atmosphere and there was a strong melt flow from the keyhole inlet to the surrounding pool near the top surface in pure Ar atmosphere. It is therefore considered that the melt flows induced by surface tension produces the “nail head” in pure Ar shielding atmosphere and the resulting weld becomes a wine glass shape. During YAG laser and hybrid welding in the air or in the Ar gas with the oxygen gas increased, the downward melt flows along the keyhole wall was more dominant to produce slightly deeper welds with narrower surface bead widths due to the effect of the surface tension with the positive gradient. On the other hand, the formation of shallower YAG-TIG weld beads produced in air was attributed to the mechanism that the Marangoni convection and electromagnetic convection induced by TIG arc constriction in the central part of the molten pool prevented downward melt flows from a keyhole tip resulting in deeper penetration than the tip. It was moreover confirmed that the porosity reduction in hybrid welding at a high current was due to the reduced formation of bubbles.

ハイブリッド溶接における溶込み特性，ポロシティの防止機構および溶融池内湯流れ現象の解明―ＹＡＧレーザ・ＴＩＧアークハイブリッド溶接現象の解明（第４報）―

With the objective of interpreting penetration mechanisms and porosity formation mechanisms during laser or hybrid welding, Type304 stainless steel plates containing low S content were subjected to YAG laser only or YAG laser-TIG arc hybrid welding, and surface of the molten pool, keyhole behavior and melt flows during welding were observed through a high-speed camera and the X-ray real-time transmission apparatus. It was confirmed that melt flows near the molten pool surface were different between in air and in Ar atmosphere: the ones approached to the keyhole inlet and spread from the keyhole inlet to the surrounding pool, respectively. It is therefore considered in Ar atmosphere that the melt flows attributed to surface tension produce the "nail head" and the resulting weld bead displays a wine glass shape. In addition, it was revealed that the melt flows and keyhole behavior were greatly affected by arc current. In the hybrid welding at about 100A, there was a strong melt flow from the keyhole tip toward the rear part near the bottom part of the molten pool, resulting in deepened welds. It was observed that porosity reduction in hybrid welding at 200 A was due to reduced bubbles formation.

ハイブリッド溶接の溶込み特性に及ぼす周辺雰囲気の影響―ＹＡＧレーザ・ＴＩＧアークハイブリッド溶接現象の解明（第２報）―

YAG laser only or YAG laser-TIG arc hybrid welding was carried out on Type 304 stainless steel plate with a low S content in air or in the chamber with Ar gas including 0% to 15% oxygen gas. It was confirmed in both laser and hybrid welding that the penetration and geometry of welds depended upon the volume of the oxygen in the ambient atmosphere, and that a pronounced "nail head" part disappeared in a weld metal containing a higher content of oxygen in both the laser and the hybrid welding at 100 A. In addition, laser and hybrid welding were performed on polished Type304 plate with high S content and surface-oxidized Type304 plate with low S content in pure Ar atmosphere to discuss the influence of the minor element on the surface-tension driven melt flow. Then the geometry of their weld beads was similar to that made in the chamber with Ar and oxygen gas mixed. These experimental results suggest that convective flow induced by surface-tension driven force produces the upper part of the weld bead and consequently the weld displays a wine glass shape in both laser welding and hybrid welding at 100A in Ar atmosphere.

Modeling of the film blowing process by using variational principles

Variational principles were employed to develop the model describing the formation of the bubble, due to internal bubble pressure and take-up force, in such a way that the resulting bubble shape satisfies the minimum energy requirements. The derived equations for the bubble shape (including HDPE wine-glass shape), take-up force and internal bubble pressure have simple analytical forms with only several physical parameters. The proposed model was used in modeling of the film blowing process for a variety of process conditions and polymer melts taken from the open literature, and a very good agreement between measured and simulated data was found.

Effects of Borophosphosilicate Glass Dopant Concentrations on Isotropic Etch Profile

AbstractIn the process of chemically etching contact openings, film characteristics of the Borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) film strongly effect the formation of an ideal contact profile. Ideal contact profiles represent a wine glass shape to provide better metal step coverage into the contact opening in comparison to a vertical sidewall profile. The rounded shape of the wine glass is etched chemically (isotropic) allowing for etch in the vertical and horizontal direction. As the addition of dopants to the oxide film effect the etch rate, the profile of the isotropic etch will change which in turn effects the electrical device properties, down stream processes and device reliability.BPSG film characteristics are the area of investigation. Characteristics of concern are weight percent concentrations of boron and phosphorus, film density and dopant concentration profiles in relation to depth. To evaluate the entire contact formation module, chemical etch characteristics including etch rate in relation to film depth for thermal oxide films were also investigated. Experimentation in the form of a response surface design was used to model effects of previously discussed BPSG film characteristics.To achieve the desired and predictable wet etch rate of BPSG in a buffered oxide etch (BOE), calculated control limits were placed on the boron and phosphorus dopant concentrations. Results showed that dopant effects on the isotropic etch process exceeded the control capability of dopant concentrations in the deposition process. In relating process control capabilities to 6σ techniques, a Cpk above 1.5 is considered capable. To eliminate previously discussed defects created in the isotropic etch process, reject limits for dopant concentrations in a BPSG film deposition process would need to be set well within the typical 6σ giving a Cpk below 1.5

Influence of Wine Glass Shape on Perceived Aroma and Colour Intensity in Wines

The use of a particular wine glass is primarily based on tradition and anecdotal information, given the type and style of the wine being served. Little scientific information is available that systematically documents the flavour characteristics of wines in different wine glasses. This research was undertaken to document differences in perceived aromas and colour using three wine glass types (International Standardisation Organisation (ISO), Riedel Chardonnay™ and Riedel Burgundy™). Eighteen subjects evaluated the perceived aroma (fruitiness/vegetativeness, volatile acidity, total intensity) and colour (yellow, red) intensities in 'sound' and 'defective' (200 p.p.m. ethyl acetate) white and red wines. Subjects were blindfolded in order to eliminate cognitive/visual clues and not permitted to touch the glasses. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. Mean sensory scores were correlated with the physical dimensions (opening diameter, maximum diameter, height, volume) of the glasses. Wine glass shape significantly influenced the perceived total intensity and colour of the wines. Total intensities were highest in the Burgundy™ glasses and least in the Chardonnay™ glasses. Total intensities were highly correlated with the cuppa-diameter to cuppa-opening ratio, for the red ( r = 0.99) and white ( r = 0.89) wines. Wine colour intensity was highly correlated with maximum diameter, height and volume of the glasses. This research supports the use of the ISO glass for the evaluation of a broad spectrum of wines.

Influence of Wine Glass Shape on Perceived Aroma and Colour Intensity in Wines

The use of a particular wine glass is primarily based on tradition and anecdotal information, given the type and style of the wine being served. Little scientific information is available that systematically documents the flavour characteristics of wines in different wine glasses. This research was undertaken to document differences in perceived aromas and colour using three wine glass types (International Standardisation Organisation (ISO), Riedel Chardonnay™ and Riedel Burgundy™). Eighteen subjects evaluated the perceived aroma (fruitiness/vegetativeness, volatile acidity, total intensity) and colour (yellow, red) intensities in 'sound' and 'defective' (200 p.p.m. ethyl acetate) white and red wines. Subjects were blindfolded in order to eliminate cognitive/visual clues and not permitted to touch the glasses. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. Mean sensory scores were correlated with the physical dimensions (opening diameter, maximum diameter, height, volume) of the glasses. Wine glass shape significantly influenced the perceived total intensity and colour of the wines. Total intensities were highest in the Burgundy™ glasses and least in the Chardonnay™ glasses. Total intensities were highly correlated with the cuppa-diameter to cuppa-opening ratio, for the red ( r = 0.99) and white ( r = 0.89) wines. Wine colour intensity was highly correlated with maximum diameter, height and volume of the glasses. This research supports the use of the ISO glass for the evaluation of a broad spectrum of wines.

Structure and Some Properties of (Alkoxo)(subphthalocyaninato)boron(III)

Abstract A few (alkoxo)(subphthalocyaninato)boron(III) complexes, [BX(subpc)] (X = OMe, OEt, OBut, and OPh), were prepared and characterized. The molecular structure of [B(OEt)(subpc)] was determined by an X-ray structure analysis; the boron atom is situated 0.642 Å upward from the triangle plane of three isoindoline nitrogen atoms. The geometry of the boron atom is distorted tetrahedral, and the complex shows a wine-glass shape. The mass spectra showed that a part of the hydrogen atoms of the subphthalocyanine ring are displaced by the halogen atoms of boron trihalide or solvents. The complexes showed strong absorption bands at around 560 (Q band) and 300 nm (B band) in chloroform, respectively. The complexes decomposed in solution under irradiation with visible light. The first oxidative or reductive half-wave potential of [B(OEt)(subpc)] was observed at 1.06 V (vs. SCE) or −1.11 V, respectively.

Sedimentary Environment of the La Rosa Formation, Maracaibo Basin

The La Rosa formation, Miocene consists of three facies: basal sand, the Santa Barbara, a middle shale, and the upper La Rosa Sand. The sands are variably productive. Paleontologic studies by others have shown the La Rosa Formation to be of marine origin. The shape of the SP curve of the Santa Barbara in bell shaped, caused by fining upward of the sand. This shape is typical with a beach deposit formed during transgression. The shale, because of its lithology and fossil content, represents shallow marine origin. The wine glass shape of the SP of the La Rosa sand is a beach sand, the result of a coarsening upward grain size during regression. An isopach of the La Rosa Formation and isoliths of the two sand units show a thickening trend from northeast to southwest. The thickest area trends diagonally across the center of the Basin. The study shows that the Miocene sea entered the basin from the northeast, transgressed southwesterly depositing the Santa Barbara sand on top of the unconformity as it went. The movement was constricted by the highlands on three sides of the basin. The shale was then deposited in the resulting shallow marine environment. As themore » highlands gradually rose, the sea regressed to the northeast depositing the La Rosa sand as it went.« less

Fiber orientation in Fiber Suspension Flow through a Parallel Plate Channel and an Abrupt Contraction Channel

The orientation of fibers has been investigated experimentally in fiber suspension flows of both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids through a parallel plate channel and a planar channel with an abrupt contraction, and the development of the fiber orientation has been examined while the fibers flow along the channel. The effects of shear thinning and elasticity on the fiber orientation have been discussed.The fibers lie tangent to the streamlines with an increase in viscoelasticity in the flow through a parallel plate channel and a channel with an abrupt contraction. This phenomenon is essentially equivalent to the phenomenon that a slender body, namely a straight circular cylinder with a large length to diameter ratio, rotates towards a vertical orientation when falling through a quiescent polymer solution. High fiber alignment to the streamlines, thus, is attributed to the shear thinning and elsticity of the suspending fluids; however, elastic effect is most dominant.The state of fiber orientation is strongly influenced by the drastic change of the velocity field due to viscoelasticity and flow rate: the fibers align in a manner of wine-glass shape as the contraction is approached and then the distribution of fibers abruptly expands in the immediate downstream region of the contraction in a highly elastic fluid flow.

Fiber Orientation in Fiber Suspension Flow

We investigate experimentally the orientation of the fibers in the flow of both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids through a parallel plate channel and a channel with an abrupt contraction. We obtain quantitatively the development of the fiber orientation from initial orientation to stable equilibrium orientation along the channel and the variation of orientation in the direction of the channel width. We also study, in the flow through a channel with an abrupt contraction, the fiber orientation along the stream lines which can be found as the path lines of small tracer particles suspended in the fluid. The relation between the fiber orientation and the velocity field is examined. The effects of shear thinning and elasticity on the fiber orientation are also discussed by comparing the results in the viscoelastic flow with those in the Newtonian flow. The conclusions are summarized as follows : (1) The fibers orient well along the stream lines with an increase in viscoelasticity in both a parallel plate channel and a channel with an abrupt contraction. This phenomenon is essentially equivalent to the phe nomenon that a slender body, namely a straight circular cylinder with a large length to diameter ratio, rotates towards a vertical orientation when falling through quiescent polymer solutions. Both shear thinning and elas ticity, thus, strongly contribute to the orientation process of fibers ; however, elasticity plays a dominant role. (2) The drastic change of the velocity field is due to viscoelasticity and flow rate in a channel with an abrupt contraction. The fiber orientation state, thus, is strongly influenced by these factors ; the fibers align in a manner of wine-glass shape as the contraction is approached, and the fiber orientation abruptly expands in the immediate downstream region of the contraction in a highly elastic fluid flow.