Windows Mobile Research Articles

Multi-stage progressive detection method for water deficit detection in vertical greenery plants

Detecting the water deficit status of vertical greenery plants rapidly and accurately is a significant challenge in the process of cultivating and planting greenery plants. Currently, the mainstream method involves utilizing a single target detection algorithm for this task. However, in complex real-world scenarios, the accuracy of detection is influenced by factors such as image quality and background environment. Therefore, we propose a multi-stage progressive detection method aimed at enhancing detection accuracy by gradually filtering, processing, and detecting images through a multi-stage architecture. Additionally, to reduce the additional computational load brought by multiple stages and improve overall detection efficiency, we introduce a Swin Transformer based on mobile windows and hierarchical representations for feature extraction, along with global feature modeling through a self-attention mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that our multi-stage detection approach achieves high accuracy in vertical greenery plants detection tasks, with an average precision of 93.5%. This represents an improvement of 19.2%, 17.3%, 13.8%, and 9.2% compared to Mask R-CNN (74.3%), YOLOv7 (76.2%), DETR (79.7%), and Deformable DETR (84.3%), respectively.

The six most frequent peripheral vestibular syndromes

Three forms of peripheral vestibular disorders, each with its typical symptoms and clinical signs, can be differentiated functionally, anatomically and pathophysiologically: 1. inadequate unilateral paroxysmal stimulation or rarely inhibition of the peripheral vestibular system, e. g., BPPV, Menière's disease, vestibular paroxysmia or syndrome of the third mobile windows; 2. acute unilateral vestibulopathy leading to an acute vestibular tone imbalance manifesting as an acute peripheral vestibular syndrome; and 3. loss or impairment of function of the vestibular nerve and/or labyrinth: bilateral vestibulopathy. For all of these diseases, current diagnostic criteria by the Bárány-Society are available with a high clinical and scientific impact, also for clinical trials. The treatment depends on the underlying disease. It basically consists of 5 principles: 1. Explaining the symptoms and signs, pathophysiology, aetiology and treatment options to the patient; this is important for compliance, adherence and persistence. 2. Physical therapy: A) For BPPV specific liberatory maneuvers, depending on canal involved. Posterior canal: The new SémontPLUS maneuver is superior to the regular Sémont and Epley maneuvers; horizontal canal: the modified roll-maneuver; anterior canal the modified Yacovino-maneuver; 3. Symptomatic or causative drug therapy. There is still a deficit of placebo-controlled clinical trials so that the level of evidence for pharmacotherapy is most often low. 4. Surgery, mainly for the syndrome of the third mobile windows. 5. Psychotherapeutic measures for secondary functional dizziness.

Hurricane season complexity: The case of North-Atlantic tropical cyclones

The forecast of tropical cyclone (TC) seasons remains an elusive subject of study. In order to characterize their complexity, the energy of North Atlantic (NA) TC seasons is studied in this research work. The time evolution of the accumulated cyclone energy probability distribution is analyzed using mobile windows to calculate the statistical parameters: mean, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness. A nonstationary distribution with clear excess of extreme energetic seasons when compared to a Gaussian distribution was found for the most recent years. The data also show a clear correlation between variability and mean, i.e. more energetic periods are more variable. Finally, the dynamics is analyzed using several techniques such as the lag plot, Hurst exponent and fractal dimension. A stochastic but persistent behavior was found. It is finally concluded that the NA TC season energy seems to be increasing both in magnitude and variability. This helps to elucidate the possible effect of global warming into increasing hurricane hazards.

Typhoon complexity: Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone season complex systems analysis

The complex nature of tropical cyclones (TCs) has been recognized in a vast literature yet only few works perform complex systems diagnostics to understand their dynamics. This is especially important in order to study the effects of global warming on TC hazards. Here, such analysis is performed from a data-driven perspective using statistical and nonlinear dynamics diagnostics to the annual Accumulated Cyclonic Energy (ACE) data over the most active basin, the Northwest Pacific, from the years 1950 to 2021. The best quality data period, from 1984 to 2021, is also considered for a separate analysis in order to test the possible differences due to the data acquisition process. The following results are obtained: (i) The use of mobile windows shows a lack of trend. (ii) The closeness to a normal probability distribution indicates unpredictability, as confirmed by the return map and the autocorrelation function. As an explanation for such unpredictability, the ordering and ranking analyses reveal the presence of several processes governing the dynamics with fractal forcing dominating the larger ACE values. (iii) The Hurst exponent analysis shows a slight persistence for less than 3 years and a very slight antipersistence for longer periods of time suggesting the presence of negative feedback. (iv) Finally, the TC dynamical system dimensionality is studied. A discontinuity is inferred from a Katz fractal dimension value of 2.8, suggesting the system dynamics to be embedded by at least three independent variables, in agreement with statistical models for the TC season.

Design of Mobile-Based Geographic Information System Potential of Agricultural Land in Sub-District Completed

Communication The rapid development of information technology provides tremendous benefits to the community. For this reason, an application is needed to make it easier for people to get information. Various techniques, methods, and new approaches are implemented to improve and develop technology in an effort to obtain fast, precise, and accurate geographic information. A system must have the ability so that the system can be said to be useful for its users. A GIS must have at least four capabilities, namely the ability to manipulate attributes, and the ability to display input and output using images. Mobile applications have a user interface with a unique interaction mechanism provided by the mobile platform. Mobile applications have also been specifically designed for mobile platforms (eg IOS, Android, or Windows Mobile).

Cross-Platform Mobile Development Approaches and Frameworks

The use of mobile applications is rapidly increasing, due to rapid development of smartphones. Mobile apps, on the other hand, are platform-specific, making development more difficult and expensive. Cross platform or multiplatform application development is a fairly new idea in which developers apply a single code to create apps for several platforms like Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, iOS etc. With the rising usage of these frameworks, it is important to comprehend both contributions and limitations in this emerging field. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of the research studies in the field of cross platform mobile app Development including approaches and tools. The SLR has been compiled by reviewing the research studies published between 2012-2022 in reputed venues. A Total of 22 studies has been selected and classified by using systematic process. The review has been presented on cross platform approaches, tools and challenges. Further an approach has been proposed for cross platform mobile application development. Finally, open issues and challenges in the field of cross platform have been presented to provide future direction to the researchers.

E-Diwan App: The 21st Century Solution for Teaching and Learning Arabic Poetry

Arabic language is a global language and has become one of the most important languages for all language learners around the world. A fundamental component of sound Arabic language acquisition is Arabic poetry which is innately intricate. Hence, deficiency in interactive computer programs specially designed for learning Arabic poetry, has generated apathy that Arabic poetry is superfluous, consequently ensuing impotence to the graduates of Arabic Language and Literature Studies. The existing scenario illustrates the preference and reliance on interactive programs and gadgets among the educators and students. E-Diwan enables the accessibility of teaching and learning Arabic poetry through a mobile device and a mobile interface (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile) with a designated Arabic poetry electronic portfolio website. E-Diwan keeps the students glued to the screen and are dazzled by the atheistic beauty of Arabic poetry subsequently augmenting them with a corpus of Arabic literary lexis. By a click of a button, the app displays a spectrum analysis of the poems; definition, grammatical and rhetorical properties, a brief biography of the poet, and translation of the poems in English and Malay. It is also equipped with the ability to audio present the above information using a recorded voice of an Arabic native speaker. Built-in are videos designed to simultaneously improve the information outcome and performance skills of the user. E-Diwan’s comprehensive nature facilitates individual learning, which cultivates Life Long Learning. E-Diwan fits as a lecture companion tool for all educators teaching Arabic poetry and Arabic language learners.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring dan Evaluasi Perkuliahan Berbasis Hybrid Programming UNIBI

To support Teaching and Learning Activities (KBM), for a university to have innovations that can fulfill information services that must be delivered to students, lecturers and other units who interest in viewing, monitoring, and evaluating of lecturing activities, that matter accordance with the UNIBI mission to providing the best service for the academic community. To achieve this goal, the innovation is to improve the Academic Information System application (eureka.unibi.ac.id) in providing services that can be accessed by various platforms. By the design of a hybrid programming-based for system monitoring and evaluation lecturing, accordingly the SIAKAD application (eureka.unibi.ac.id) can be implemented into an application that can be accessed by various platforms such as smartphones with Android, iOS or Windows mobile operating systems. By a hybrid-based design, communication between units can occur quickly, and information from the results of monitoring and evaluation of lecturing activities can be directly disseminated and accessed by many division. Tools that use to development process model used is the Rational Unified Process (RUP). The RUP provides a well defined structure for the software life cycle. RUP has four phases that can be carried out iteratively which are implemented using the Ionic framework. The result of this research is a guide for developing web-based applications (eureka.unibi.ac.id) to be hybrid-based, where this hybrid-based design is the basis for implementation as an improvement in academic services. Keywords: Siakad, Monitoring, Evaluating, RUP, Lecturing activities, Framework ionic, Hybrid programming

A Forensic Approach on Data Retrieval from IC/eMMC of Damaged Windows Mobile Phone using Easy JTagPlus Box tool and Magnet Forensic Axiom

The digital world is dominated and ruled by the IOS and Android operating systems on mobile as well as tablet platforms. Together they share a whopping 99% (till 2021) of the share market. The Windows Phones (WP) are occupants of that less than 1% platform that they share with other subsidiary operating systems. Due to the lack of commercial popularity and production of such Windows devices, the process of data extraction and analysis of such devices is unique and challenging for forensic experts. The standard forensic data retrieving software and hardware do not support advanced requisition techniques except the direct extraction. Thus, in cases with locked WP devices, the software/ hardware is unable to support the device’s physical extraction or lock bypass facility. As observed in several digital cases, these portable devices contain details of an individual’s most private life including communications, contacts, browsing history, and location specifics at any given time. Although the operating systems of Microsoft and Windows mobile devices are similar in certain ways, specialized skill sets and tools are required while dealing with location, examination, and interpretation of the digital evidence on these systems. In this research paper, the authors are discussing the reliability and success of data extraction of a Windows mobile device from IC/eMMC using specialized hardware/software with the Windows device.

Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Smartphone Android dalam Pengambilan Data Cagar Budaya

A Smartphone is a gadget that has the ability to resemble a computer. Smartphones are equipped with hardware and internet networks, so they can be used for various purposes in an era of sophistication. The most commonly used smartphones are those based on the Android Operating System (OS), which is also a competitor of Windows Mobile and iOS. As the most OS with the largest users in the world, it is reasonable that many developers aim at Android and develop applications for the collection of Cultural Heritage data. Often, during the Cultural Heritage data collection activities, the field team is constrained by several tools such as GPS, cameras, and measuring instruments, especially for the general public. But with the advanced features available on smartphones, all of that can be done quickly and accurately in one device. This is very helpful for agencies and the public in collecting data or registering Cultural Heritage. Furthermore, this article provides examples of several applications provided by developers on Android-based smartphones, which can be used to collect Cultural Heritage data. In addition, this also aims to find out which applications can support accurate data collection features, and are available for free on Play Store services provided by Android.

Development of portable user-interactive holographic information collector for agricultural product markets

The efficient and accurate collection of agricultural product market information serves as the basis for the effective regulation of agricultural product markets. To achieve a comprehensive, accurate, and timely collection of agricultural product market information, this study puts forth a technique for collecting holographic information of agricultural product markets. A portable human-machine interaction device with an Advanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) Machines (ARM)-based processor as the core is developed. Holographic information such as agricultural product market trading time, trading place, product name, price, and trading volume can be collected. Via embedded technology and component technology, innovative agricultural product market positioning, and matching, standardized collection, and data processing, and in combination with intelligent algorithms for analysis and early warning, a mobile application terminal for information collection is developed, namely, a holographic information collector for agricultural product markets (named Nongxincai). By using a layered structure, the hardware integrates microprocessor, storage, power, application and communication interface, and human-machine interaction modules. The device has the advantages of miniaturization, the whole-machine power consumption of less than 0.5 W, and continuous operating time of at least 10 h. A supporting software system for Nongxincai has also been developed, in which Microsoft Windows Mobile 6.5 is employed as the operating system, and the CPU frequency is up to 600 MHz. This configuration fully meets the computing requirements of map processing and large-volume data processing and has high compatibility. Nongxincai has been popularized and applied in 12 provinces/municipalities in China. It has played an important role in the monitoring and early warning of different varieties of agricultural products and target prices of soybean and cotton. Keywords: agricultural product market, holographic information, portable, user-interactive, information collector, monitoring and early warning DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201303.5845 Citation: Xu S W, Li D H, Zhang Y E, Chen W, Zhuang J Y, Liu J J, et al. Development of portable user-interactive holographic information collector for agricultural product markets. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(3): 143–153.

МОБІЛЬНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ НАВЧАННЯ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ПІДГОТОВЦІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ МОРСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

Стаття окреслює сучасну проблему вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців річкового та морського транспорту засобами сучасних мобільних технологій. Автор з метою з’ясування можливостей і перспектив мобільного навчання в процесі професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців морського транспорту здійснив аналіз мобільних програм у магазинах додатків для платформ Google Android, Apple iOS та Windows Mobile. У процесі дослідження з’ясовано, що в магазинах мобільних додатків Google play, App Store та Microsoft Store наявні програми для моряків та ті, що можна використовувати в їх професійній підготовці в освітніх цілях. Відповідно до їх призначення ці програми розподілено на такі групи: додатки для вивчення іноземної мови, довідники та словники для моряків, тренажери для проходження професійних тестів, програми для пошуку вакансій та персоналу в морській галузі, навігаційні програми та карти, електронні вахтові журнали, записні книжки та планувальники для моряків, керівництва для моряків, програми для контролю за здоров’ям моряків, імітації вимірювальних морських приладів, додатки для прогнозу погоди, факсимільні карти для моряків про вітер, хвилі, погоду і припливи. Проаналізовано можливості використання датчиків смартфонів для фіксації часу руху та інтервалів часу для контролю послідовності подій чи процесів, для вимірювання різних параметрів навколишнього середовища, для дослідження параметрів світла, звуку, прискорення, атмосферного тиску тощо. На основі аналізу мобільних додатків та опитування студентів Херсонської державної морської академії щодо використання мобільних пристроїв у навчанні зроблено висновок про те, що програми магазину Google Play мають багато можливостей для їх використання в процесі професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців морського транспорту через їх велику різноманітність, безкоштовність та зручність самого магазину додатків.

Health apps targeting children with overweight\u2014a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials

BackgroundThe prevalence of overweight is increasing worldwide in children. Multi-component interventions incorporating diet, physical activity, and behavioural change have been shown to reduce body mass index (BMI). Whilst many children have their own smartphone, the clinical effects of using smartphone applications (apps) for overweight are unknown. This systematic review aims to ascertain the effects of mHealth apps in children with overweight.MethodsWe will include randomised clinical trials irrespective of publication type, year, status, or language. Children between 0 and 18 years with overweight will be included. We will compare apps targeting overweight versus sham app, no app, or usual intervention. No distinction about operative system will be considered (i.e. Android, iOS, and Window Mobile will be included). The following databases will be searched: The Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica database (Embase), PsycINFO, PubMed, IEEE Explore, Web of Science, CINAHL, and LILACS. Primary outcomes will be body weight, quality of life, and serious adverse event. Secondary outcomes will be self-efficacy, anxiety, depression, and adverse event not considered serious. Trial inclusion, data extraction, and bias risk assessment will be conducted independently by at least two authors. We will assess risk of bias through eight domains and control risks of random errors with Trial Sequential Analysis. The quality of the evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Tool (GRADE).DiscussionWe will provide evidence of the beneficial and harmful effects of smartphone apps for children with overweight and highlight any gaps in the evidence in order to shape future potential interventions. By only including randomised clinical trials, we know that we bias our review towards benefits.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42019120210

Development of portable user-interactive holographic information collector for agricultural product markets

The efficient and accurate collection of agricultural product market information serves as the basis for the effective regulation of agricultural product markets. To achieve a comprehensive, accurate, and timely collection of agricultural product market information, this study puts forth a technique for collecting holographic information of agricultural product markets. A portable human-machine interaction device with an Advanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) Machines (ARM)-based processor as the core is developed. Holographic information such as agricultural product market trading time, trading place, product name, price, and trading volume can be collected. Via embedded technology and component technology, innovative agricultural product market positioning, and matching, standardized collection, and data processing, and in combination with intelligent algorithms for analysis and early warning, a mobile application terminal for information collection is developed, namely, a holographic information collector for agricultural product markets (named Nongxincai). By using a layered structure, the hardware integrates microprocessor, storage, power, application and communication interface, and human-machine interaction modules. The device has the advantages of miniaturization, the whole-machine power consumption of less than 0.5 W, and continuous operating time of at least 10 h. A supporting software system for Nongxincai has also been developed, in which Microsoft Windows Mobile 6.5 is employed as the operating system, and the CPU frequency is up to 600 MHz. This configuration fully meets the computing requirements of map processing and large-volume data processing and has high compatibility. Nongxincai has been popularized and applied in 12 provinces/municipalities in China. It has played an important role in the monitoring and early warning of different varieties of agricultural products and target prices of soybean and cotton. Keywords: agricultural product market, holographic information, portable, user-interactive, information collector, monitoring and early warning DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201303.5845 Citation: Xu S W, Li D H, Zhang Y E, Chen W, Zhuang J Y, Liu J J, et al. Development of portable user-interactive holographic information collector for agricultural product markets. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(3): 143–153.

Readability of Information on Smartphone Apps for Total Hip Replacement and Total Knee Replacement Surgery Patients.

Background:Readability is a vital component of health information and providing this material at an appropriate literacy level may positively influence patient experience.Objective:To assess the readability of the information provided within total hip replacement and total knee replacement apps to understand more about the impact this could have on patients.Method:A systematic search was conducted across the 5 most popular smartphone app stores: iTunes, Google Play, Windows Mobile, Blackberry App World, and Nokia Ovi. Apps were identified for screening if they: targeted total hip replacement or total knee replacement patients; were free of charge; and were in English. App readability assessment was conducted independently by 3 reviewers using the Gunning Fog Index, the Flesch Reading Ease Score, and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level.Results:Fifteen apps met the inclusion criteria. Only one app was found “easy to read” (My THR).Conclusion:Findings suggest that the overall readability of information provided is written at a level which is difficult for patients to comprehend. App developers should engage patients in the design process of their apps, in order to enhance patient experience and for the potential impact of these innovative health technologies to be truly realized.

Curvas Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia no estacionarias para la cuenca del río Medellín

Las curvas Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia (IDF) actuales suponen que la precipitación no varía significativamente con el tiempo, subestimando así sus eventos extremos, lo que aumenta el riesgo de inundaciones y de daños en la infraestructura, es por esto que se deben estudiar metodologías que permitan su estimación en condición de cambio climático, es decir, con un enfoque no estacionario, tal como en este estudio, en el que se estimaron curvas IDF estacionarias y no estacionarias para 9 estaciones pluviográficas dispuestas sobre la cuenca del río Medellín. Para ajustar las series de tiempo de precipitación se hizo uso de la distribución de valores extremos EV1, sus parámetros estacionarios fueron calculados por medio del método de los L-momentos y los no estacionarios por el de ventanas móviles. Se evidencia el efecto del cambio climático en intensidades altas y duraciones pequeñas, obteniéndose que el enfoque estacionario puede subestimar los eventos extremos hasta en un 39%.

Assessment of Unilateral Spatial Neglect Using a Free Mobile Application for Italian Clinicians.

Background: Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) is traditionally assessed with paper-and-pencil tests or computer-based tests. Thanks to the wide-spreading of mobile devices, and the extensive capabilities that they have in dealing complex elements, it is possible to provide clinicians with tools for cognitive assessment. Contemporary 3D engine is, in general generally, able to deploy complex 3D environments for iOS, Android and Windows mobile, i.e., most of the mobile phone and tablet operative systems.Results: This brand-new scenario and pressing requests from professionals, pushed us to build an application for the assessment of USN. Our first attempt was to replicate the classic cognitive tests, traditionally used at this purpose. Ecological assessment is difficult in real scenarios so we implemented virtual environments to assess patients’ abilities in realistic situations. At the moment, the application is available only for iPad and iPhone for free, from the Apple Store, under the name of “Neglect App.” The App contains traditional tests (e.g., barrage with and without distractors) and ecological tests (e.g., to distribute the tea in a table to close people). Scoring of each test is available to the clinicians through a database with the executed ecological tasks, that are stored locally.Conclusion: In conclusion, Neglect App is an advanced mobile platform for the assessment of Neglect.

Smartphone apps for total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery patients: a systematic review

Purpose: The aim of this study was to critically examine the content of smartphone apps produced for patients undergoing total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery.Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted across the five most popular smartphone app stores: iTunes; Google Play; Windows Mobile; Blackberry App World; and Nokia Ovi. Apps were identified for screening if they: targeted total hip replacement or total knee replacement patients; were free of charge; and were in English. App quality assessment was conducted independently by three reviewers using the Mobile App Rating Scale.Results: 15 apps met the inclusion criteria. On the 5-point Mobile App Rating Scale, the mean overall app quality score was 3.1. Within the Mobile App Rating Scale, the “Aesthetics” subscale had the most inconsistency across all apps, generating the highest and lowest mean scores (4.7 and 1, respectively). The “functionality” subscale had the highest mean score (3.8) among the four subscales, and the “information” subscale had the lowest mean score (2.7).Conclusion: This study highlights that despite a wide range of apps currently available to total hip replacement and total knee replacement patients, there is significant variability in their quality. Future efforts should be made to develop apps in partnership with patients, to improve the content, interactivity and relevance of apps.Implications for RehabilitationClinicians and rehabilitation professionals should consider that patients are using Smartphone apps to supplement their rehabilitation and be aware of currently available apps.Although some apps show promise, at present there is no one openly available app which is clinically recommended for rehabilitation use following total hip replacement and total knee replacement.Rehabilitation professionals tailor recovery programmes to individual patient needs following total hip replacement and total knee replacement, and future apps should also consider personal needs.We recommend that patients are involved in all stages of designing and testing future total hip replacement and total knee replacement rehabilitation apps.

Static and Dynamic Analysis of Android Malware and Goodware Written with Unity Framework

Unity is the most popular cross-platform development framework to develop games for multiple platforms such as Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile. While Unity developers can easily develop mobile apps for multiple platforms, adversaries can also easily build malicious apps based on the “write once, run anywhere” (WORA) feature. Even though malicious apps were discovered among Android apps written with Unity framework (Unity apps), little research has been done on analysing the malicious apps. We propose static and dynamic reverse engineering techniques for malicious Unity apps. We first inspect the executable file format of a Unity app and present an effective static analysis technique of the Unity app. Then, we also propose a systematic technique to analyse dynamically the Unity app. Using the proposed techniques, the malware analyst can statically and dynamically analyse Java code, native code in C or C ++, and the Mono runtime layer where the C# code is running.

Mobile Hybrid Application Sebagai Solusi Dalam Pelaporan Bencana Menggunakan Framework Cordova

Mobile devices are now almost used by all walks of life. Various platforms available on smartphones like Android, iOS, Windows Mobile provide great opportunities and become a challenge for app developers. The problem is that app developers need to be able to match the needs of the available platform. The solution to this problem is the mobile hybrid application technology, which enables application developers to bridge every different smartphone platform using the cordova framework. The Cordova framework allows application developers to build mobile applications using HTML5, CSS, and javascript (JS). In this research more focused on testing the technology of mobile hybrid application to build mobile application of disaster reporting at Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) South Sumatera. Test results in the form of android and windows phone applications through several tests, among others, ease in the process of building applications, publishing, and configuration. It is expected that this hybrid mobile application software can help disaster management agencies in southern Sumatra region in disaster preparedness in the community.