Window Panes Research Articles

Improving the efficiency of thermal insulation of window panes—the use of transparent thin-layer insulation coverings filled with nanostructures

AbstractThe article discusses experimental studies on the thermal conductivity of a transparent thermal insulation layer (film) applied to a window pane. The research was conducted using a measurement cube known as the "Hot Box" method. The examined film was made based on a polymer matrix with metallic inclusions. The insulating layer of the film allows for the transmission and blocking of light—UV infrared radiation. In the studies, a 100 W bulb was used as the source of infrared radiation (light source), placed at the central point of the measurement cube "Hot Box". To estimate the heat transport conditions, temperature distributions on the internal and external surfaces of the examined window pane with the applied transparent coating (film) were measured. Based on the temperature distribution data, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the applied transparent coating on the pane was estimated.

Understanding the Feeding Behavior and Identifying the Plant Parts Preferences of Fall Armyworm on Peanut Seedlings

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has posed a serious threat to global food security since its discovery in Africa in 2016. Intercropping peanuts with maize is a very common cultivation practice, which can result in a high possibility of peanut damage by FAW. Our study investigated the feeding behavior, plant part preferences, and damage symptoms of FAW larvae on peanuts throughout the larval period, considering changes in population densities and the passage of time over the number of investigations. The results indicated that FAW larvae frequently inhabited peanut leaves, particularly the undersides of the leaves. Larvae moved from the leaves to the soil in the seedling pot to complete development. Furthermore, FAW larvae tended to feed on peanut leaves rather than stems regardless of population densities. Based on the damage symptoms, the feeding preferences of FAW larvae tended to be heart leaves, followed by mature leaves and stems. The most frequent damage symptoms caused by FAW to peanuts were “window panes”, followed by “leafless”. This study provides a reference for the integrated management of FAW in peanut fields.

A meta-analysis of the schematic design process of deep retrofit projects

Deep retrofits of the existing building stock will be necessary to meet global emissions reductions targets. One building archetype, low-rise MURBs have been neglected in terms of research and funding for deep retrofits. A meta-analysis was conducted that compares and contrasts the schematic design approach taken for six such buildings in British Columbia which are scheduled to undergo deep retrofits with the goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80%. The analysis showed that design teams had converged toward common solutions for each building while achieving the GHG reduction target. The recommended measures include electrification of space and domestic hot water heating, adding insulation through overcladding, air sealing, ventilators for each unit, and double pane windows. A life cycle cost analysis showed that the economic viability of deep retrofits were dependent on energy price forecasts, capital cost reductions through market forces and transformation, or incentives cover the non-monetizable co-benefits of deep retrofits such as improved resiliency to climate-change or reducing overheating and air quality risks. The meta-analysis can help to streamline the early-stage and schematic design process for such buildings, which is critical to increasing the retrofit rate. This process could be replicated for other building types and construction archetypes.

POLarizer-FENestration (POLFEN) a novel concept of a glazing technology to modulate daylighting and glare in buildings

A conceptual new window/glazing technology called POLarizer-FENestration (POLFEN) is presented. In 1935, Edwin Land's pioneering work on polarizers successfully developed a sheet polarizer that was used in various applications. Subsequently, polarizers were employed in windows to modulate daylight and reduce associated glare. Early prototype windows were circular in shape so that the polarizing filter could be rotated to modulate the daylight. However, compared to rectangular-shaped windows that are ubiquitous, circular windows are rare in buildings. Therefore, a new window/glazing technology, discussed in this paper, was developed that utilizes a polarizing film in a conventional rectangular or square window, arranged in the form of strips or a checker-grid over the window panes to modulate daylighting levels and control glare. In this new research, a working prototype of the glazing technology is developed and demonstrated including simulations using the Radiance daylighting simulation software. In the current work, two types of measurements were taken: photographs of the indoor luminous environment and illumination levels (Lux) at selective points on the work-plane both in a physical prototype as well as in the simulation model under two sky conditions: CIE clear sky with sun, and overcast sky. The results indicate that the new glazing technology resulting from this concept can effectively modulate daylighting levels, minimized associated glare to an acceptable level while maintaining a view to the outdoor environment. The technology can be classified as Variable Transmission Glazing (VTG), similar to Electrochromic (EC) glazing since it also offers a dynamic modulation of solar optical properties (Tvis).

TRANSPARENT SOLAR PANELS

This article is about Transparent Solar Panels. Discusses current and future applications of Transparent Solar Panels. Here the pros and cons of Transparent solar panels are discussed. The different characteristics of transparent solar panels from conventional solar panels are discussed in detail. The replacement of window panes with solar panels is being discussed in the construction industry. Most importantly, information is given on the wide application of all these in the near future. In addition, this article extensively mentions the pros and cons of transparent solar panels. The article notes that transparent solar panels produce less electricity than conventional solar panels. This article compares the production costs of transparent solar panels and conventional window glass and conventional solar panels. Obviously, transparent solar panels are more expensive than window glass, but transparent solar panels are cheaper than conventional solar panels. Currently, these solar panels are not widely used. Because it was discovered very recently, but all this cannot stop the development of transparent solar panels. My main purpose in writing this article is to explain to people the importance of this discovery.

Nature of Damage and its Management of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiprda) on Maize Crop: A Review

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous pest which is arising as one of the major threats to agricultural crop production. It has around 80 host species that cause severe damage to cereals and vegetable crops. This pest was first discovered in Africa (2016) and first collected and reported in Madhya Pradesh at Research Farm RVSKVV, Gwalior of the August Month in2019-20. The S. frugiperda larval are found in newly leaves, leaves whorls, tasseling or cobs according to their growth stages. Scrape leaves, pin hole symptoms due to early larval stage and pane window symptoms whereas in the later vegetative stages due to larval of fall armyworm, damage results in skeletonized leaves and seriously windows whorls. Whereas weather condition for insects firm is good for pest could cause about 100% losses in maize crop but not control in the time.
 Normal investigation, push and pull method, light traps are used, common botanical pesticides are available of neem locally available materials of ash and several suggested chemical pesticides with dose can be used for the management of S. frugiperda. In present a vital requirement for development of eco-friendly environment, cost-effectively and collectively adopted IPM strategies to easily the impacts of the S. frugiperda.

Cooling Demand and Indoor Temperatures of a Detached House in Southern Finland: Feasibility of a Monthly calculation Method

The aim of this study was to compare dynamic thermal modelling with a monthly calculation method based on a European standard and Finnish regulations. Effect of thermal insulation level of a building envelope, solar shading, solar heat gain coefficient and window area on cooling demand were also studied. Increasing the thermal insulation of building shell increased indoor temperatures and hence cooling demand considerably. Solar shading by blinds between window panes decreased indoor temperatures effectively, indicating the performance of passive cooling in Finnish climate. There were rather large differences between calculated indoor temperatures and cooling demands between the two methods although both methods were able to take into account differences between variations in building shell. According to the study, the monthly calculation method underestimates the cooling need which can be significant considering the energy consumption of buildings. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate both summer temperatures and the cooling energy needs of detached houses by modelling.

Оконное стекло с поселения Горзувиты и Мангупского городища в Крыму: химический состав, происхождение и хронология в историко-культурном контексте

Chemical composition of 39 window panes of the Early and Middle Byzantine periods was studied with SEM-EDS technique. They originate from the Gorzuvity settlement in the Crimea Southern coast with the ruins of two churches, and Mangup, the largest medieval fortress in the SW Crimea. The presence of glass of groups Foy-3.2/2.1 and HIMT suggests that the earliest structures with glazed windows could have emerged on Mangup in the 5th century at the latest — i. e., before the construction of the Byzantine fortress. A homogenous composition of glass from Gorzuvity suggests a single period of glazing windows of structures existing here — the “lower” church with a shrine dated probably to the 11th century (terminus ante quem for the church construction) and some stone structures at the settlement. 37 samples represent natron glass of the Egyptian origin. Most of window panes are related to the 9th—10th/11th cc. Their glass belongs to the series Foy-2.2, the result of the recycling of the earlier glass of the 2nd half of the 5th/6th — mid-7th centuries (series Foy-2.1). It suggests that the remains of monumental structures of the early Byzantine period (window panes and probably tesserae) were used as raw materials during the construction campaign at Gorzuvity and Mangup in the middle Byzantine period. Two fragments from Mangup of mixed-alkali composition originate from the contexts of the 15 th c., where they could get from disturbed earlier deposits.

An assessment of the impact of building envelope design on the tradeoff between embodied and operating energy

The building envelope encompasses an important share of construction materials and may dictate the embodied energy in buildings. This paper performs parametric analysis to evaluate the affect of several envelope design parameters on the operational and embodied energy consumption of the building. These parameters include southern wall glazing ratio, northern wall glazing ratio, glazing type, and wall assembly. The wall assembly design variables in turn include interior insulation thickness, interior insulation material, exterior insulation material, exterior insulation thickness, and outmost layer material. The other parts of the wall assembly remained constant in all simulation runs. A single store residential building with 150 m2 built-up area is considered as a case study to perform calculations. Based on the simulation results, Increasing the glazing ratio in the southern and northern walls from 0 to 80% results in a 12.7% and 15.7% increase in the total energy consumption, respectively. Moreover, employing triple pane windows raises the embodied energy compared to the double pane windows by 27.5%. However, they result in a 4.44% reduction in total energy consumption due to their better thermal insulation properties. Finally simultaneous variation of the glazing ratio and wall assembly reveled the minimum possible total energy consumption during the life cycle of the building can be obtained by providing aerogel as insulation material with 100 mm thickness in the interior insulation layer and 60 mm in the exterior insulation layer, fiber cement panels as the outmost layer and triple pane windows.

A novel approach for optimized design of low-E windows and visual comfort for residential spaces

Double low-E glasses are effective and well-established choices for residential buildings in temperate climatic regions of Sydney, Australia, and Tehran, Iran. The current study's measurements and field experiments have shown that using a double low-E windowpane can improve window total transmitted radiation energy (TSRE) and daylight glare factor. Nevertheless, spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and daylight illuminance are the shortcomings of using double-low-E glasses. These implications demonstrated that using double low-E glazing is a double-edged sword. Despite its efficiency in improving energy consumption, it cannot satisfy daylight comfort requirements. Therefore, this research intends to find the most suitable solution to exploit double-low-E glasses' benefits and avoid their drawbacks. Subsequently, the genetic algorithm has been used to find the optimum window size through a multi-objective simulation by Climate Studio. The findings suggest that the optimum WWR of 10.35%–10.99% in Tehran brings the daylight comfort metrics above the threshold while the energy consumption metrics are kept at a minimum. Similarly, for Sydney, these measures are 20%–24% room length for the horizontal dimension of a window and 33%–40% room height for the vertical penetration dimension. In this way, using a double low-E window pane is justifiable for both examined regions.

The Influence of Thermal and Mechanical Stress on the Electrical Conductivity of ITO-Coated Polycarbonate Films.

The influence of thermomechanical stress on the conductivity of indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polycarbonate (PC) films was investigated. PC is the industry's standard material for window panes. ITO coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films are the main commercially available option; as such, most investigations refer to this combination. The investigations in this study aim to investigate the critical crack initiation strain at different temperatures and crack initiation temperatures for two different coating thicknesses and for a commercially available PET/ITO film for validation purposes. Additionally, the cyclic load was investigated. The results show the comparatively sensitive behavior of the PC/ITO films, with a crack initiation strain at room temperature of 0.3-0.4% and critical temperatures of 58 °C and 83 °C, with high variation depending on the film's thickness. Under thermomechanical loading, the crack initiation strain decreases with increasing temperatures.

Respiratory infections among junior high school students in upper northern Thailand: The role of building dampness and mould, biomass burning and outdoor relative air humidity (RH)

BackgroundFew studies exist on environmental risk factors for respiratory infections in Thai school children. AimTo study associations between home and outdoor environment and respiratory infections among school children in Northern Thailand in dry and wet season. MethodsA repeated questionnaire survey among the children (N = 1159). Data on ambient temperature and relative air humidity (RH) and PM10 and ozone was collected from nearby monitoring stations. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). Results14.1% had current respiratory infections (last 7 days), 32.1% had any respiratory infection last 3 months, and 26.1% had any respiratory infection last 12 months with antibiotic treatment. Students with diagnosed allergy (7.7%) and diagnosed asthma (4.7%) had more often respiratory infections (ORs 1.40–5.40; p < 0.05). Current respiratory infections were more common in dry (18.1%) than in wet season (10.4%) (p < 0.001) and was associated with indoor mould (OR 2.16; p = 0.024) and outdoor RH (OR 1.34 per 10% RH; p = 0.004.) in the total material. In wet season, mould (OR 2.32; p = 0.016), window pane condensation (OR 1.79; p = 0.050), water leakage (OR 1.82; p = 0.018), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (OR 2.34; p = 0.003) and outdoor RH (OR 2.70 per 10% RH; p = 0.01) were risk factors for current respiratory infections. In dry season, mould (OR 2.64; p = 0.004) and outdoor RH (OR 1.34 per 10% RH; p = 0.046) were associated with current respiratory infections. Irrespectively of season, biomass burning inside or outside the home was a risk factor for respiratory infections (ORs 1.32–2.34; p < 0.05). Living in a wooden house decreased the risk of respiratory infections (OR 0.56: p = 0.006). ConclusionsDry season, high outdoor RH, household dampness, indoor mould and ETS can increase childhood respiratory infections. Living in a traditional wooden house can reduce respiratory infections, possibly due to better natural ventilation. Smoke from biomass burning can increase childhood respiratory infections in northern Thailand.

Dual‐band Ganesha‐shaped semi‐transparent antenna for vehicular applications

AbstractIn this paper, work on a Ganesha‐shaped semi‐transparent patch antenna is presented for its use in vehicular application. The design of the antenna is opted from a commercially available Ganesha sticker that is mostly placed on the vehicle's window panes as a symbol of an auspicious deity. The geometry of the sticker without any variation in its dimension is made to work as an antenna. The antenna is fabricated using adhesive copper tape on a glass slab backed by an AgHT‐8 transparent conducting sheet which acts as the ground plane. Microstrip inset feeding technique is used to excite the patch and its return loss performance and free space radiation pattern measurements are carried out. Measured results show promising performances that can be used in future vehicular applications and are in good comparison with that of the simulated results.

Sensorium

Sensorium

Fragmente de vase si obiecte de sticla provenite din zona bailor castrului roman de la Hoghiz (jud. Brasov)

The auxiliary Roman castrum of Hoghiz (Braşov county) has stirred the interest of researchers and antiquities enthusiasts since the mid–18th century, being represented in cartographic sources of the period as Alte Schloʃs Rudera or Pons Vetus. Over time, based on the analysis of tegular material, it is believed that Ala I Asturum, Cohors III Gallorum, Numerus Illyricorum and troops from Legio XIII Gemina were stationed here, making it the most important auxiliary castrum in Eastern Dacia. During surface investigations in 2023, 12 fragments of glass vessels were recovered from the area of the Roman baths adjacent to the castrum. They belong mainly to beakers and cups, prismatic bottles or window panes, as well as a dark‑red facetted bead. By analogy, the identified fragments can be dated to the 2nd century AD while the bead is specific to the 4th century AD with good similarities in the area of the Sântana de Mureş – Cerneahov culture.

Resonant tunneling of photons in layered optical nanostructures (metamaterials)

The conditions of resonant (almost complete) tunneling of photons (plane monochromatic electromagnetic waves) through layered dielectric and metal-dielectric structures are considered. Resonant tunneling occurs at frequencies at which the resonance conditions for the corresponding structures of open resonators are met. For metal-dielectric structures, the possibility of tunneling in the optical range with a strong barrier in the IR range is shown, which can be used to control the transmission of window panes. Keywords: dielectric permittivity, homogenization, resonant tunneling, plasmons, metal nanoparticles, window panes.

Резонансное туннелирование фотонов в слоистых оптических наноструктурах (метаматериалах)

The conditions of resonant (almost complete) tunneling of photons (plane monochromatic electromagnetic waves) through layered dielectric and metal-dielectric structures are considered. Resonant tunneling occurs at frequencies at which the resonance conditions for the corresponding structures of open resonators are met. For metal-dielectric structures, the possibility of tunneling in the optical range with a strong barrier in the IR range is shown, which can be used to control the transmission of window panes.

窓ガラスの光学的な防犯性能評価方法の提案

In order to prepare for the intrusion from glass panes, it is important to know whether the existing glass pane is crime prevention type or ordinary one, and the degree of penetration resistance does each glass has. However, it is difficult to identify both ordinary and crime prevention type by naked eyes, because there is no clear difference in appearance of both panes. Hence, authors propose two methods: (1) An optical method of identifying ordinary and crime prevention pane, and (2) An optical method of visualizing degree of penetration resistance for glass pane. Our experiments showed that the methods could identify both type of pane and visualize the degree of penetration resistance of window pane by using an optical spectrum.

Comparative analysis between use of waste glass in rigid pavement and alkali resistant glass fibers for use in paver blocks

The waste glass obtained from demolition of window panes from renovation activities of residential areas, industrial complexes etc. and the glass fibers derived from these waste glass have found their way into use as strength enhancers of pavement component like paver blocks. The study was carried out with partial replacement of sand (by weight) with waste glass in concrete for use in JPCP (Joint Plain Concrete Pavement) at following levels of replacements i.e., 10%, 15% and 25%. It was observed that maximum increase of 1.21%, 6.56% and 24.76% occurred in respect of compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength respectively. When the alkali resistant glass fiber (ARGF) was used as additive in the preparation of paver blocks, the fibers were added at level of 1.5% and 2% (by weight) of cement, prepared and tested for 28 days curing period. Results showed that at 2% level of addition of ARGF in IPB (Interlocking paver block), the compressive strength and flexural strength had maximum increase.

Morfometric of Placuna placenta from Wulan Estuary, Demak, Indonesia

Bivalves are easily found along Central Java’s coast and are an ecologically and economically important marine group of organisms. One of them was Placuna placenta, the Window Pane Scallops. It is commonly consumed, and the shell of this species is manufactured for many handicrafts. The present work reports the morphometric and size class of P. placenta in the Wulan estuary, Demak. The samples were collected using a dredge from seven sampling sites and then were measured for their shell length. The P. placenta’s shell is considerably inequivalve, thin, fragile, almost equilateral, rounded to saddle-shaped, and extremely compressed laterally. The umbones are low and submedian, and the outer surface is relatively smooth, with lamellate growth lines and occasionally fine radiating threads. The density of P. placenta was found to be varied with the sampling sites. The highest density coincided with high chlorophyll-a and the small and large class groups living in sampling sites 1, 2, and 7 for the small and 5, 6, and 10 for the big, respectively. The existence of the small size group in some sampling sites showed that it was the nursery ground for this species. Hence, it is urged to be conserved to maintain its stock.