Wind Energy In Turkey Research Articles

Techno-economic analysis of an offshore wind farm on the eastern Mediterranean Sea coast.

Turkey has rapidly become one of the top markets for onshore wind energy with a 10 GW onshore wind power installation, a significant accomplishment for the nation. It means that Turkey's wind energy capacity has more than tenfold increase in the last 10years. Despite the fact that Turkey has no offshore wind farms, research has indicated a significant and untapped energy potential. This work provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the Samandag Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) project in Turkey. To undertake an economic feasibility study under different Feed-in Tariffs (FiT) and discount rates, a discounted cash flow economic model is utilized. This study takes into consideration the economic indicators utilized in decision-making processes from the perspective of an OWF investor. The planned OWF project is shown to be economically viable only provided specific techno-economic prerequisites are satisfied. Samandag City has a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE), which is roughly $69.97/MWh, according to the findings. However, the findings show that the net present value (NPV) is very sensitive to discount rates and FiT. The goal of this research is to contribute scientifically to the development of offshore wind energy in Turkey.

Feasibility of Offshore Wind Energy in Turkey; A Case Study for Gulf of Edremit at the Aegean Sea

This work aims to investigate the feasibility of offshore wind energy in Turkey by performing extensive simulations and analyses for a 50-90 MW capacity offshore wind park to be constructed at the Gulf of Edremit, a very high potential site located at the Aegean Sea, 3 km from the west coastline of Turkey. The location and layout of the farm is optimized by considering the sea depth data obtained from bathymetric maps and wind speed measurements acquired from the MERRA data and local met mast. Dynamic interactions among the turbines and the resulting wake losses are modeled by using two different site assessment programs. Capacity factors and the annual energy production yields are calculated for 8 different types of turbines with rated powers changing between 2 and 3.6 MW.

Analyses of Current Wind Energy Status of Turkey and its Future Prospect

In this study, wind power status of Turkey is extensively investigated. In this regards, wind power occasion, which is one of the most popular and promising renewable energy types of today, is studied for Turkey in the year range of 2009-2018. Finally, Turkey's long term wind energy status till 2030 is predicted. In this context, it is demonstrated that Turkey's wind energy status will even surpass the case of 2018; in which wind energy ratio by 2030 based on whole sources is expected to be 16.61% exceeding the case of 2018, which is 16.56%.

Development of Wind Energy and the Installed Wind Power Plants in Turkey

This article analyses the development of wind energy in Turkey - the number and capacity of installed wind generators, as well as the generated electricity. It was established that the number of wind power plants is 99 with a total installed capacity of 3933 MW, and the amount of electricity produced by wind power plants is 17909.3 GWh / year. Turkey has been shown to have great potential for developing electricity generation from offshore wind farms. The increase in the number of offshore wind turbines in the coming years is expected to increase the relative share of renewable sources in the country’s energy mix, to contribute to the technological and industrial development of the regions, to produce electricity from renewable and environmentally friendly sources and to reduce the country’s energy dependence. It has been established that there are appropriate conditions in Turkey for the development of wind energy and preconditions have been created for achieving the target for promoting the use of renewable energy sources by 2023.

General situation of wind energy source in Turkey and wind turbine technologies

The increasing need for new energy sources is a result of the rapidly increasing global population and consumption of fossil fuels. In order to achieve more efficient use of wind energy in Turkey, the establishment of more efficient wind turbines with new technologies and the widespread use of wind-generating systems are inevitable. The regional distribution of the wind energy potential of Turkey, the regional and general usage rates and the policies followed in wind energy subjects are worth investigating. Besides, it is very important to discover new wind fields, to calculate the capacities of these areas by technical analysis methods and finally to use them. Recently, wind power capacity has increased dramatically in Turkey and accompanying that, the wind turbines that produce it have become more affordable and more efficient for wind energy producers. Wind turbine technologies have been mentioned in general and generator models used in wind turbines have been examined. Consequently, wind energy resource is not efficiently used in Turkey and how the using of wind energy potential is improved is generally discussed.

MCDM analysis of wind energy in Turkey: decision making based on environmental impact.

Development of new wind energy projects require complex planning process involving many social, technical, economic, environmental, political concerns, and different agents such as investors, utilities, governmental agencies, or social groups. The aim of this study is to develop a tool combining Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodologies, and its application for Turkey as a case study. A variety of constraints and criteria were identified based on a literature review and regulations gathered from variety of agencies, use of which resulted in determination of infeasible sites. Then, pairwise comparisons were carried out using analytic hierarchy process as the MCDM method to estimate relative importance of the criteria, and to visualize a suitability map with three classes. As the final stage, decision making was carried out based on environmental impact where 45.5% of the Turkish territory was found as infeasible area. Sixty percent of the remaining area are covered by the moderate suitability class, followed by the highly suitable area (20.3%) and low suitable area (19.8%). The output of this study can be used by energy planners to estimate the extent that wind energy can be developed based on public perception, administrative, and environmental aspects.

Analysis on Meeting the Electric Energy Demand With Small Wind Turbine in Turkey

Wind energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources in terms of huge potential. Turkey has adequate wind energy potential to generate its own electricity. Together with the technological developments of wind turbine, generating electricity from wind energy is becoming increasingly common in Turkey and around the world. In this study, Turkey's wind energy potential and a small wind turbine to meet the electricity needs of a home were analysed economically. Installation height of the wind turbine is lower compared to other large turbine so wind speed can be slightly lower. Therefore smaller generator with larger wind turbine blade was scheduled to be assembled to meet the electricity needs for a house in Turkey. Cost of a system is about $ 6,576 and this system can pay for itself in 10 years.

Role of Wind Power in the Energy Policy of Turkey

AbstractEnergy used to be produced mostly from fossil fuels until the near past, and the use of these fuels has created many environmental problems. For this reason, renewable energy resources have become important for energy production. As a result of technological developments in the field, electricity production using wind turbines with high capacities is possible in the current era. An increasing tendency to use renewable energy resources in the world has revealed a need to study the current position of wind energy in Turkey also and particularly the policies to increase the usage of wind energy. First, the current position of energy production and energy policy in Turkey is summarized and the details about installed wind power plants are presented. Second, the future projections about the energy power plants are discussed. The details about current and future wind power plants in Turkey are especially given. Incentives for wind power plant constructions are also presented in the study. As a result, i...

The Current Situation of Wind Energy in Turkey

Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this century. As wind energy is an alternative clean energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the atmosphere, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Turkey’s domestic fossil fuel resources are extremely limited. In addition, Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of wind power. In this context, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution prevention in Turkey. Among the renewable sources, Turkey has very high wind energy potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Turkey theoretically has 166 TWh a year of wind potential. However the installed wind power capacity is approximately 14% of total economical wind potential. In this study, Turkey’s installed electric power capacity and electric energy production are investigated and also the current situation of wind energy in Turkey is examined. The wind data used in this study were taken from Turkish Wind Energy Association (TUREB) for the year 2012. This paper reviews the assessment of wind energy in Turkey as of the end of July 2012 including wind energy applications.

Impact of the Clean Development Mechanism on wind energy investments in Turkey

As carbon trading continues to be implemented on both a national and an international scale, it is becoming an important factor in renewable energy investment decisions. Turkey, with continuous growth of carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption since 2001, ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2009 and began registration of projects with greenhouse gas reductions in 2010. In light of these developments, wind energy resources with a potential of 48,000 MW are among the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy in Turkey. The aim of our study is to reveal the importance of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol on wind energy investment decisions. A broad review of wind energy in Turkey is given, and then, a comprehensive feasibility study of a wind energy firm with a valuation model including Certified Emission Reduction (CER) prices is applied to a case study, the Mega Metallurgy Power. With a holistic and interdisciplinary system engineering approach, results are obtained using comprehensive analysis of technology, emission, and power generation of a wind energy firm linked to a valuation model. This comprehensive model sets the investment decision-making criteria, the enterprise value comparison with total financing. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is run to show that the enterprise value is positively correlated with CER prices. Based on these results, it is concluded that if the world's largest carbon offsetting program, the CDM, prevails after 2012, CER prices will have a positive impact on wind energy firm valuations and related investment decisions.

Wind Energy Potential and Turbine Installations in Turkey

In Turkey, where there is no nuclear power, electricity is generated from the thermal, hydro, wind and geothermal power plants. While the installed capacity of Turkey's electric power plants was 4,187 MW in 1975, it increased to 40,777 MW in 2007. For the total installed capacity of 40,777 MW, the share of wind power plants is only 0.36%. On the other hand, Turkey has the highest share of technical wind energy potential in Europe. It is estimated that Turkey's technical wind energy potential is around 83,000 MW; the economica potential is approximately 10,000 MW. But, by the end of November 2008, the installed wind capacity of Turkey was only 3.33% of Turkey's total economical wind potential. The strong development of wind energy in Turkey is expected to continue in the coming years. In this article, wind energy potential and wind power installations in Turkey are investigated in detail.

Foresight analysis of wind power in Turkey

SUMMARY The Turkish wind energy industry is one of the most competitive and fastest growing industries in the energy sector. Industrial energy demands, Kyoto agreement and carbon trade are shown as probable causes. Currently, Turkey has a total installed capacity of about 48.5 GW for electricity from all energy sources. High energy prices and unstable suppliers have stimulated Turkey's growing interest in wind business and wind power. This paper analyzes Turkey's wind energy future perspective and power generation strategy with a view to explaining Delphi approach to wind energy development. In this study, the two-round Delphi survey was conducted by experts to determine and measure the expectations of the sector representatives through online surveys where a total of 70 experts responded from 24 different locations. The majority of the Delphi survey respondents were from 23 different universities (60%), electricity generation industries (21%), two different governmental organizations (11%), nongovernmental organizations (6%) and other institutions (2%). The article discusses not only the expert sights on wind energy technology but also all bibliometrical approaches. The results showed that Turkey's wind power installed capacity is expected to exceed 40 GW by the end of the 2020 s and in the middle of the 2030 s, and Turkey would be the European leading country in the field of electricity generation from the wind. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development potential of wind energy in Turkey

L’énergie en Turquie est aujourd’hui fournie par l’énergie fossile. De plus, la Turquie est dépendante de l’extérieur en matière d’énergie pour son économie et les secteurs divers qui en ont besoin. En Turquie, parallèlement aux informations ci-dessus, 83% de l’électricité de l’an 2008 provient des sources d’énergie fossile. Les perspectives d'avenir prévoient que la demande d’énergie de la Turquie augmentera et l’effet naturel de cette croissance sera l’augmentation du taux de dépendance énergétique à l'égard des autres pays. Les travaux effectués démontrent que, parmi les sources d’énergies renouvelables de la Turquie, le pouvoir hydraulique et le potentiel d’énergie éolienne sont les plus importants et que chacune de ces deux sources ont des potentiels techniques pour la production de l’électricité. La multiplication des centrales éoliennes au cours de ces dernières années est à relier à des facteurs comme la préparation de l’Atlas d’Energie Eolienne Turc, la disposition des lois afin d’aider les entrepreneurs du secteur privé et l’augmentation des prix du pétrole. Les centrales éoliennes fonctionneront dans la région de Marmara, la région d’Egée et dans la partie de méditerranée orientale de la Turquie où se manifestent plus souvent les vents violents. Il est probable que quelques autres centrales seront construites dans d'autres régions que celles citées précédemment.

The current status of wind energy in Turkey and in the world

The rapid increase in world energy demand, the depletion of conventional energy sources and the pollution caused by conventional fuels have increased the importance of developing new and renewable energy sources. Additionally, technological developments have resulted in increased energy demand for the entire world, including Turkey, especially for electrical energy. At present, wind energy is receiving considerable attention. This report focuses on the current status of wind energy in Turkey and in the world. An overview of wind energy in Turkey is presented, and its current status, application, support mechanisms and associated legislation in Turkey are described. Wind energy and its status in the world are also addressed. It can be concluded from this analysis that wind energy utilization in Turkey and throughout world has sharply increased. Turkey has an abundance of wind energy sources.

Economic Evaluation of Onshore Wind Energy Plants for Turkey

Wind energy has the fastest growing rate of alternative energy sources with a 92% learning curve value. At the end of the 2008, global installed wind power reached 121,000 MW. The electricity requirements of Turkey are covered mostly from hydroelectric and thermic sources. The annual growth rate of electricity demand is expected to be between 6.3% and 8.4% from 2009 to 2016. Turkey's wind energy potential is 47,849 MW, and 15,000 MW of this potential is the current wind energy target of Turkey until 2015. Capital and operational costs of 15,000 MW of wind energy investment are 18,750 million € and 512 million € per year. The main goals of this article are to explain the current electricity market of Turkey, to give basic information about economic parameters of wind energy investments, and to show economic data of the 15,000 MW onshore wind energy investment in Turkey as a scenario study.

The Potential of Wind Energy as an Alternative Source in Turkey

Development in wind energy systems and the potential of wind energy in Turkey were studied; the wind energy potential of various regions was investigated in this study. A power equation was derived by a mathematical approach using the characteristics of wind energy, including rotor diameter, wind speed, and density of the wind power. The maximum power obtainable at each location with the wind speed of the location and the diameter of the rotor used has been calculated with this power equation. Nurdaği, Karabiga, Datça, Bandirma, Antakya, Mardin, and Kumköy areas were found to be the most suitable areas for wind energy systems by their wind densities; Sinop, Gökçeada, and Siverek are following these areas.

A Review of Research and Development of Wind Energy in Turkey

AbstractDuring the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, interest has risen in new and renewable energy sources, and especially wind energy for electricity generation. In a short time, wind energy has been welcomed by society, industry and politicians as a clean, practical, economical and environmentally friendly alternative to existing fossil fuels. As a result of extensive studies on this topic, wind energy has recently been applied in various industries, and has started to compete with other energy resources. Wind energy applications and turbine installations at different scales have increased since the beginning of this millennium. Technically installed wind turbines capacity factors have high values in most areas of Turkey. It is seen that, in general, the modeling of wind speed and its parameters have been studied and researched rather than wind power technological development in Turkey. Wind investors had doubts about uncertainties in the renewable energy policies. After May 2007, an energy efficiency law was accepted and 10 years of electricity generation by renewable sources is considered as guaranteed by the Turkish government. The installed wind power has reached 131.35 MW in Turkey and it is expected that this value will be increased to 808.81 MW by the end of 2008. The dependence of strong technological and economical development on Turkey's energy needs have increased and new national or international sources have to be taken into account for the energy sector of the country. It is clear that this source gap could be filled by using the high potential of wind power, which is estimated at 58 GW. It is expected that installed wind power to supply up to 5% of electricity consumption by 2015 and for the end of 2008 this ratio will increase to 2% (it is currently ca. 1.0%). However, unexpected and unpredicted wind power applications have occurred on November 1st, 2007 in Turkey. It has been announced that 78,000.00 MW wind power investments have been applied by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). This is a new era for the Turkish energy sector and there is no model for this new situation. Therefore, in this paper, wind energy in Turkey is reviewed and opened up for further discussion.

Electricity restructuring in Turkey and the share of wind energy production

This paper presents the current status of Turkey's electricity power sector, efforts for introducing competition in the Turkey's power industry, and concerns with the restructuring in Turkey. Turkey include long-term high-cost agreements, low quality of power, and therefore restrictions for synchronization with UCTE network, increase in the reliance on imported natural gas, and the urgent need for highly qualified staff that would be capable of fast and reliable implementation of ongoing reforms in the electricity sector. The contribution of the exploiting wind energy potential in Turkey to reconstruction of Turkey electricity structure is investigated. The strong development of wind energy in Turkey is expected to continue in the coming years.

Competition Potential of Wind Power Plants

In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Turkey theoretically has 160 terrawatt hours a year of wind potential. Substantial potential of wind energy in Turkey is important with respect to the economic, financing, and environmental benefits. Therefore, the evaluation of the substitution potential of wind energy is becoming an important task by generation planning of power systems. Wind energy is among the fastest developing energy sources in Turkey. The Marmara, southeast Anatolian and Aegean regions are highly suitable for wind power generation since wind speeds exceed 3 m/s in most of these areas. Old windmills found in the Marmara and Aegean regions are good indicators of the wind energy potential for these regions. While the average density of wind power is below the 40 W/m2 in 89.3% of Turkey's total domain, it is over 40 W/m2 in 10.7% and it exceeds 100 W/m2 in 0.8%. There are also some regions of Turkey where average density of wind power reaches 294.1 W/m2 level.

Wind Energy Potential in Turkey

The aim of this paper is to investigate the wind energy potential in Turkey. In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Turkey theoretically has 160 Terra Watt hours (TWh) a year of wind potential, which is about twice as much as the current electricity consumption of Turkey. The technical potential of Turkey's wind energy is approximately 88,000 MW, its total established power is only 18.9 MW according to data for 2001. Turkey had a share of 0.11% in Europe's installed capacity in 2001. As seen in the table, the installed capacity of Turkey's wind energy has increased from 9 MW in 1998 tol9 MW in 2001. But the installed wind energy capacity is very small.