Wind-diesel System Research Articles

Adaptive hybrid energy system for remote Canadian communities: Optimizing wind-diesel systems integrated with adiabatic compressed air energy storage

This study addresses gaps in the integration of compressed air energy storage (CAES) with wind-diesel systems in remote areas, departing from previous research that mostly focused on diesel engine efficiency. Critical factors such as CAES sizing, design, and operation are thoroughly examined through a comprehensive analysis, including power supply–demand patterns and full-year system performance. Utilizing Kangirsuk, an Inuit village, as a case study, the research introduces a novel optimization-based sizing strategy for a small-scale adiabatic CAES (A-CAES) system integrated into a wind-diesel power plant. The study contributes by providing insights into power supply–demand patterns, proposing an optimization strategy for adaptive hybrid energy systems, and evaluating the performance of CAES systems over a year. Results show significant diesel fuel reductions, with a 55% reduction in diesel consumption for a single wind turbine with a CAES system, and an even greater reduction of 63.4% when employing two wind turbines with a CAES system. The diesel fuel savings are determined for oversized CAES systems, indicating that oversizing can improve the system’s diesel fuel independence up to 65.3%, albeit at a higher cost. The capital costs associated with achieving these reductions are $5,088,000 for the 55% reduction, $8,020,000 for the 63.4% reduction, and $11,520,000 for the 65.3% reduction. The cost-effectiveness analysis reveals that while oversizing contributes to enhanced fuel savings, the associated expenses need to be carefully considered in balancing diesel fuel independence gains against economic investment.

Dynamic performance improvement of an isolated wind-diesel system with intelligently controlled supercapacitor energy storage system

This paper aims to develop a supervisory control scheme to enhance the effectiveness and profitability of a small-rating super capacitor energy storage system (SCESS) used in load-frequency-control applications. The proposed approach, which uses one-step-ahead adaptive predictive control (APC), adeptly handles the operational limitations of the SCESS. For the purpose of online estimation of system parameters, the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm has been employed. The system can be characterized as a two input two output system, wherein the real and reactive powers required by the SCESS serve as control signals issued by the controller. The SCESS voltage is subject to constraints to limit energy trade within specific bounds. The proposed control scheme successfully maintains the voltage constraints of the SCESS while significantly reducing frequency and voltage deviations in the presence of two disturbances, viz; load disturbance and wind disturbance. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through simulation experiments on an isolated hybrid wind diesel power system, which addresses several modeling and design aspects.

Frequency Support Studies of a Diesel–Wind Generation System Using Snake Optimizer-Oriented PID with UC and RFB

The present paper discusses the modeling and analysis of a diesel–wind generating system capable enough to cater to the electrical power requirements of a small consumer group or society. Due to high variations of the load demand or due to changes in the wind speed, the frequency of the diesel–wind system will be highly disturbed, and hence to regulate the frequency and power deviations of the wind turbine system, an effective controller design is a necessary requirement, and therefore this paper proposes a novel controller design based on PID scheme. The parameters of this controller is effectively optimized through a new snake optimizer (SO) in an offline manner to minimize frequency and power deviations of an isolated diesel–wind system. The performance of SO-PID for the diesel–wind system is evaluated by considering the integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral of time multiplied square error (ITSE). The results were calculated for a step change in load, step change in wind speed, load change at different instants of time with diverse magnitude, and for random load patterns, and they were compared with some of the recently published results under similar working conditions. In addition, the effect of an ultracapacitor (UC) and redox flow battery (RFB) on SO-PID was investigated for the considered system, and the application results demonstrated the advantages of our proposal over other studied designs.

Techno-economic analysis of ground source heat pump powered by hybrid photovoltaic–wind–diesel systems in a temperate climate region

Techno-economic analysis of ground source heat pump powered by hybrid photovoltaic–wind–diesel systems in a temperate climate region

Modeling and performance assessment of an isolated wind-diesel system with flywheel energy storage system

This paper proposes incorporation of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) into hybrid wind-diesel power plant for system frequency and voltage response improvement. The impact of hybrid wind-diesel energy storage systems under various forms of disturbances, such as load disturbance, wind disturbance, wind park disconnection, and step variations in wind is presented and analyzed. The standard IEEE models for different components of hybrid wind diesel power system are considered. Simulations in the time domain are carried out in order to test the performance of proposed system. The positive impact of FESS used in wind-diesel hybrid power system is demonstrated through a series of simulation cases carried for various types of disturbances.

Voltage control in a wind-diesel power system using adaptive RBF sliding mode control of STATCOM

Voltage control in a wind-diesel power system using adaptive RBF sliding mode control of STATCOM

Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman

Affordable and clean energy for any rural community is crucial for the sustainable development of the community and the nation at large. The utilization of diesel-based power generation is one of the barriers to the sustainable development of these communities. Such generations require fuel that has a volatile market price and emits massive greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a hybrid power system for a rural area in the Sultanate of Oman that aims to reduce daily consumption of diesel fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) is utilized to model multiple energy mix hybrid systems and to propose the best optimal energy mix system for a selected community. In addition, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software is employed to assess hybrid system operational performances, such as bus voltage profiles and active and reactive power losses. This study revealed that the PV–wind–diesel system is the optimal energy mix hybrid microgrid for the Al-Dhafrat rural area in Oman, with a net present cost of USD 14.09 million. Compared to the currently operating diesel-based system, the deployment of this microgrid can reduce the levelized cost of energy, diesel fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions per year by 54.56%, 70.44%, and 70.40%, respectively. This study confirms that the Sultanate of Oman has a substantial opportunity to install a hybrid microgrid system for rural diesel-based communities to achieve sustainable development in the country.

Complete Transitions of Hybrid Wind-Diesel Systems with Clutch and Flywheel-Based Energy Storage

A Wind Diesel Hybrid System (WDHS) is an isolated power system that combines Diesel Generators (DGs) and Wind Turbines (WTGs). The WDHS has three operation modes: Diesel Only (DO), Wind Diesel (WD) and Wind Only (WO). The latter mode is the only one resulting in substantial savings, as the DG consumes fuel even with no load. Moreover, adding an energy storage system (ESS) can significantly reduce the start/stop cycles in the DG. The FESS is robust, immune to deep discharges and its state of charge (SOC) is simple to monitor. The WDHS considered in this article uses a friction clutch to disengage the diesel engine (DE) from the synchronous generator (SG) in WO mode. The AVR regulates the voltage amplitude and the frequency regulation results from balancing the power produced by the DG and WT with the power consumed by the load and dump load along with the FESS utilisation. The control algorithms of the different elements present in the WHDS are explained, as well as the general control. The FESS always has priority over the DL for the maximum harnessing of the wind power. Simulations assess the proposed solutions for the different operation modes in the WDHS.

Frequency control of a wind-diesel system based on hybrid energy storage

To improve the stability of a wind-diesel hybrid microgrid, a frequency control strategy is designed by using the hybrid energy storage system and the adjustable diesel generator with load frequency control (LFC). The objective of frequency control is to quickly respond to the disturbed system to reduce system frequency deviation and restore stability. By evaluating the area control error, the disturbance state of the system can be divided into four different areas by a corresponding control strategy for precise adjustments. For the diesel generator, an adaptive sliding mode (SM) algorithm is used to design LFC that can participate in frequency modulation. The frequency coordination control strategy proposed in this paper can realize the partition adjustment according to different resources, and ensure frequency stability. The proposed control strategy is verified by RTDS simulations in multiple scenarios.

Decentralized Model-Predictive Control of a Coupled Wind Turbine and Diesel Engine Generator System

It is highly critical that renewable energy-based power generation units provide continuous and high-quality electricity. This requirement is even more pronounced in standalone wind–diesel systems where the wind power is not always constant or available. Moreover, it is desired that the extracted power be maximized in such a way that less fuel is consumed from the diesel engine. This paper proposes a novel method to design decentralized model-predictive controllers to control the frequency and power of a single standalone generation system, which consists of a wind turbine subsystem mechanically coupled with a diesel engine generator subsystem. Two decentralized model-predictive controllers are designed to regulate the frequency and active power, while the mechanical coupling between the two subsystems is considered, and no communication links exist between the two controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed decentralized controllers outperform the benchmark decentralized linear-quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers in terms of eliminating the disturbances from the wind and load power changes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed control strategy has an acceptable robust performance against the concurrent variations in all parameters of the system as compared to the LQG controllers.

Robust Output Feedback Control Design for Inertia Emulation by Wind Turbine Generators

Wind generation has gained widespread use as a renewable energy source. Most wind turbines and other renewables connected to the grid through converters result in a reduction in the natural inertial response to grid frequency changes. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) can be controlled to compensate for this reduction and, in fact, provide faster response than traditional synchronous machines. This paper proposes to design observer based output feedback linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> control laws to realize the inertia emulation function and deliver fast frequency support. The aim is to track the reference speed by a diesel synchronous generator (DSG) in order to reach the desired inertia. The control signal is computed based on a reduced order model using the balanced truncation technique. A comparison with selective modal analysis (SMA) and balanced truncation model reduction techniques is presented. Comprehensive results show the effective emulation of synthetic inertia by implementing the control laws on a nonlinear three-phase diesel-wind system. The proposed technique is analyzed for different short circuit ratio (SCR) scenarios.

Model-free control for frequency response support in microgrids utilizing wind turbines

Islanded microgrids integrated with renewable energy resources bring additional challenges to the primary frequency control due to their power-electronic interfaced generations. Developing an efficient control strategy for inertia emulation and frequency response support of microgrids is becoming an important issue. Wind turbine dynamics, however, will degrade the emulated inertial and primary responses with most traditional control strategies. On the other hand, compensation methods often require the knowledge of system models at the design stage and state estimation for feedback once deployed online. To overcome these challenges, this paper explores a model-free control (MFC) strategy to emulate the desired inertia and support the frequency response of a diesel-wind microgrid system. The proposed MFC strategy utilizes a model reference concept to obtain guaranteed inertial response and improve the frequency response of microgrids. This work considers different control strategies with different operating points. The proposed controller is implemented and verified using the modified 33-bus full nonlinear model of the three-phase diesel-wind system in Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate the improved frequency response by precisely emulating the desired inertia using the MFC strategy.

Effects of Low Charge and Environmental Conditions on Diesel Generators Operation

In the context of electricity production in remote areas, the use of diesel generators, either alone or in hybridization with renewable energy sources, faces many technical problems. Indeed, the electrical instability that often characterizes the isolated networks, due to the fluctuating character of renewable resources and the high variability in the load profile, leads to the operation of the diesel generator in transient dynamic conditions, at low loads or outside prescribed environmental conditions. Furthermore, the extended operation of the diesel generator at low charge results in the condensation of combustion residues on the engine cylinder walls, which, after a certain time, increases friction, reduces the efficiency and increases fuel consumption. One way to solve this problem and to eliminate these deposits is to operate the engine at a higher speed until the operating temperature is reached. This paper explores the impact of the wind turbine penetration rate for hybrid wind–diesel systems and the effects of cold temperatures, high altitude, and other environmental operation conditions on diesel generators’ performances. We outlines the impacts of low load and environmental conditions such as ambient temperature, humidity, moisture, abrasive dust, cold and corrosive environments on the operation of modern diesel generators. The problem has been approached by examining the existing literature, researching damage cases, analyzing existing data, and assessing industrial experiences.

Assessing hybrid supercapacitor-battery energy storage for active power management in a wind-diesel system

This paper presents an effective hybrid supercapacitor-battery energy storage system (SC-BESS) for the active power management in a wind-diesel system using a fuzzy type distributed control system (DCS) to optimally regulate the system transient. It addresses a new online intelligent approach by using a combination of the fuzzy logic and DCS based on the particle swarm optimization techniques for optimal tuning and reduce the design effort of the control system. This mechanism combines the features of online fuzzy theory and distributed control system (DOFCS), which has a flexible structure. The proposed energy management algorithm for the hybrid SC-BESS is well able to repel the peak-impact of the battery storage system during the wind speed and load changes. The high performance of the suggested methodology is represented on a typical wind-diesel test system.

Economic feasibility analysis and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Peru

The majority of rural communities in developing countries (such as Peru) are not connected to the electrical grid. Hybrid energy production from available renewable resources (e.g., wind and solar) and diesel engines is considered as an economically viable and environmentally friendly alternative for electrification in these areas. Motivated by the lack of a comprehensive investigation dedicated to the techno-economic analysis of hybrid systems (PV–wind–diesel) for off-grid electrification in Peru, the present work is focused on determining the optimal configuration of these systems for remote Peruvian villages. Three small communities without access to the grid (Campo serio, El potrero, and Silicucho), which are located in different climatic zones of Peru, have been accordingly selected as case studies. Seven different configurations including single component systems (solar, wind, and diesel) and hybrid ones are considered. While taking into account the meteorological data and load characteristics of the communities along with the diesel fuel’s price and the cost of components, HOMER software is utilized to determine the optimal sizing of the system [resulting in the lowest net present cost (NPC)] considering different scenarios. The obtained configurations are then compared considering other state-of-the-art economic indices [initial capital cost, total annual operating cost, and the cost of energy (COE)], the generation fractions, and the resulting CO2 emissions. The obtained results have revealed that, for all of the investigated communities, the hybrid solar–wind–diesel system is the most economically viable scenario. Considering the latter scenario, the obtained optimal configuration leads to an NPC of USD 227,335 (COE: 0.478 USD/kWh) for Campo serio, USD 183,851 (COE: 0.460 USD/kWh) for El potrero, and USD 146,583 (COE: 0.504 USD/kWh) for Silicucho. Furthermore, employing the optimal configurations a renewable fraction (with respect to the total generation) of 94% is obtained for Campo serio and Silicucho, while the achieved renewable fraction for El potrero is 97%. Moreover, for the case of Campo serio, the resulting CO2 emission of the obtained optimal system is determined to be 6.1% of that of a diesel-only unit, while the latter ratio is determined to be 2.7% for El potrero and 9.9% for that of Silicucho. The optimal configurations that are obtained and presented in the present paper can be utilized as guideline for designing electrification systems (with a minimized cost) for the considered communities and other villages with similar characteristics (population and climatic conditions).Graphic abstract

Genetically tuned fuzzy controlled flywheel powered micro-grid for improved frequency control

In this article, hybrid wind-diesel system is powered with a genetically tuned fuzzy controlled flywheel for improving its frequency control. Flywheel is interfaced with the system through an electrical machine (generator/motor) and an electronic converter for synchronization. Fuzzy logic controller for the flywheel is designed in such a way that it continuously controls the system frequency and simultaneously satisfies the operational constraints of flywheel. Fuzzy logic controller is optimized by genetically tuning its membership functions. Regulated variable based on frequency deviation of system and speed characteristics of flywheel is introduced to reach out to the optimized membership functions. Necessary modeling has been done and effectiveness of the assembly has been confirmed by the simulation results.

Kontrol Frekuensi Wind-Diesel Menggunakan Hibrid Kontroller PID-BA-ANFIS

The wind diesel system is greatly influenced by the wind speed and which is then combined with the diesel engine. Optimization of wind-diesel systems is needed to get good frequency quality and optimal power. The optimal setting of the gain and time constant on the Load Frequency Control (LFC) causes the frequency stability to be weak. In practice, the wind-diesel system is controlled by a PID controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller. At present the gain value setting of the PID is still in the conventional method, so it is difficult to get the optimal value. In this study the control design is applied by using the Smart Method in finding the optimum Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) based on Bat Algorithm (BA). For comparison, the method is used without a control method, conventional PID method, PID auto tune matlab method, PID-BA method, and PID-BA-ANFIS. Wind-diesel modeling uses the transfer function of wind turbine and diesel diagrams. From the results of research that has been done shows that the smallest undershoot on PID-BA-ANFIS, the smallest overshot on PID-BA-ANFIS, and the fastest settling time is equal to PID-BA-ANFIS. This research can later be continued using other artificial intelligence methods.

Feasibility Study of Wind-Diesel Stand-Alone System for a Small Village in India

The finite resources of energy like coal, oil, natural gas etc are depleting day by day. On the other hand man is exploring new ways of utilizing energy and thus total energy requirement of the world is increasing continuously. With the present rate of utilization, the underground deposits of coal, oil and natural gas are expected to last for approximately, 100 years, 50 years and 50 years respectively. To cope up with this problem, concerted efforts to generate renewable energy as an alternate source is increasing rapidly with the passage of time. Among the available renewable resources, solar energy and wind energy are the prime candidates getting attention around the world for power generation. Wind energy is a very good option for power generation but suffers due to variation in wind speed and thus the power contained in the wind, when considered on yearly basis. There are various methods to suppress this drawback of wind energy. One such option is the wind-diesel system. This paper highlights, an analysis of the wind-diesel stand-alone system to meet the complete energy requirement such as house lighting, water pumping, laboratory operations for processing the salt, sealing machine operation etc., of a remotely located community in India.&nbsp

Stand-Alone Hybrid Wind-Diesel Power Systems for Commercial Loads of Turaif-Saudi Arabia - Techno-Economics of Hot Desert Regions for Sustainable Clean Future

Hybrid wind-diesel technology is disseminated world-wide to minimize depletion of fossil-fuels and carbon emissions. Appreciable amount (10-40%) of energy generated is consumed by commercial/residential buildings of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.). This investigation aims at techno-economic assessment of hybrid wind-diesel systems (HWDS) to satisfy electrical demand (620,000 kWh per year) of a representative commercial building at Turaif (Northern Province, K.S.A.) by analysis of wind speed data. As per the study, the monthly average wind speed of Turaif lies in the range 3.4 - 4.4 meters per second. The configurations simulated include various mixes of 100 kW wind machines (WTG) and diesel systems. The techno-economic evaluation is carried out by using NREL’s (HOMER Energy’s) HOMER software. The results point out that the wind fraction (with zero % load rejection) is 20% for a hybrid configuration composed of one 100 kW WTG together and 175 kW diesel generator. The energy generation cost (COE) from this system is 0.123 $/kWh. Also, 20% wind fraction, results in reducing carbon emissions by 91 tons/year. The diesel operation time is less with higher penetration of wind. Also, emphasis is on effect of wind fraction on energy produced, COE, operational time of diesel sets, un-met load, excess energy, fuel savings, carbon emissions, cost of HWDS, etc.

Techno-Econo-Environmental study on the use of domestic-scale wind turbines in Iran

Existing fossil fuels do not meet the needs of modern societies and are almost coming to an end. Hence, governments can respond both to the needs of the people and the industry, by investing in the use of renewable energies. As well as saving fossil fuels, natural gas and even water. According to the research, renewable energy, especially wind energy, has been used in recent years and are able to satisfy some of the existing needs. The purpose of present study is to investigate the techno-econo-enviro use of domestic-scale wind turbines in Iran in order to select the optimal turbine according to the geographic location of each station in the country. At the present study, five types of wind turbines, including Generic 1kW, Generic 3kW, Generic 10kW, BWC XL 1.25kW and WES Tulipo 2.5kW have been used at all stations in the country to provide the most suitable type of turbine with the help of HOMER software and based on the geographic location of each station. The results showed that among all stations and types of wind turbines, the highest and lowest total net present cost (NPC) with 49131 $ and 11622 $ respectively are related to Zanjan and Alvand stations and Generic 1kW wind turbines. Also, the cost per kWh of produced wind electricity is 2.847 $ and 0.674 $ respectively at these stations. Also in the case of using hybrid wind-diesel system by Generic 1kW, Generic 3kW, BWC XL. 1.25kW, WES 2.5kW and Generic 10kW wind turbines at the all under study stations, annually generate a total of 246409, 213951, 212826, 122460 and 152030 Kg CO2 respectievely. Another point is that at Alvand, Arak, Babolsar, Iranshahr, Kashan, Khoy and Orumieh Generic 1kW wind turbine, at Anzali, Hamedan, Ramsar and Torbate Heydarie BWC XL. 1.25kW wind turbine, and at the 91 remaining stations WES 2.5kW wind turbine are the most economically feasible options.