Wind Climate Conditions Research Articles

Вибір майданчика для розташування вітроелектростанцій на підставі ГІС-підходу

Запропоновано алгоритм вибору майданчика для розташування вітроелектростанцій (ВЕС) шляхом застосування ГІС-підходу, який містить, по-перше, вибір досліджуваної території зі сприятливими кліматичними умовами за результатами оцінки вітроенергетичного потенціалу; по-друге, врахування на досліджуваній території геопросторових обмежень шляхом збирання даних, їх аналізу та побудови карт компонентів довкілля, які можуть впливати чи зазнавати впливу від ВЕС, встановлення критеріїв геопросторових обмежень та їх графічного представлення у вигляді покомпонентних карт орографічних, технічних, екологічних обмежень та комплексної карти геопросторових обмежень; по-третє, виділення перспективних майданчиків розташування ВЕС шляхом накладання карт перспективних швидкостей вітру на заданій висоті та карти геопросторових обмежень. Теоретично обґрунтовано врахування трьох типів обмежень: орографічних, технічних (дорожньої мережі та енергомережі) та природних екологічних (природно-заповідного фонду (ПЗФ), водні об'єкти, ліси) і соціально-економічних екологічних (населені пункти, аеродроми) обмежень шляхом встановлення геопросторових виключень та екологічно безпечних відстаней. Застосовано алгоритм геопросторового планування майданчика для розташування ВЕС для Івано-Франківської області. Побудовано комплексну карту геопросторових обмежень території зі сприятливими вітрокліматичними умовами. Побудовано карту перспективних майданчиків розташування ВЕС. Виділено 24 безпечні перспективні майданчики розташування ВЕС загальною площею 4514,22 га в межах досліджуваної території. На прикладі Vestas V112 3.3 МВт розраховано можливу потужність ВЕС на перспективних майданчиках, яка для 88 ВЕУ становила 290,4 МВт.

Pesticide dispersion by spraying under tropical conditions

ABSTRACTPesticide air pollution by spraying was evaluated under different temperature, humidity and wind climatic conditions in Brazil. Field experiments were performed with application towards the soil and in guava orchards, where spray dispersion was monitored by adding p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a fluorescent substance, as a tracer to the water contained in the spray tanks. Samples were collected with filter membranes (Whatman 180025), and the PABA was extracted from the filters by shaking with water in a Petri dish and measured in a spectrofluorometer. A spray aimed towards the soil with filters positioned on the ground and hung at different heights did not show different upward dispersion as observed when lateral pulverization was conducted. In this case, a tractor with a sprayer moved through a 3 m high and 6 m wide frame with filter membranes mounted at 60 cm intervals. Spray dispersion patterns were modified by guava leaf resistance. No influence of temperature and humidity was observed in this short-lived spraying process. Nevertheless, wind drift can occur during airborne dispersion and is an important pesticide pollution source which requires control. Droplets with PABA powered by assisted spraying upwards returned to the ground by gravity and, therefore, did not constitute a vertical source of atmospheric pollution.

Microclimatic comfort measurements evaluation of building physics: The effect of building form and building settled area, on pedestrian level comfort around buildings

Wind discomfort and the dangers that the wind may lead can be harmful in terms of comfort conditions of both indoor and outdoor environment of the building/buildings to be constructed or just completed. The extent of discomfort to pedestrian varies from inducing slightly unpleasant feeling to producing a falling down hazard. Typically, the cause of frequent occurrences of strong wind at pedestrian area is primary related to the configuration of building structures and/or topography in the vicinity of the pedestrian area. Depending on the characteristics of the wind including magnitude, uniformity, ambient temperature, and so on, the level of disturbance to users of pedestrian areas can be different. In this context, the regions where Necmettin Erbakan University temporary education buildings are located have a fairly intensive topography in terms of wind. Therefore, detailed analysis of the inside regions and the surrounding areas of education buildings in particular are performed in terms of microclimatic comfort and indoor energy recovery. Especially, the topography where university campus temporary educational buildings are located has very high wind climate conditions compared to the city of Konya climate conditions. In this study, pedestrian-level wind conditions around N.E.U. campus buildings and in urban areas and the topography of campus settlements were analyzed through on-site measurement with Delta OHM microclimatic instruments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pedestrian-level comfort conditions around the project buildings suggested by concept architects together with microclimatic measurements of comfort conditions, in the light of current topographic and climatic conditions presented by the head architect. However, presentation of these topographic and microclimatic measurements around currently completed temporary classrooms of the university campus have not yet been completed. The topography of the university campus, which is at an altitude higher than that of Konya centrum, is exposed to an extremely high wind velocity. The pedestrian-level comfort conditions are measured using Delta OHM instrument. The study also aims to compare pedestrian-level comfort conditions at locations of various buildings. In addition, outdoor comfort survey was also conducted in the campus area. However, measurement results of the microclimatic measurement device, DeltaOHM, are evaluated in this study. It can be observed from the results that pedestrian-level comfort of current campus settlements around the buildings reach very discomforting levels. Since the university’s topography varies between very high and very low temperature levels and wind velocity values, climatic comfort problems are observed in the area. Some reasons for the discomfort problems observed in current settlement are; incorrect use of climatic parameters, incorrect directions of buildings, thermal effects due incorrect selection of materials used in constructions of buildings. In order to achieve thermal comfort, more studies are required on pedestrian-level comfort, use of passive design techniques such as correct direction of buildings and correct selection of materials utilized in the buildings based on their thermal effects. This would help university campus buildings consume less energy and maximize people’s satisfaction.

Computational evaluation of building physics—The effect of building form and settled area, microclimate on pedestrian level comfort around buildings

Wind discomfort and the dangers that the wind may lead can be harmful in terms of comfort conditions of both indoor and outdoor environment of the building/buildings to be constructed or just completed. The wind effects on a site can be divided in two as: mechanical wind effects and thermal wind effects. This study is specifically about mechanical wind stress and pedestrian wind comfort. Typically, the cause of frequent occurrences of strong wind at pedestrian area is primary related to the configuration of building structures and/or topography in the vicinity of the pedestrian area. Depending on the characteristics of the wind including magnitude, uniformity, ambient temperature, etc., the level of disturbance to users of pedestrian areas can be different. In this context, the regions where Necmettin Erbakan University (N.E.U.) temporary education buildings are located have a fairly intensive topography in terms of wind. Therefore, detailed analyses of the inside regions and the surrounding areas of education buildings in particular are performed in terms of microclimatic comfort and indoor energy recovery. Especially, the topography where the university campus temporary educational buildings are located has very high wind climate conditions comparing to the city of Konya, Turkey, climate conditions. In this study pedestrian level wind conditions around N.E.U. campus buildings and in urban areas and campus buildings settlements topography are analyzed by CFD FloEFD. The aim of the study is to analyze causes of wind nuisance in campus site area and around temporary education buildings, and compare and evaluate remedial measures. The results show that current campus settlement, around the buildings and amphi classes are seen to reach very discomforting levels in terms of in classroom comfort. Draft architectural campus temporary education buildings projects proposed by the author can improve on existing wind conditions where possible, and as a minimum, can not significantly degrade wind conditions especially when considering the safety criteria.

Assessment of wind turbine structural integrity using response surface methodology

In site suitability assessment of wind turbines, it is often the case that one or several wind climate parameters exceed the reference values for the wind turbine design class. In such cases, the IEC 61400-1 requires a load calculation based on the site specific wind climate conditions in order to document the structural integrity. This load calculation demands a significant number of aero-elastic simulations which are time consuming to perform and require expert knowledge. In this paper it is investigated, to which extent the site specific loads can be determined based on a response surface methodology (RSM).Two response surfaces are presented, formulated based on Taylor approximation and Central Composite Design. For each RSM, the model uncertainty is estimated for different combinations of the wind climate parameters, along with the statistical uncertainty introduced by a limited number of random seeds. The results show that fatigue loads during power production, in general, can be assessed accurately using both RSMs. However, central composite design introduces the smallest model uncertainty. For ultimate loads resulting from extreme turbulent inflow, a larger model uncertainty is introduced. Central composite design leads, again, to the lowest model uncertainty. The statistical uncertainty related to the number of aero-elastic simulations is modelled for each RSM using bootstrapping. In general, the statistical uncertainty related to the number of random seeds is larger than the model uncertainty related to the RSMs.

The Natural Physical Cavity Energy Regime of Double-Skin Facade

The subject of the paper is natural physical cavity of double-skin corridor type facade with year-round open circuit and effective height equal to height of one floor. Goal of the paper is quantification of thermal, aerodynamic and energy regime of this natural physical cavity. Methodology of the paper is long term in-situ experimental research (that means under the load of real conditions of the exterior climate on the building), confrontation of the theory and experiment and scientific polemic to new knowledge. Description of experimentally investigated double-skin facade. Description of the experiment in-situ (basic data, monitored physical parameters, measuring technology). Presentation of research results. New knowledges about regime of natural physical cavity of double-skin facade under windless climate conditions and under wind climate conditions. New knowledges lead us to the most important piece of knowledge about the real maximal increase of the temperatures in the cavity, which is the decisive factor for building ecology (natural ventilation from the cavity) and equally for energy (energy consumption) of a building with double-skin facade.

Investigation of the wind energy characteristics and power generation in Lithuania

In this article the wind flow characteristics, a current situation and future prospects of the wind energy use and power generation in Lithuania are investigated. During the last ten years the assessment of wind power resources was carried out, wind measurement data were collected and analyzed, whereas Lithuanian wind resources map was developed on the basis of the obtained results. A long-term (1945–1990) wind data for 19 meteorological stations and performed measurements in sites revealed that the most suitable region for building wind turbine (WT) of large-scale is the 10 km wide coastal strip near the Baltic Sea. Also, the investigations demonstrate that WT can be installed in the continental part of Lithuania. However, the efficiency of WT will be slightly less in the continental part as in the near-shore. The energy efficiency was evaluated by the capacity factor Cp, which was calculated for installed WT in different regions of the country. The aim of the work is to present the results of investigation of wind climate conditions in the coastal area of the Baltic Sea and other regions of Lithuania and evaluate wind energy generation in the country.

Investigation of the wind characteristics and prospects of wind power use in Lithuania

This paper addresses the current situation and future prospects of the use of wind energy in Lithuania. Furthermore, it investigates wind power resources. During the last ten years, assessment of wind power resources was carried out, wind characteristics measurements were made, observation data of Lithuanian meteorological stations were collected and these data were generalized. Measurements have shown that the most suitable and promising region for installation of wind turbines and wind farms in Lithuania is the coastal area of the Baltic Sea. The suitability of several existing wind turbine sites was evaluated according to the variation of the capacity factor C p, which describes the efficiency of installed wind turbines. Global trends in the development of the power sector reveal the prevalence of wind power installations. The increase in the use of wind energy not only reduces environmental pollution, but also creates new jobs in rural areas and decreases dependence on fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to present the current situation of wind energy development and the results of the investigation of wind climate conditions in Lithuania. The investigations demonstrated good prospects for wind power utilization at the coastal area of the Baltic Sea, as well as possibilities to install wind turbines on the continental part of Lithuania.

Utilization of wind energy in urban areas — Chance or utopian dream?

There exist many plans and some finished constructions of wind energy converters on buildings in urban areas. Therefore the question had to be answered, how far densely populated areas and utilization of wind energy are mutually exclusive or — to put it differently — how far they can be matched in a useful way. In order to answer this question, the wind-climatic conditions are obviously most important. Nevertheless, site evaluation for wind energy converters (i.e., the determination of optimal sites for wind turbines) also includes economic, legal and landscape-ecological aspects. Especially the ecological impacts of wind energy will limit the potential for using wind energy in populated areas. Important factors are the noise emissions of wind turbines, distances derived from criteria of mechanical security, the possibility of electromagnetic interference in radio or TV services, and the occurrence of shadow hindrance from wind turbines.