Win-win Opportunities Research Articles

Hand pollination under shade trees triples cocoa yield in Brazil’s agroforests

Agricultural diversification can enhance climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood in global farming systems. Diverse agroforestry systems with cocoa have been shown to provide all these benefits, but the often-lower yields compared to monocultures limit agroforestry adoption by smallholder farmers. Cocoa yield is pollination-limited, and here, we quantified the effect of hand pollination in cocoa on fruit set, fruit abortion or cherelle wilt, pest and diseases, and number of mature fruits. Experiments were conducted in Bahia, Brazil, along a shade gradient from low [10–30%] to high [70–100%] canopy cover and with cocoa trees grafted with high-yielding varieties. We found on average 331% fruit set, and 300% mature fruit increase (i.e. ripe pods) per tree by enhancing pollination by hand as little as 10% of the flowers/tree, compared to the control (i.e. with only natural pollination). Fruit set, fruit losses, and mature fruit development linked to hand pollination was higher in low compared to highly shaded cocoa areas. We found 31% higher fruit set and 37% higher number of mature fruits in grafted than un-grafted trees. Further, when comparing efforts invested in hand pollination, minimum labor (∼5 min/tree to pollinate 10–30% of the flowers/tree) led to a 871% fruit set and a 750% mature fruit increase under low canopy cover, and intermediate labor (∼15 min/tree to pollinate 40–60% flowers/tree) to a 629% fruit set under high canopy cover. As ∼5–15 min/tree hand pollination can substantially enhance fruit set and number of mature fruits in low as well as high shade management, we recommend performing hand pollination particularly in agroforests under 40–50% canopy cover to create win-win opportunities for high productivity and climate resilience. Future research should focus on the wide range of agroforestry, tree grafting and innovation strategies in all major production regions to capture the long-term variability of hand pollination as a basis to scale-up hand pollination for sustainable cocoa production globally.

Urban–ruraljustice

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Multi-level optimal dispatch strategy and profit-sharing mechanism for unlocking energy flexibilities of non-residential building clusters in electricity markets of multiple flexibility services

Well-managed demand-side flexibility can effectively alleviate the stress of power systems caused by the increasing renewable energy penetration. The development of smart grid technologies provides win-win opportunities for system operators and demand-side users. Buildings have great flexibility potential through smart control of flexible loads, passive thermal mass storage and distributed active storage. However, a few fundamental problems on flexibility quantification, optimal coordination and profits sharing are faced when aggregating buildings to reach sufficient size for biding multiple flexibility services in electricity markets. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-level optimal dispatch strategy and profit-sharing mechanism for non-residential building clusters to maximize flexibility profits and reduce the complexity of the optimization. At building level, a model-based quantification method is developed to evaluate flexibility potential of multiple resources. At cluster level, the coordinated bidding strategy of the aggregator is proposed, and flexibility profits are distributed based on the cooperative game theory at the post-market stage. Test results show that the proposed dispatch strategy can reduce up to 20.4% of daily electricity cost at cluster level and ensure profit increase of individual buildings with different flexibility characteristics. The active participation of building clusters in electricity markets could reduce the use of costly backup generators.

Win‐Win Opportunities

Nonprofit Communications ReportVolume 20, Issue 10 p. 5-5 Briefs Win-Win Opportunities First published: 02 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/npcr.32039Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume20, Issue10October 2022Pages 5-5 RelatedInformation

Win-win opportunities combining high yields with high multi-taxa biodiversity in tropical agroforestry

Resolving ecological-economic trade-offs between biodiversity and yields is a key challenge when addressing the biodiversity crisis in tropical agricultural landscapes. Here, we focused on the relation between seven different taxa (trees, herbaceous plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, and ants) and yields in vanilla agroforests in Madagascar. Agroforests established in forests supported overall 23% fewer species and 47% fewer endemic species than old-growth forests, and 14% fewer endemic species than forest fragments. In contrast, agroforests established on fallows had overall 12% more species and 38% more endemic species than fallows. While yields increased with vanilla vine density and length, non-yield related variables largely determined biodiversity. Nonetheless, trade-offs existed between yields and butterflies as well as reptiles. Vanilla yields were generally unrelated to richness of trees, herbaceous plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and ants, opening up possibilities for conservation outside of protected areas and restoring degraded land to benefit farmers and biodiversity alike.

Potential Health Benefit of NO2 Abatement in China's Urban Areas: Inspirations for Source-specific Pollution Control Strategy

Potential Health Benefit of NO2 Abatement in China's Urban Areas: Inspirations for Source-specific Pollution Control Strategy

Carbon Emission Constraint Policy in an OEM and Outsourcing Remanufacturer Supply Chain with Consumer Preferences.

Carbon emission reduction has been a consensus goal for most countries to achieve environmental sustainability. The use of carbon emission trading policies has been generally considered by the governments. Remanufacturing, as an effective way to reduce carbon emission, is incorporated together with the tool of carbon emission policy to construct a low-carbon supply chain in this paper. We analyze the carbon emission reduction and profit maximization problem among enterprises of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and their outsourcing remanufacturers, integrating the impact of the carbon emission constraint policy and the carbon market. Considering consumer preferences on low-carbon products and recycling rates of waste products, we construct a Stackelberg game model (dominated by the OEM) and analyze the impact of a carbon emission constraint policy on sales price, volume, carbon emission, and revenue of new and remanufactured products in the supply chain system. The results suggest that the upper bound set by the government on carbon emission for enterprises positively affects sales volume of new products and negatively affects sales prices of both products. Moreover, the discount rate of carbon emission constraint negatively affects sales volume of new products and positively affects sales prices of both products. Notably, the carbon emission constraint policy has impacts on the production decisions of both manufacturers on an economic scale. When the upper bound of carbon emission is equal to a certain threshold, the OEM could obtain the greatest revenue. The results provide a new perspective for the government to attain the goal of carbon emission reduction and not sacrifice economic growth. Managers in outsourcing remanufacturers and OEMs could also be implicated from our results to collaborate in allocating remanufacturing orders to achieve win-win opportunities between them.

Circular economy and resilience: convergences and deviations in the case of agri-food supply chains

Agri-food supply chains have a multitude of roles for the mankind. Among others, they encompass the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy; they are responsible for feeding the planet; they are associated with various environmental and social impacts. Therefore, their operation, efficiency and performance are crucial in many contexts. In this paper we investigate the transitions of agri-food supply chains towards two different goals: circular economy and resilience. Circular economy has been a focal priority in the EU and global agenda, which aims at redefining the patterns that have been associated with linear economy models in order to meet environmental, social, and economic challenges of our era. On the other hand, supply chain resilience is the capacity of supply chains to be prepared for unexpected risk events, act and recover promptly to probable disruptions, and return to their original position or move to a better ideal condition. In particular, we focus on the enablers and barriers for both goals and identify possible convergences and deviations. The former are expected to lead to win-win opportunities, whereas the latter will lead to trade-offs.

MPAs and Aspatial Policies in Artisanal Fisheries

Using a spatially explicit framework with low/middle-income country coastal characteristics, we explore whether aspatial policies augment the impact of marine protected areas (MPAs) and identify when MPAs create income burdens on communities. When MPAs are small and budget-constrained, they cannot resolve all of the marinescape’s open-access issues, but they can create win-win opportunities for ecological and economic goals at lower levels of enforcement. Aspatial policies—taxes, gear restrictions, license restrictions, and livelihood programs—improve the MPA’s ability to generate ecological gains, and licenses and livelihood policies can mitigate MPA-induced income burdens. Managers can use MPA location and enforcement level, in conjunction with the MPA’s impact on fish dispersal, to induce exit from fishing and to direct the spatial leakage of effort. Our framework provides further insights for conservation-development policy in coastal settings, and we explore stylized examples in Costa Rica and Tanzania.

Conservation aquaculture as a tool for imperiled marine species: Evaluation of opportunities and risks for Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida.

Conservation aquaculture is becoming an important tool to support the recovery of declining marine species and meet human needs. However, this tool comes with risks as well as rewards, which must be assessed to guide aquaculture activities and recovery efforts. Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) provide key ecosystem functions and services along the west coast of North America, but populations have declined to the point of local extinction in some estuaries. Here, we present a species-level, range-wide approach to strategically planning the use of aquaculture to promote recovery of Olympia oysters. We identified 12 benefits of culturing Olympia oysters, including identifying climate-resilient phenotypes that add diversity to growers' portfolios. We also identified 11 key risks, including potential negative ecological and genetic consequences associated with the transfer of hatchery-raised oysters into wild populations. Informed by these trade-offs, we identified ten priority estuaries where aquaculture is most likely to benefit Olympia oyster recovery. The two highest scoring estuaries have isolated populations with extreme recruitment limitation-issues that can be addressed via aquaculture if hatchery capacity is expanded in priority areas. By integrating social criteria, we evaluated which project types would likely meet the goals of local stakeholders in each estuary. Community restoration was most broadly suited to the priority areas, with limited commercial aquaculture and no current community harvest of the species, although this is a future stakeholder goal. The framework we developed to evaluate aquaculture as a tool to support species recovery is transferable to other systems and species globally; we provide a guide to prioritizing local knowledge and developing recommendations for implementation by using transparent criteria. Our collaborative process engaging diverse stakeholders including managers, scientists, Indigenous Tribal representatives, and shellfish growers can be used elsewhere to seek win-win opportunities to expand conservation aquaculture where benefits are maximized for both people and imperiled species.

PL02.06 Patient-Directed Innovation, Research and Clinical Trials

PL02.06 Patient-Directed Innovation, Research and Clinical Trials

Which species perform best in carbon sequestration and storage in planted forests? A review of the potential of Pinus and Eucalyptus

The carbon market has been attracting attention as an additional source of revenue associated with growing planted forests. In addition to the economic importance, planted forests play an essential role in mitigating climate change due to their high potential to sequester carbon from the atmosphere and store it in soil, biomass or litter. Therefore, forest cultivation and the carbon market present win-win opportunities for both the economic and ecological systems. One question that arises for those who intend to invest in planted forests projects for carbon credits trading is: which species within Pinus or Eucalyptus, performs better in Carbon Sequestration and Storage (CSS)? Based on a systematic review of the scientific literature, we ranked the cultivated species of the genus Eucalyptus and Pinus based on their CSS performance. The findings suggest that Eucalyptus performs slightly better than Pinus, given that this supremacy was reported in 60% of the studies analyzed. However, paired analysis between species show that Pinus patula , P. halepensis, and P. radiata presented better performance than Eucalyptus saligna, E. occidentalis, and E. globulus, respectively. At the same time, Eucalyptus spp., E. cloenziana, E. grandis, and E. tereticornis performed better than Pinus spp., P. armandii, P. massoniana, P. taeda, P. caribaea, and P. roxburghii, respectively. However, species' effective performance in sequestering and storing carbon depends on other issues such as technical factors, management practices, and biophysical conditions. We identified that biophysical conditions, such as the site index, soil type, soil density, stand elevation, water deficit, soil clay, aluminum content, edaphoclimatic conditions and land use change were the most important. Thus, besides the species to be cultivated, the potential for generating carbon credits by planted forests also depends on local biophysical conditions and management practices adopted.

Solving the delayed retirement puzzle … and creating win-win opportunities

Purpose The population across the industrialized world is aging to the extent never experienced before in history, living 10 years longer on average than the previous generation and nearly two decades longer than two generations ago. Design/methodology/approach To date, this rapidly growing segment of the population is not always addressed in inclusion and diversity plans and has often been overlooked as a source of competitive advantage, rather seen as a cost and a burden in some organizations. Findings Leaders in industrial nations agree that to continue strong economic growth, it is vital to support people to live healthier lives and stay in the workforce for longer. By doing so, we can not only improve well-being and enable people to remain active and economically productive but also reduce dependency, bringing down the burdens on health, pensions and social systems. Originality/value When this challenge is addressed, important motivational and productivity benefits will result from the seasoned talent segment staying a little longer with the organization. They will stay longer because they want to, not because they cannot afford to retire.

A Qualified Account of Supererogation: Toward a Better Conceptualization of Corporate Social Responsibility

ABSTRACTSome firms are initiating pro-stakeholder activities and policies that transcend conventional corporate social responsibility (CSR) conceptions and seem inconsistent with their business interests or economic responsibilities. These initiatives, which are neither legally nor morally obligatory, are responding to calls for a more active role of business in society and for a broader interpretation of CSR. In fact, they benefit stakeholders in a superior and an innovative way and are difficult to reconcile with commonly used rationales in the extant CSR literature, such as win-win opportunities, creating shared value, or corporate philanthropy. For better insight, we develop a qualified account of the concept of supererogation from ethical theory. This account, which examines voluntary responses to moral obligations from which a business is normally excused, is applied to identify the unique features of the initiatives that are not readily understood within conventional reasoning, which is generally focused on a business case.

Sharing Demand Information Under Bounded Wholesale Pricing

The extant research on supply chain information sharing under wholesale pricing often assumes a model where the manufacturer can unilaterally set any wholesale price, and the retailer decides retail quantity or price while taking the wholesale price as given. Whereas this model may actually reflect the relative market power in some situations, it misses out on certain win-win opportunities that could arise from information sharing. When the demand information shared by the retailer is used by the manufacturer to set a more advantageous wholesale price for its own benefit only, the double marginalization effect will often be exacerbated to the detriment of the retailer and even to the supply chain as a whole. Anticipating this consequence, the retailer will cautiously keep its information within its own realm of operations and forego the potential improvement that could result from sharing information with the upstream manufacturer. We propose and analyze a new wholesale pricing mechanism that promotes information sharing between a relatively weaker retailer and a more powerful manufacturer such that both parties become better off. The key feature of the new mechanism is an extra stage of interaction, which happens before the retailer's information sharing decision: at the very outset the manufacturer voluntarily proposes an upper bound and promises not to raise the wholesale price above this bound if the retailer agrees to share information. We show why this new mechanism can be a win-win for a single supply chain and for competing channels.

Quantifying stakeholder understanding of an ecosystem service trade-off

Sustainable management of global natural resources is challenged by social and environmental drivers, adding pressure to ecosystem service provision in many regions of the world where there are competing demands on environmental resources. Understanding trade-offs between ecosystem services and how they are valued by different stakeholder groups is therefore critical to maximise benefits and avoid conflict between competing uses. In this study we developed a novel participatory trade-off experiment to elicit the perception of 43 participants, from across four key stakeholder groups, working in land and water management (Environmental Regulators, Farming Advisors, Water Industry Staff and Catchment Scientists). Using the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) concept, we quantified stakeholder assessment of both the shape and the uncertainty around the PPF in a trade-off between agricultural intensity and the ecological health of freshwater systems. The majority of stakeholder groups selected threshold and logistic decay trade-off curves to describe the relationship of the trade-off, and estimated the uncertainty around the curves to be intermediate or large. The views of the four stakeholder groups differed significantly regarding how they estimated stakeholder trade-off prioritisation; the largest difference in perspectives was identified between Environmental Regulators and Farm Advisors. The methodology considered the cultural, socio-economic and institutional specificities of an ecosystem service interaction and identified potential sources of conflict but also possible solutions for win-win opportunities to explore and share understanding between stakeholders. Valuing stakeholder knowledge as a form of expert data and integrating this into participatory decision-making processes for land and water management thus contributes considerable value beyond traditional approaches to ecosystem service assessments.

Thermal pollution impacts on rivers and power supply in the Mississippi River watershed

Thermal pollution from power plants degrades riverine ecosystems with ramifications beyond the natural environment as it affects power supply. The transport of thermal effluents along river reaches may lead to plant-to-plant interferences by elevating condenser inlet temperatures at downstream locations, which lower thermal efficiencies and trigger regulatory-forced power curtailments. We evaluate thermal pollution impacts on rivers and power supply across 128 plants with once-through cooling technologies in the Mississippi River watershed. By leveraging river network topologies with higher resolutions (0.05°) than previous studies, we reveal the need to address the issue in a more spatially resolved manner, capable of uncovering diverse impacts across individual plants, river reaches and sub-basins. Results show that the use of coarse river network resolutions may lead to substantial overestimations in magnitude and length of impaired river reaches. Overall, there is a modest limitation on power production due to thermal pollution, given existing infrastructure, regulatory and climate conditions. However, tradeoffs between thermal pollution and electricity generation show important implications for the role of alternative cooling technologies and environmental regulation under current and future climates. Recirculating cooling technologies may nearly eliminate thermal pollution and improve power system reliability under stressed climate-water conditions. Regulatory limits also reduce thermal pollution, but at the expense of significant reductions in electricity generation capacity. However, results show several instances when power production capacity rises at individual plants when regulatory limits reduce upstream thermal pollution. These dynamics across energy-water systems highlight the need for high-resolution simulations and the value of coherent planning and optimization across infrastructure with mutual dependencies on natural resources to overcome climate-water constraints on productivity and bring to fruition energy and environmental win-win opportunities.

Model use in sustainability policy making: An experimental study

We examine whether decision makers who use a system dynamics model more readily create policies whose outcomes match their stated priorities or are on the Pareto Frontier of achieved outcomes, and whether model users are more likely to change their priorities. Comparing model use with other decision tools, we address these questions in a role-play simulation (serious game) experiment in which participants make multi-dimensional policy recommendations to address environmental, economic, and social equity dimensions of sustainability. Participants are randomly assigned to use one of four decision support tools: (1) actively using the model or passively being briefed. The briefings cover: (2) the insights of the model; (3) general, relevant information; or (4) irrelevant information (control). We find that model-users, group (1), discovered key insights about win-win opportunities—over-performing their priorities—and most readily created policies on the Pareto Frontier of achieved outcomes. Groups (2) and (3) best matched their policy outcomes to their priorities, missing the win-win.

Collaboration environment for JointCloud computing

JointCloud computing is a new generation of cloud computing mode based on the cooperation among multicloud service entities. Through the deep integration of multicloud resources, it facilitates developers to customize cloud services by the method of “software definition, and to create cloud value. Achieving successful cloud service transactions is the most important challenge that JointCloud faces. This paper originally puts forward a supporting environment of cross-stakeholders peer-to-peer transactions, including resources and services, named JointCloud Cooperation Environment (JCCE). The core of JCCE architecture involves distributed cloud transaction, distributed cloud community, distributed cloud monitoring, and the blockchain-based distributed ledger system. In such primary services, the related information exchange techniques, especially value exchange techniques, are conducive to breaking the information asymmetry among the participants in JointCloud, creating win-win opportunities for each party, and forming strong support for the JointCloud computing business innovation. From the perspective of cloud service consumers, cloud service providers, and cloud service brokers, JCCEs consumption service mode, supply service mode, and consultation service mode are put forward to guide the transaction participants to apply the value-exchange service of JCCE efficiently and conveniently. Finally, with regard to the support service of value exchange, the operation mechanism of JCCE is expounded in different scenarios including cloud resource transaction, data transaction, and custom software service transaction.

Leadership, Communication, and Negotiation Across a Diverse Workforce*: An AOA Critical Issues Symposium.

The current workforce in the United States is rapidly changing and is increasingly inclusive of individuals from a broad range of ages, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds. Engaging and leading a diverse workforce creates great opportunities for innovation and adaptation in our evolving medical economic and clinical care delivery environment. For optimal engagement of employees and partners, orthopaedic surgeons must develop the necessary skills for executing change inside complex organizations and across teams composed of a variety of providers and skilled workers. Important skills include leadership, effective communication, and negotiation within an ever-changing employee milieu. Understanding generalizable differences between age-based generations can increase the effectiveness of one's strategies to execute change and increase organizational performance. One of the greatest impediments to effective communication and negotiations that all leaders face is unconscious bias. For leaders, even the tiniest unconscious biases have an outsized impact. Common domains that harbor unconscious bias include sex, race, and ethnicity. Addressing unconscious bias begins with developing awareness and then deploying various tactics that might include equity in compensation, promotion, and "being heard." Effective negotiation skills also are essential to lead a diverse workforce and develop a successful organization. The most basic goal in any negotiation should be to establish a relationship (or deepen an existing relationship) while seeking an agreement that provides win-win opportunities for all parties. To effectively achieve a win-win scenario, leaders must recognize and address their tendency to interpret others' behaviors, values, and beliefs through the lens of their own beliefs and experiences. Finally, and fortunately, there is a set of leader attributes that transcends the generational differences and diversity that is encountered in the workplace. These attributes include integrity, credibility, effective listening, having a vision of your destination, fairness, humility, and caring.