Wild Reed Research Articles

Wild reed waste as a biosorbent for toxicity lowering of selected pollutants: Isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Wild reed (Raw-Mat) was used as an eco-friendly biosorbent to remove two basic dyes, Rhodamine B (Rh-B) and Methylene blue (MB), from their aqueous solutions. The prepared biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimmetric analysis (TGA), FT-IR spectroscopy, pHzpc, Iodine number, and Methylene Blue index. Adsorption experiments were conducted by studying the effect of conventional parameters (biosorbent dose, contact time, pH, ionic strength and temperature). Adsorption equilibrium was reached at 60 min for MB and 120 min for Rh-B at biosorbent doses of 12 g/L and 8 g/L for MB Rh-B respectively corresponding to maximum adsorption capacities of 29 mg/L and 27.9 mg/L. Adsorption models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin in their linear and nonlinear were fitted to the experimental data. Ionic strength effects indicated that hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions could be the dominant attractive force for adsorption of both dyes. Dye uptakes increased with temperature for both dyes. Adsorption kinetics was found to comply with the pseudo second order with a good correlation factor (R2 > 0.99) with intra-particle diffusion as the rate determining steps. Both dyes adsorption processes were spontaneous (ΔGo <0) and endothermic (ΔHo >0). This study showed that wild reed as a waste could prove to be a very efficient adsorbent in removing toxic substances from wastewater.

Pre-European Plant Consumption and Cultural Changes in the Coastal Lluta Valley, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile (Ca. 5140–390 Cal Yr BP)

Pre-European Plant Consumption and Cultural Changes in the Coastal Lluta Valley, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile (Ca. 5140–390 Cal Yr BP). The introduction of domesticated plants into ancient hunting and gathering economic systems expanded and transformed human societies worldwide during the Holocene. These transformations occurred even in the oases and hyperarid environments of the Atacama Desert along the Pacific coast. Human groups inhabiting this desert incorporated adjacent habitats to the semi-tropical valleys through transitory or logistic camps like Morro Negro 1 (MN-1), in the Lluta valley (~12 km from the littoral in northernmost Chile), into their settlement patterns. During the earliest occupation (Late Archaic period, 5140–4270 cal yr BP) people collected and consumed wild plants, although crops such as Lagenaria were present. Following a gap of more than 2000 years between 4270 and 1850, people returned and introduced new domesticated plants at the site (Gossypium, Zea mays, Capsicum), which displaced the use of wild reed (Schoenoplectus) rhizomes as the chief staple during the first occupation. This change in food consumption was linked to the transformations that took place during the Archaic-Formative transition, but did not entirely shift the ways of life of these coastal marine hunter-gatherers.

Structural and Mechanical Modification Induced by Water Content in Giant Wild Reed (A. donax L.)

Giant wild reed Arundo donax L. is an aggressive agricultural species with remarkable features such as fast-growing, untapped economic potential, eco-friendliness, and high specific properties (e.g...

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Wild Reed Over Nanoporous SBA-15 Catalysts.

Wild reed was pyrolyzed over two nanoporous SBA-15 catalysts with different acid characteristics: Si-SBA-15 and Al-SBA-15. Al was grafted on Si-SBA-15 to increase the acidity and enhance the catalytic activity. Fast pyrolysis was carried out using a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at 550 degrees C for real-time analysis of the products. Significant improvement of the product bio-oil quality was attained by catalytic reforming over nanoporous Al-SBA-15. The fraction of total oxygenates was reduced because of the decrease in. the fraction of ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylates, which deteriorate the fuel quality of bio-oil. On the other hand, the fractions of furans and aromatics, which are the chemicals with high value-added, were increased by the catalytic reforming. The catalytic activity of Al-SBA-15 was considerably higher than that of Si-SBA-15 because the incorporation of Al increased the catalyst acidity.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Wild Reed over a Zeolite-Based Waste Catalyst

Fast catalytic pyrolysis of wild reed was carried out at 500 °C. Waste fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst disposed from a petroleum refinery process was activated through acetone-washing and calcination and used as catalyst for pyrolysis. In order to evaluate the catalytic activity of waste FCC catalyst, commercial HY zeolite catalyst with a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 5.1 was also used. The bio-oil produced from pyrolysis was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). When the biomass-to-catalyst ratio was 1:1, the production of phenolics and aromatics was promoted considerably by catalysis, whereas the content of oxygenates was affected little. Significant conversion of oxygenates to furans and aromatics was observed when the biomass-to-catalyst ratio of 1:10 was used. Activated waste FCC catalyst showed comparable catalytic activity for biomass pyrolysis to HY in terms of the promotion of valuable chemicals, such as furans, phenolics and aromatics. The results of this study imply that waste FCC catalyst can be an important economical resource for producing high-value-added chemicals from biomass.

Pyrolysis of Suncheon-Bay wild reed over zeolite catalysts

The catalytic fast pyrolysis of wild reed was carried out over HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with two different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, 23 and 280. The effects of the pyrolysis temperature and catalyst on the bio-oil yield were examined using a laboratory-scale batch-type quartz reactor for the pyrolysis experiments over the temperature range, 440–560 °C. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained between 520 °C and 560 °C depending on the catalytic conditions. The bio-oil yields obtained from catalytic pyrolysis were generally lower than those obtained from non-catalytic pyrolysis because of the cracking of large-molecular-mass products into gaseous species. Further experiments were carried out using the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at 550 °C for the in-situ analysis of the species distribution of the product bio-oil. Regardless of the use of catalyst, oxygenates were the most abundant products from the pyrolysis of wild reed, followed by phenolics. The fraction of total oxygenates was reduced considerably when pyrolysis was carried over HZSM-5(23). Unlike the other oxygenate species, the production of furans was promoted by catalytic reforming. Furans produced during the pyrolysis process were apparently converted to aromatics upon the catalytic reforming over HZSM-5(23) owing to its large number of strong Brønsted acid sites. Large-molecular-mass oxygen-containing phenolics were converted by catalytic reforming to small-molecular-mass oxygen-free phenolics and aromatics via cracking, dehydration, and deoxygenation. The catalytic effect of HZSM-5(280) was much smaller than that of HZSM-5(23) in every respect owing to its small number of Brønsted acid sites. Another significant change made by catalytic reforming was the increase in the fraction of aromatics. In particular, when pyrolysis was performed over HZSM-5(23), the fraction of aromatics was 14%, whereas they were not produced from non-catalytic pyrolysis.

EFFECT OF COMPOS OF SAME COMPONENTS WHICH WAS LOCALY PREPAED ON OYSTER MUSHROOM(PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) PRODUCTION

This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using the wild reed and different paper wastes which are pollutants in the environment to produce of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The study included assessment of rapid growth of spinning and biomass of mushrooms in cartoons and Paper abstracts, And the possibility of introducing the best transactions in components by consolidation with the automatic Center rock phospate with 0% , 5% and 10% on the growth and productivity of mushroom althmret objects. The results revealed the following: Best in vitro growth effect (mycelia growth rate) of the P. ostreatus on culture medium was obtained with cardboard extract 88.6 mm within 10 days and high dry mat weight of 4.72 g/ l compared to 3.52 g/ l on PDA medium. Growth and production characteristics–Treatment of 80% common reed + 20% paper, showed shorter incubation period of 27.83 days and the difference was significant compared to other treatments. Treatment of 70% common reed + 30% paper gave shorter period in the formation of buds primoridea (5.58 days) and this treatment with the amendment of 5% rock phosphate showed higher significantly increased in the yield (545.6 g/ kg) compared with the non- amendment rock phosphate, which gave 327.7 g/kg. in addition the highest stem length (4.22 cm) was noticed with the treatment of 70% common reed + 30% paper with 5% rock phosphate. The treatment of 80% common reed + 20% cardboard with 10% rock phosphate gave larger diameter cap of fruit bodies (5.27 cm). Farther more highest content of protein 23.68% in fruit bodies was noticed on treatment of 70% common reed + 30% cardboard with 10% rock phosphate. While the highest content of carbohydrates (52.71%) was observed on the treatment of 70% common reed + 30% cardboard with 5% rock phosphate. Amendment rate of 10% rock phosphate increased the proportion of fiber in the fruit bodies to 6.59% in the treatment of common reed alone. On the other hand treatment of 70% common reed + 30% paper without rock phosphate gave lower phenolic compounds of 0.140%.

Preparation of the Reed Cellulose Membrane by Using NMMO Method

The reed cellulose was extracted from the wild reed in the hot 12% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution. Then, the cellulose membrane was successfully prepared by using the reed cellulose as the raw materials dissolved in the solvent of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO). The characterization of the reed cellulose film was studied by the digital camera, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the reed cellulose membrane is a smooth appearance and good quality film, which could have many applications in the practical filed.

Wild reed of Suncheon Bay: Potential bio-energy source

Threat of global warming and imminent exhaustion of fossil fuels call for development of alternative carbon-neutral energy sources. Among others, bio-oil, which can be produced from various biomass, can be used not only as an alternative fuel but also as a feedstock for production of high-value chemicals. In this study, the potential of wild reed growing in Suncheon Bay Ecological Park area as a bio-energy source was evaluated. Fast pyrolysis of reed for bio-oil production was carried out using a lab-scale reactor system. The effects of pyrolysis conditions were investigated. The produced gas, liquid and solid products were analyzed. The effect of carrier gas flow rate was shown to be not significant. The most important parameter determining the product yields was shown to be the reaction temperature in this study. The bio-oil yield was highest (52%) at 520 °C. The bio-oil yield was higher and the char yield was lower for a larger sample particle size, possibly due to the enhanced heat transfer to individual particles for larger particles packed loosely. The bio-oil was shown to be comprised of acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, phenolics, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatics, with phenolics and aromatics accounting for considerable fractions. The fast pyrolysis of reed is expected to be useful for obtaining valuable chemicals.

Performance of wastewater sludge ecological stabilization

In this article, wastewater sludge ecological stabilization (WWSES) was presented for sludge dewatering, mineralization, and stabilization, as well as for percolate treatment. Two years of pilot scale experimental results indicated that sludge volatile solid, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and moisture content as indicators showed the process and degree of sludge stabilization. The observation on dewatering process showed that dried sludge reached a content of 20%-50% total solid after two years of system operation. Sludge TTC-DHA in the first year was obviously lower than that of the second year, and TTC-DHA tended to decrease with an increase in the drying time of the sludge. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic contents of sludge decreased gradually from the top to the bottom of dried sludge layer. In comparison with natural stands on stands treated with sewage sludge, individual shoot was significantly higher, and coarse protein, coarse fat, and coarse fiber contents in reed roots, stems, and leaves in the system were higher than that of wild reed, especially coarse protein contents of reed roots in the system (7.38%) were obviously higher than that of wild reeds (3.29%).

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ON IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN COBS AND WILD REED

This study was conducted in Animal Resources Department , College of Agriculture to estimate the effect of chemical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of poor quality roughages ( corn cobs and wild reed ) . The feeds were treated chemically with 4% NaoH solution ,whereas Aspergillus niger was used to ferment corn cobs and wild reed samples . The chemical analysis showed that protein percentages of corn cobs and wild reed was increased significantly (P

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ON IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN COBS AND WILD REED

This study was conducted in Animal Resources Department , College of Agriculture to estimate the effect of chemical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of poor quality roughages ( corn cobs and wild reed ) . The feeds were treated chemically with 4% NaoH solution ,whereas Aspergillus niger was used to ferment corn cobs and wild reed samples . The chemical analysis showed that protein percentages of corn cobs and wild reed was increased significantly (P