Wild Lily Research Articles

Integrated multi-omics investigation revealed the importance of phenylpropanoid metabolism in the defense response of Lilium regale Wilson to fusarium wilt.

Lilies (genus Lilium) play a significant role in the global cut-flower industry, but they are highly susceptible to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. However, Lilium regale, a wild lily species, exhibits remarkable resistance to F. oxysporum. To investigate the quantitative resistance of L. regale to fusarium wilt, a comprehensive multi-omics analysis was conducted. Upon inoculation with F. oxysporum, L. regale roots showed a significant accumulation of phenylpropane metabolites, including lignin precursors, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids. These findings were consistent with the upregulated expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes encoding various enzymes, as revealed by transcriptomics and proteomics analyses. Furthermore, metabolomics and proteomics data demonstrated differential activation of monoterpenoid and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Colorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed significantly higher levels of total flavonoids, lignin, ferulic acid, phlorizin, and quercetin contents in L. regale scales compared with susceptible lily 'Siberia' scales during F. oxysporum infection. These phenylpropanes exhibited inhibitory effects on F. oxysporum growth and suppressed the expression of pathogenicity-related genes. Transcriptional regulatory network analysis suggested that ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERFs) may positively regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Therefore, LrERF4 was cloned and transiently overexpressed in the fusarium wilt-susceptible Oriental hybrid lily 'Siberia'. The overexpression of LrERF4 resulted in increased levels of total flavonoids, lignin, ferulic acid, phlorizin, and quercetin, while the silencing of LrERF4 in L. regale through RNAi had the opposite effect. In conclusion, phenylpropanoid metabolism plays a crucial role in the defense response of L. regale against fusarium wilt, with LrERF4 acting as a positive regulator of phenylpropane biosynthesis.

Obtaining and Characterization of an Interspecific Hybrid between Lilium callosum and ‘Snow Queen’ and Evaluation of the Botrytis Stress Response

To cultivate excellent lily germplasms, an interspecific hybrid (LC×SQ-01) was successfully obtained by using a cut-style pollination method in which the rare wild lily Lilium callosum was used as the female parent and the cut flower L. longiflorum ‘Snow Queen’ was used as the male parent. The morphological features of LC×SQ-01 included height, leaf length, and width, which were observed to be between those of the parents in the tissue-cultured seedlings. The height and leaf length of LC×SQ-01 were more similar to those of the male parent, and the width was between the widths of the parents for field-generated plants. The epidermal cell length and the guard cell and stoma sizes were between those of both parents in tissue-cultured and field-generated plants. In addition, the shapes of the epidermal cells and anticlinal wall in LC×SQ-01 were more analogous to those in the male parent, while the stoma morphology was different from that of both parents. Fourteen pairs of polymorphic SSR primers were identified in both parents, and the validity of LC×SQ-01 was demonstrated by PCR amplification using five pairs of SSR primers. Flow cytometry and root tip squashing assays revealed that LC×SQ-01 was a diploid plant, similar to its parents. Furthermore, the LC×SQ-01 hybrid was more resistant to B. cinerea than its parents, and it also showed much greater peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity than the parents. These results lay a foundation for breeding a new high-resistance and ornamental lily variety.

Diversity and structural characteristics of soil microbial communities in different habitats of wild Lilium regale Wilson in Wenchuan area

ABSTRACT Lilium regale Wilson (L.regale), originated in the Minjiang River basin in Sichuan, China, has different phenotypic characteristics in different environments. To analyze the correlation between the phenotypes of L.regale and its soil micro-ecological environment, wild habitat soil of L.regale at the two altitudes were selected to analyze the diversity and community structure of microorganisms in soil, and measure the soil physicochemical factors and enzyme activities. The structural composition and diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in hillside and valley soils were significantly different (p< 0.01). Soil available potassium (AK) and soil enzyme activities such as urease (S_UE), sucrase (S_SC), and catalase (S_CAT) differed significantly different between hillsides and valleys (p < 0.01), while organic matter (OM), total phosphorus (TP), and polyphenol oxidase (S_PPO) had no great variances. Correlation analysis was conducted between the common and differential microorganisms and the morphological characteristics, soil physicochemical factors and soil enzyme activities of L.regale in both hillside and valley. The results showed that both of the fungal and bacterial could be clustered into two distinct groups by positive and negative correlations, suggesting that the representative microorganism may have structural characteristics that are directly related to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, which conversely affect the phenotype of Lily. Therefore, the study on the native species of horticultural plants and the local soil microhabitat environment will benefit the conservation of wild Lily and provide theoretical guidance for the domestication and breeding of horticultural plants.

Lilium regale Wilson WRKY2 Regulates Chitinase Gene Expression During the Response to the Root Rot Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum.

Root rot, mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is the most destructive disease affecting lily (Lilium spp.) production. The WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have important roles during plant immune responses. To clarify the effects of WRKY TFs on plant defense responses to pathogens, a WRKY gene (LrWRKY2) was isolated from Lilium regale Wilson, which is a wild lily species highly resistant to F. oxysporum. The expression of LrWRKY2, which encodes a nuclear protein, is induced by various hormones (methyl jasmonate, ethephon, salicylic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) and by F. oxysporum infection. In this study, LrWRKY2-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants were more resistant to F. oxysporum than the wild-type plants. Moreover, the expression levels of jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway-related genes (NtAOC, NtAOS, NtKAT, NtPACX, NtJMT, NtOPR, and NtLOX), pathogenesis-related genes (NtCHI, NtGlu2, and NtPR-1), and antioxidant stress-related superoxide dismutase genes (NtSOD, NtCu-ZnSOD, and MnSOD) were significantly up-regulated in LrWRKY2 transgenic tobacco lines. Additionally, the transient expression of a hairpin RNA targeting LrWRKY2 increased the susceptibility of L. regale scales to F. oxysporum. Furthermore, an F. oxysporum resistance gene (LrCHI2) encoding a chitinase was isolated from L. regale. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that LrWRKY2 can bind to the LrCHI2 promoter containing the W-box element. Yeast one-hybrid assay results suggested that LrWRKY2 can activate LrCHI2 transcription. An examination of transgenic tobacco transformed with LrWRKY2 and the LrCHI2 promoter revealed that LrWRKY2 activates the LrCHI2 promoter. Therefore, in L. regale, LrWRKY2 is an important positive regulator that contributes to plant defense responses to F. oxysporum by modulating LrCHI2 expression.

WRKY Transcription Factors Actively Respond to Fusarium oxysporum in Lilium regale.

The WRKY transcription factors form a plant-specific superfamily important for regulating plant development, stress responses, and hormone signal transduction. In this study, many WRKY genes (LrWRKY1-35) were identified in Lilium regale, which is a wild lily species highly resistant to Fusarium wilt. These WRKY genes were divided into three classes (I to III) based on a phylogenetic analysis. The Class-II WRKY transcription factors were further divided into five subclasses (IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, and IIe). Moreover, the gene expression patterns based on a quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the WRKY genes were differentially expressed in the L. regale roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Additionally, the expression of the WRKY genes was affected by an infection by Fusarium oxysporum as well as by salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Moreover, the LrWRKY1 protein was localized to the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. The recombinant LrWRKY1 protein purified from Escherichia coli bound specifically to DNA fragments containing the W-box sequence, and a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that LrWRKY1 can activate transcription. A co-expression assay in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) confirmed LrWRKY1 regulates the expression of LrPR10-5. Furthermore, the overexpression of LrWRKY1 in tobacco and the Oriental hybrid 'Siberia' (susceptible to F. oxysporum) increased the resistance of the transgenic plants to F. oxysporum. Overall, LrWRKY1 regulates the expression of the resistance gene LrPR10-5 and is involved in the defense response of L. regale to F. oxysporum. This study provides valuable information regarding the expression and functional characteristics of L. regale WRKY genes.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of three key starch synthesis-related genes from the bulb of a rare lily germplasm, Lilium brownii var. giganteum.

Starch is the predominant compound in bulb scales, and previous studies have shown that bulblet development is closely associated with starch enrichment. However, how starch synthesis affects bulbification at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Lilium brownii var. giganteum, a wild lily with a giant bulb in nature, and L. brownii, the native species, have different starch levels and characteristics according to cytological and ultra-structural observations. We cloned the complete sequence of three key gene-encoding enzymes (LbgAGPS, LbgGBSS, andLbgSSIII) during starch synthesis by rapid amplification of 5' and 3' complementary DNA (cDNA) ends (RACE) technology. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the proteins deduced by these genes contain the canonical conserved domains. Constructed phylogenetic trees confirmed the evolutionary relationships with proteins from other species, including monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The transcript levels of various tissues and time course samples obtained during bulblet development uncovered relatively high expression levels in bulblets and gradual increase expression accompanying bulblet growth. Moreover, a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was discovered in the AGPS genes of four lily genotypes, and a purifying selection fashion was predicted according to the non-synonymous/synonymous (Ka/Ks) values. Taken together, our results suggested that key starch-synthesizing genes might play important roles in bulblet development and lead to distinctive phenotypes in bulblet size.

From martial law to Sunflower: the evolution of Taiwan's student movement

PurposeThis paper explores how the student movement in Taiwan transformed after the abolition of martial law. After democratization, there were three large-scale student protests, in 1990, 2008 and 2014. This paper explores the development through this period of student movement organizations, issues and interrelations between organizations and individuals.Design/methodology/approachThe study of the process of transformation and development is based on an analysis of newspaper and magazine articles and books about the student movement. To provide an insider's view, magazines, statements and meeting memos written by activists are also included.FindingsAs a legacy of the student movement in the 1980s, the 1990 Wild Lily protest advocated democratization and organized a cross-school alliance. This pattern declined, however, because it proved hard to recruit participants after democratization. Instead, student activists returned to education-related issues, and the scale of student organizations remained small. The 2008 Wild Strawberry protest was carried out by autonomous, self-organized groups, which reflected the emergence of individuals as activists. Afterward, student movement organizations attempted to create multiple networks consisted of various issues and participants. These groups built solidarity by cooperating on education and political issues and became the base for the 2014 Sunflower protest.Originality/valueThis paper explores the rarely described historical context for the student movement between large-scale student protests in Taiwan and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the interrelation of organizations and individuals in contemporary social movements.

An efficient method for inducing multiple genotypes of tetraploids Lilium rosthornii Diels

Polyploids generally show strong environmental adaptation and diverse morphological variations. Therefore, polyploid induction is an important protocol for plant breeding. Lilium rosthornii is a wild lily species with high horticultural value and excellent disease resistance. In this study, seeds of L. rosthornii were subjected to polyploidy induction treatments to obtain multiple genotypes of tetraploids. Germinated seeds were immersed in two antimitotic agents at different concentrations for various times. In total, 199 tetraploid genotypes were obtained. The most efficient treatments of each agent were immersed in 0.05% colchicine for 36 h and in 0.01% oryzalin for 24 h; the induction rate of the former (27.78%) was significantly higher than that of the latter (22.22%). The swollen hypocotyl phenotype after colchicine and oryzalin treatments was strongly correlated with tetraploidy (0.989** and 0.975**, respectively), suggesting that this phenotype could serve as an early ploidy selection trait. The correlations were weaker between stomata length/density and tetraploidy (0.773** and 0.695**, respectively), implying that stomatal characters are affected by both the ploidy level and genotype. After several rounds subculture in vitro, the morphology and growth traits were not significantly different between diploids and tetraploids, but there were wider variations in these parameters in tetraploids than in diploids. After transplanting, the bulblet germination rate was higher in tetraploids than in diploids. The leaf phenotype did not differ between tetraploids and diploids initially, but the leaves of tetraploids became larger than those of diploids over time. Together, these suggest that tetraploids, may contribute diverse characteristics to lily breeding. Multiple genotypes of tetraploid Lilium rosthornii were induced by colchicine and oryzalin. Swollen hypocotyl was associated with polyploidy. Compared with diploids, tetraploids showed wider variations in morphological parameters.

The complete chloroplast genome of a rare species in Korea, Lilium Dauricum Ker Gawl

Lilium dauricum Ker Gawler is a wild lily species that belongs to section Sinomartagon and is one of the ancestors of the Asiatic hybrid lilies. Unique traits such as disease resistance and early flowering make L. dauricum a desirable resource for interspecific hybridization. However, in Korea, the natural resources of L. dauricum are being exhausted by excessive exploitation and require urgent conservation. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of L. dauricum was generated using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology, and its structure was compared with that of other Lilium species. The chloroplast genome was 152,063 bp long, with a typical quadripartite structure including a pair of inverted repeat regions (26,492 bp) separated by a large (81,485 bp) and small (17,584 bp) single-copy (SC) region. The genome encodes 131 different genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. A phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the relationship of L. dauricum with other members of Sinomartagon and Martagon lilies.

Wild Lily by K. M. Peyton

Reviewed by: Wild Lily by K. M. Peyton Kate Quealy-Gainer, Assistant Editor Peyton, K. M. Wild Lily. Fickling/Scholastic, 2017 [336p] ISBN 978-1-338-08160-2 $18.99 Reviewed from galleys M Gr. 7-10 It’s 1921, and thirteen-year-old Lily pines after fifteen-year-old Antony, a crush that will go unrequited for the next seventy years. In Lily’s small English town, it’s a known fact that common and plain Lily will never be matched to the handsome heir to the Lockwood Hall estate, but when he wants someone to accompany him on his newly purchased two-seater to prove he’s a great pilot (he isn’t) to his friends, she happily volunteers; when he helps his crooked father flee the officials, Lily covers for him; when he needs a place to stash his family’s valuables before running off, Lily offers up her house. Finally, years later and years apart, when he, at death’s door, needs someone to take care of his infant daughter, Lily reverently takes the child, despite being married and having three other children. This British import by noted author Peyton has the feel of black and white films from the early twentieth century, filled with melodrama, exhortations, starry-eyed leads, and doomed romances. The cinematic flair doesn’t translate here, though: the exclamation-peppered dialogue is silly instead of emotive, the exposition is broad and labored, and the focalization jumps between Lily and Antony in a frustratingly disorienting way. Lily and Antony are simply unlikable: Antony never repents for his many misdeeds, and his gifting of the baby to Lily by no means redeems him, though the book seems to present it as so. Lily’s character wholly relies on her relation to Antony and she shrinks further into a trope as the story moves along. Readers looking for historical fiction laced with drama and tragedy would be better served by Peyton’s classic Flambards books or a trawl through Downton Abbey. [End Page 230] Copyright © 2017 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Lineages of Dissent: Popular and Artistic Resistance to Imperialism and Extraction on 'The Beautiful Island'

Lineages of Dissent: Popular and Artistic Resistance to Imperialism and Extraction on 'The Beautiful Island'

Genetic variability and diversity of the main resources of lily assessed via phenotypic characters, pollen morphology, and ISSR markers.

Lily (Lilium spp), which belongs to Lilium, is one kind of monocotyledon. As a perennial ornamental plant with extremely high esthetic, edible, and medicinal value, lily has gained much favor due to its mostly showy flowers of various colors and elegant shape. In this research, we studied experimental materials in a sample of 49 individuals including 40 cultivars, nine species of wild lily, and their variants. The collection of 40 cultivars covered all six hybrids in the genus, i.e., Asiatic hybrids, Oriental hybrids, Longiflorum hybrids, LA hybrids, LO hybrids, and OT hybrids. Genetic diversity and inter-relationships were assessed through analysis of phenotypic characteristics, pollen morphology, and ISSR molecular markers. Quantitative characters were selected to analyze phenotypic variation, with results indicating greater variability in petiole length as compared to other characters. Pollen morphological observations suggested that the largest variation coefficient between all hybrids and wild species was the lumina. ISSR makers demonstrated that both cultivars and wild species possess a high level of genetic diversity. Specifically, the genetic diversity of wild lily was higher than cultivars.

The PR10 gene family is highly expressed in Lilium regale Wilson during Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii infection

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins play key roles in plant responses to pathogens and abiotic stresses. In this study, nine novel PR genes were isolated from Lilium regale Wilson, which is a wild lily species of China with high-level resistance to the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii, and homology analysis classified them into the PR10 family. These novel LrPR10s were clustered together with PR10s from monocotyledons in a phylogenetic tree, moreover, phylogenetic analysis divided the nine LrPR10s into two groups. The main-chain conformation and folding patterns of the LrPR10s were highly conserved with other plant PR10s. The expression patterns of the nine LrPR10s in L. regale during normal development were examined by QRT-PCR, and the transcription levels of the LrPR10s were relatively high in roots. Furthermore, QRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of LrPR10-1, LrPR10-2, LrPR10-5, LrPR10-6, and LrPR10-7 in L. regale roots were up-regulated by two or more stress-related signaling molecules including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and H2O2, while the other four LrPR10s were repressed by these four signaling molecules. In addition, five members of the LrPR10 gene family including LrPR10-2, LrPR10-4, LrPR10-5, LrPR10-6, LrPR10-7, and LrPR10-9 were strongly induced by F. oxysporum in resistant L. regale compared with the susceptible Lilium Oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’. The other four LrPR10s were down-regulated by F. oxysporum infection. In summary, our results indicate that the members of PR10 gene family are involved in L. regale defense responses against F. oxysporum f. sp. lilii.

CONSERVATION, EVALUATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF WILD LILY GERMPLASM IN CHINA

CONSERVATION, EVALUATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF WILD LILY GERMPLASM IN CHINA

My Wild Lily: a self‐criticism from a participant in the March 1990 student movement1

The ‘Wild Lily’ student sit‐in in March 1990 was often praised in the later political transformation process as a crucial moment when the ‘pure and innocent’ students facilitated democratization in Taiwan. From the perspective of a participant in the protest, the author argues that the sit‐in was actually a failure of the ‘popular democratic’ wing of Taiwan's student movement in the 1980s, which championed a more radical vision of democracy. The idea of ‘popular democracy’ was an anti‐elitist ideology arising from critiques on the elite‐led political reform movement. However, due to its historical constraint, practices along this line were unable to alter the bourgeois democratic character of 1980s' democratization process in Taiwan.

Lilies: a guide for growers and collectors

This comprehensive book by one of the world's leading authorities on lilies offers practical advice on cultivation, propagation, pests, and diseases, with suggestions for garden uses. The heart of the book documents the wild lily species, with particular emphasis on their history in cultivation and their use in hybridization. This is followed by an extensive listing and evaluation of currently available Asiatic, Oriental, trumpet, and polyploid lilies. The author's years of professional experience starting with Oregon Bulb Farms, the pioneer in modern hybrids, uniquely qualify him to write the extensive chapters on hybridizing techniques and commercial production of bulbs, pot lilies, and cut flowers. The book concludes with an account of some of the personalities whose work led to the profusion of exciting lilies available today. Illustrated throughout with color photographs, this book is indispensable for the serious lily grower and will inspire many gardeners to explore the riches of this extraordinary genus.

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen (review)

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen (review)

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1942–1989. Edited by Gregor Benton and Alan Hunter. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. xv, 362 pp. $49.50 (cloth); $19.95 (paper).

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1942–1989. Edited by Gregor Benton and Alan Hunter. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. xv, 362 pp. 19.95 (paper). - Volume 55 Issue 3

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1972-1989.Gregor Benton , Alan Hunter

Previous articleNext article No AccessReviewsWild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1972-1989. Gregor Benton , Alan Hunter James D. SeymourJames D. Seymour Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The China Journal Volume 36Jul., 1996 Published on behalf of the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2950391 Views: 3Total views on this site Copyright The China JournalPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1942–1989

"Wild Lily, Prairie Fire: China's Road to Democracy, Yan'an to Tian'anmen, 1942–1989." History: Reviews of New Books, 24(3), pp. 132–133