Wild Animal Attacks Research Articles

Wild animal attacks and other occupational risks perceived by Indigenous hunters and fishers in the Yangambi landscape

ABSTRACT Hunting and fishing support diverse food systems in tropical forest areas, but carry serious occupational risks. Health and safety at work is important to human wellbeing and constitutes an element of Indigenous rights. This issue has received attention in the regulated sector, but needs additional focus in subsistence and informal economies. We draw on semi-structured interviews with Turumbo hunters and fishers in the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve region (DRC) to assess perceptions of occupational risk, especially attacks from wild animals. Fishers were concerned about drowning and cuts, while hunters cited bad weather and injuries from faulty equipment. There was gender-specific perception of risk from wild animals that reflected different roles: women noted snake bites and wasps, while men feared larger animals. Retaliatory behaviors among respondents included killing various species. The risks associated with fishing and hunting in tropical forests should be addressed in policies that consider the wellbeing of the poor.

IoT Swatch Kisan Protecting Agriculture from Wild Animals

The main aim of this project is to protect the crops from wild animal attacks. The most essential need for all living things is food. Agriculture is the primary source of our food, either directly or indirectly. The security of the agricultural land is crucial today. Animals are frequently destroy crops on farms, resulting in significant losses for farmers. Farmers deal with a new kind of issue every day. An animal detection system has been created to identify the presence of animals in order to address this issue. without injury, issues a warning and directs the animal. The device is set up to scan the entire area continually for any animals. Animals can hear at particular frequencies. A motion detector, an electrical device that uses a sensor to detect nearby motion, is used in this circuit. A system that automates a process or alerts a user to motion in a space frequently includes such a gadget as a part. PIR sensor, power supply, buzzer, resistor, and transistor are the circuit's primary components.

Wild Animal Attacks on Humans in Croatia

Contacts between humans and wild animals are common and frequent, but very rarely end in attacks by wild animals on humans. The aim of this paper is to identify the circumstances of wildlife attacks on humans in Croatia, while the idea behind the paper is that a better understanding of interactions between humans and wildlife should subsequently lead to fewer attacks. As there is no database on attacks by wild animals on humans in Croatia, the data for this analysis was collected from scientific publications, media, and relevant reports. The variables analysed refer to the type of attacks and the victims of the attacks. The results showed that there were 33 attacks by wild animals on humans in Croatia in the period from 2005 to 2023; the most frequent were attacks by wild boars, brown bears, and grey wolves. The characteristics of the attacks differ depending on the animal that perpetrated the attacks, but there are some common characteristics: the attacks mainly took place in rural areas; the victims were mostly male and over 40 years old; in almost all attacks they suffered minor injuries; and during the attacks the victims were in most cases hunting, walking dogs or herding livestock. The data obtained from this analysis can be used to develop preventive measures and define appropriate behaviour in areas with wildlife.

The challenge of compassion in predator conservation.

This paper argues that compassion for wild animals and the humans living alongside them should be integral to wildlife conservation. Nowhere is this more apparent than in predator conservation, and case studies are used to explore the consequences of wild animal attacks for human victims. Some arguments for extending compassionate consideration to animals seen as individuals are considered, along with the challenges these pose for predator conservation. A way forward from this apparent impasse is suggested, drawing on the capacity approach to embrace human with animal actors. The paper concludes with implications for predator conservation and recommendations, including incident responses sensitive to the traumatic impacts of attacks, and more collaborative approaches to handling human-wildlife interactions taking account of the capacities of local humans and wildlife.

A survey on ethnoveterinary medicines used by the tribal migratory shepherds of Northwestern Himalaya

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTribal migratory shepherds (Gaddi) living in the Northwestern Himalayan region are well known for their nomadic lifestyle in which tribal migratory shepherds along with their livestock which mainly include sheep and goat migrate seasonally in the Northwestern Himalayan region from high hills to low hills for the survival of their livestock from cold winters and hot summer. Due to harsh environmental conditions, heavy snowfall, heavy rainfall, wild animal attacks, no medical facilities, no transportation, and no electricity facilities tribal migratory shepherds mostly rely on plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary use to treat livestock disease. Aim of studyThe aim of our study is to conduct ethnoveterinary survey for the first time to document the contemporary oral ethnoveterinary knowledge of Gaddi shepherds living in Northwestern Himalayan region. MethodologyThe documentation of plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary use was executed through extensive field surveys from 2017 to 2019. Data were collected through direct interviews by administrating questionnaire among tribal migratory shepherds. ResultsA total of 181 plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary use belonging to the same or different families were documented during the seasonal migration of shepherds from Northwestern Himalayan region. Most frequently occurring family of plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary was Poaceae, leaves and roots were reported to be the most frequently used plant parts. Most frequently documented plant species for ethnoveterinary use were Cynodon dactylon, Chenopodium album, Zanthoxylum armatum, Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica and Cannabis sativa. Chrysopogon serrulatus, Cynodon dactylon, and Vitex negundo were reported with high use reports. Some of the endemic species of Northwestern Himalayan region such as Elymus himalayanus and Euphorbia pilosa and one endangered species Picrorhiza kurrooa were reported in current study. ConclusionIt is observed that there is a need to raise awareness among the tribal migratory shepherds about the sustainable use and conservation of some of the plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary use. This study provided an inventory of plant species mentioned for ethnoveterinary use having significant ethnoveterinary potential, however there is need of scientific evaluations by in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.

Maxillofacial injuries due to animal attacks: A case series

AbstractAnimal attack injuries are frequently seen in trauma centres. Animal attacks have grown recently as a result of human expansion into the wild and reduced forest cover. As a result, wild animals and humans must occupy the same habitat, and there is an increase in wild animal–human interaction. Animal attack injuries to the face can result in functional, cosmetic and structural deficits. The head and neck are the third most commonly affected areas, followed by the upper and lower limbs. Because of the animal microflora, there is a greater risk of infections. The majority of maxillofacial fractures caused by animal attacks are crushed and may have numerous comminuted fractures, making fixing more difficult than with simple fractures. This current paper sheds some light on five such wild animal attacks that result in maxillofacial injuries as well as how to treat them.

Impacted leopard tooth in thyroid gland of victim in a case of leopard attack – A case report

Attacks by wild animals on humans are not rare in India. Most of the cases are seen in rural areas and areas adjoining forest lands. The nature of the attack may be predatory or defensive. The main culprit for this is deforestation and encroachment of humans into the natural habitats of wild animals. Wild animal attacks can cause very severe injuries, including lacerations, fractures, and vascular injuries, and are often associated with high rates of mortality. Treatment depends on the type and nature of the injury. Those who survive the initial attack often succumb to infection and septicemia during the early hospital stay. Psychiatric complications are also common in survivors. We present the case of a 70-year-old man, who was attacked by a leopard. He sustained a few lacerated bite injuries to the neck and was treated at North Bengal Medical College and Hospital. A computed tomography scan of the neck revealed a tooth of the animal impacted in the thyroid gland of the patient. The patient is currently receiving treatment for deranged thyroid function, and awaiting normalization of the same, to get anesthetic fitness for surgical removal of the tooth. Treating surgeons must be well aware of the patterns of injuries and their treatment in cases of animal attack injuries. In-depth clinical and radiological investigations are of utmost importance to find out occult injuries that may become life-threatening. A standardized treatment protocol needs to be developed for the treatment of wild animal attack victims. There is a need to extend health care into the remote areas of the nation, for early treatment of such cases.

Ex Gratia Payments for Loss of Human Life Due to Wild Animal Attacks in Botswana: Implications for Practice and Policies

Ex gratia compensation is paid only to families of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) victims who are killed by wildlife, not to victims who are injured by wild animals, regardless of the severity of the injury, even if it results in permanent disability. This study was conducted to assess the relevance and effectiveness of ex gratia payments to victims of wild animal attacks. Participants included traditional leadership (chiefs), government officials, wildlife nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and victims and their caretakers. Local people exposed to life-threatening wildlife attacks express fear and animosity towards wild animals, and they also feel left out from and disappointed by a fragmented government service delivery system. In particular, delays in processing ex gratia compensation payment militate against the effectiveness of the ex gratia compensation scheme. Accordingly, the payment of ex gratia process should be re-engineered to improve its effectiveness so that it serves its novel objectives. This study recommends establishment of an Ex Gratia Scheme or Ex Gratia Tribunal where all HWC injuries or death incidents can be effectively dealt with. Most importantly, compensation should consider health care and rehabilitation, loss of reasonable income, and associated disability care as a result of being attacked by the wild animals.

Effectiveness of Crop Assurance Methods of Various Smart Crop Protection Systems

Crop damage due to the animal attack is one among the the principle dangers in diminishing the crop yield. The farm areas near the forest edges are unmistakably suffering from the wild animal attacks.. This surveys various methods used in many application for crop Security to redirect animal interruptions in the crop field. Most of these models in the crop field are outfitted with PIR sensors, sound creating gadgets, light flashers and some equipment module. For early discovery of the animal at the edge of the ranch interruption location framework should be introduced. Animal section at the homestead limit can be distinguished by certain hubs fixed at the limit and can be imparted to the focal base station. The progression of the center point commencement is zone based, time based and closeness based. On accepting this data the hubs inside the region of the animal actuates the hindering devices and diverts the animal far away from the area.

Komodo Dragon Attacks: The Changing of Human and Environment Relations

This paper discusses the issue of Komodo Dragon attacks on humans from an anthropological perspective. Wild animal attacks are often regarded as a result of human-wildlife ecological conflict. Humans, in their pursuit of economic expansion, often sacrifice the habitat of fauna, resulting in disturbances to food chain stability in the local ecosystem. It has been said that due to the increased difficulty of finding prey as a result, predators turn to humans instead, which is not part of the natural food chain. However, this research (based on observations on Rinca Island, Komodo National Park in 2013) finds that this explanation is not always correct. In the case of Komodo National Park, a conservation area primarily established to secure the availability of Komodo Dragon prey, the fact that there are still cases of dragons attacking humans throws weight against the idea that dragons are merely supplementing their natural diet. Rather, this paper argues that these attacks come as a result of the creation of spaces that changes the human relationship with the natural environment.

"Defense" injuries in attacks on humans by domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and jaguar (Panthera onca)

This communication describes two attacks by domestic and wild carnivores in Caceres County, localized in the Pantanal area, an extensive flooded plain in Mato Grosso State, Midwest region of Brazil. The first attack took place in an urban area and was caused by a Rottweiler dog (Canis lupus familiaris) created by the family of the victim. Another attack occurred in a rural area, caused by a jaguar (Panthera onca), which was disturbed while feeding, characterizing an unprovoked attack. Both the patients were wounded in the forearm, with different severity of the wounds. The lesions restricted to the forearm were the consequence of the victims using their arms as a shield, featuring the "defense" injuries, but the severity of the wounds were proportional to the strength of the attacking carnivore. Health staffs and emergency centers should be alert for soft tissue and bone injuries in the observed body regions after domestic and wild animal attacks.

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK NI VISION DAN IP KAMERA DENGAN ROVER BOGIE ROBOT

Penjelajahan lapangan sering diperlukan untuk tujuan penelitian ataupun dokumentasi. Berbagai macam resiko diabaikan demi tereksplorasinya suatu tempat. Serangan binatang buas dan cuaca ekstrim menjadi contoh bahaya yang dapat menimbulkan resiko apabila penjelajahan melibatkan manusia secara langsung. Medan yang sulit juga dapat menghambat penelitian serta pengambilan dokumentasi. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan di atas dibuatlah Rover Bogie Robot. Pada robot terpasang kamera guna memudahkan penelitian dan dokumentasi. Robot yang didesain berupa robot penjelajah dengan suspensi passive rocker bogie. Robot penjelajah ini bisa melalui berbagai medan dengan karakteristik yang berbeda. Gambar dokumentasi akan diolah pada Digital Image Processing yang akan mempermudah observasi. Mikrokontroller yang digunakan pada robot ini yaitu Arduino Mega. Kamera yang digunakan adalah IP Camera pada mobile phone dengan menggunakan aplikasi IP Webcam dan Configure IP Adapter serta LabVIEW Vision sebagai GUI (Graphical Unit Interface) dan kontrol pengambilan gambar. Sebagai pengendali, digunakan wireless joystick. Digital Image Processing yang digunakan yaitu Extract Single Color, Threshold Image, Edge Detection dan RGB Gain. Berdasarkan pengujian, pengolahan gambar menggunakan Digital Image Processing dapat bekerja sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Robot dapat melewati berbagai karakterisitik medan yaitu bebatuan ringan, berumput rendah, medan dengan permukaan tidak rata dan naik dengan ketinggian maksimal 5 cm. Pengujian kontrol menggunakan wireless joystick dapat dilakukan dengan jarak maksimal 11 meter. Secara keseluruhan, Rover Bogie Robot dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk penjelajahan yang bertujuan untuk penelitian dan dokumentasi pada medan dengan karakteristik yang berbeda menggunakan kontrol wireless joystick.

Maxillofacial Injuries in Bear, Tiger, and Jackal Attacks

Maxillofacial injuries as a result of wild animals attack are not commonly encountered and reported in the literature. Factors such as increasing human population near forest and lack of dependable physical barriers between forest and human habitations lead to frequently encountered incidents of wild animal attacks over humans especially in far western region of Nepal. The authors present two cases of bear attacks, one case of tiger attack, and one case of jackal attack and explain the pattern of maxillofacial injuries encountered along with management strategies undertaken. It was observed that the primary site of attacks of these wild animals was facial region. The magnitude of force with which bears and tigers attack over facial region with their paws can cause significant skeletal injuries irrespective of soft tissue injuries.

Contribution of Compensation for Wild Animal Attacks to Wild Life Conservation

Objectives: To reveal the state’s legal liability for compensation for property damage and bodily injury caused by wild animals based on the decisions of the Administrative Court. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Administrative court decisions on claims for compensation for property damage and bodily injury caused by wild animals, and interpretation of rules and principles established by judicial bodies were analyzed. Findings: The Administrative Court decisions regarding lawsuits for property damage and bodily injury caused by wild animals’ decree that the damages in question be compensated by the State in accordance with strict liability principles. Application/Improvements: The provisions in the legal regulations in force only concern the prohibition of activities that might pose any harm to wild animals. Regulations on liability for damages caused by wild animals should be introduced to the law. Keywords: Compensation, State Liability, Wild Animal Attacks, Wild Life Conservation

The Formation and Regulations of the Military Hunt in Qing Mongolia

Abstract In the Mongolian tradition, hunting and war have had strong connections with each other. During the Qing Empire, Mongolian hunts were not only local practices, but were also involved in the Qing empire-building project. On the other hand, the collective hunt itself was by nature a dangerous activity that contained potential physical risks from wild animal attacks as well as human errors. It is conventionally understood that the hunt therefore must have been well organised in order to secure success and security. But how a hunt was organised and operated in reality has not yet been well examined. This study explores the organisational structure and regulations of a military hunt in Qing Inner Mongolia, a geographically important zone where both the Manchus and Mongols actively held hunts. The primary focus of this article is the nineteenth-century Alasha Banner grand hunt, a well-organised and documented Mongolian military hunt from the Qing period.

Are humans encroaching too much? man versus bear

Background: Uttarakhand is a hilly state inhabited by various wild animals. Human encroachment into the forest areas has increased the encounters between humans and wild animals. Encounters have been on the rise and bear mauling seems to be one of the leading causes of wild animal attacks with grievous results.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences (HIMS), Swami Ram Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India from November 2016 to February 2017. After obtaining written informed consent from the patient a data pertaining to history of injury, time of hospital arrival, number of operative procedures, time of hospital stay, complications were recorded.Results: The injury timing of bear mauling was maximum during 12pm-8pm in 3 cases. Mean length of hospital stay was 19 days. Three cases (42.85%) of wound dehiscence were due to margin necrosis. Amongst the permanent damages suffered, were loss of vision in one eye in 1 case (14.28%), facial disfigurement in the form of contour deformities in 2 cases (28.57%), ectropion and facial nerve palsy in 1 case (14.28%) and parotid fistula in 1 case (14.28%).Conclusions: Encroachment and deforestation have led to an increase in injuries caused by the Himalayan black bears. Ominous effects seen in the changing climatic pattern largely due to global warming could be a possibility of causing altered living habitat for the bears in this Garhwal region getting more aggressive day by day.

Pattern of bear maul injuries in tertiary hospital in Nepal: demographic, management and outcome

Introduction: Nepal is a country full of forests and with increase in urbanization there is encroachment into the territories of wild animals. Their encounters have been in the rise and bear maul seem to be one of the leading cause of wild animal attacks. The injuries are very disastrous and leave behind permanent disfigurements and disabilities.Methods: All of cases of bear maul treated in TU Teaching Hospital for the last 6 year were studied. Analysis of pattern and severity of the injuries were done along with the complication and its morbidities.Results: Total of 17 cases was studied. Majority of the cases were male and at age of 20 to 40 years. All but one were sudden attack by Himalayan black bear (15 cases) using their claws (in 17 cases) mostly to the face (16 cases), eyes (10 cases) and scalp (8 cases) resulting in fractures (14 cases). There were more proportion of patient with the complex wounds (10 cases) requiring initial debridement followed by closure with graft (5 cases), flap (5 cases) or free flaps (1 case) than the simple wounds which were just debridement and closed with primary (5 cases) or secondary sutures (2 cases). All patients were left with ugly scar and majority had facial disfigurements (12 cases) with major contour deformities (7 cases). Four patients had permanent vision loss in one eye.Conclusion: The rising trend of bear maul injuries, are complex injuries requiring prompt multidisciplinary approach of management. Face and eyes are the most common sites of injuries and often associated with underlying fractures. Bear maul though rarely fatal, leaves permanent disfigurement and disabilities.JSSN 2015; 18 (1), Page: 17-22

WSN application for crop protection to divert animal intrusions in the agricultural land

Crop damage caused by the animal attack is one of the major threats in reducing the crop yield. The farm areas near the forest edges are prominently affected by the wild animal attacks. This paper presents the development of a Wireless Sensor Network application for Crop Protection to divert animal intrusions in the crop field. The nodes in the crop field are equipped with PIR sensors, sound generating devices, light flashers and RF module. For early detection of the animal at the perimeter of the farm intrusion detection system is installed. Animal entry at the farm boundary is detected by the nodes fixed at the boundary and is communicated to the central base station. The sequence of the node activation is location based, time based and proximity based. On receiving this information the nodes in the vicinity of the animal activates the deterring gadgets and diverts the animal away from the field. A Graphical User Interface has also been made to indicate the status of the field conditions.

Bear-inflicted injuries - a report from Nepal.

Upper Mustang in the Northern Himalayan range of Nepal is the home of brown bears (Ursusarctos). Low-plant biomass as a result of scanty rainfall in Upper Mustang is a reason for habitat overlap of humans and wild animals. Humans who enter into the wild to collect firewood and graze cattle are liable to wild animal attacks. Such attacks, especially by brown bears, are readily identified by the type of injuries. These are more commonly confined to head and neck regions. Cutting, gnawing and tearing by sharp teeth and claws produces specific pattern of injuries, which are devastating but seldom fatal. This article reports a rare case of brown bear injury inflicted upon a man from the Upper Mustang region in Nepal.

Origins of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Meru District, 1920-1939

Human-wildlife conflicts have been a major problem in parts of Meru District since the 1920s. There have been numerous cases of loss of human lives due to wild animal attacks, predation of livestock and crop destruction by wild animals in the district. Despite the magnitude of humanwildlife conflicts (HWC) in the district, the underlying causes for the conflicts have not been studied. This study therefore examined the social, political and economic aspects of HWC in Meru District in the period 1920 to 1939. The study analysed the impact of wildlife conservation on people’s livelihoods and the responses by government and local communities to the conflicts. To achieve these objectives, the political ecology perspective was used. This perspective examines interactions between political, economic, social and environmental factors over time. The research relied on both secondary and primary sources. The former included published works that were obtained from various resource centres, while the latter were obtained from the Kenya National Archives (KNA) and field interviews. Sources from the KNA included both monthly and annual reports from the provincial administration and the Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism. Oral interviews were also conducted in the study area. Forty informants were interviewed during fieldwork. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the informants. This ensured that only knowledgeable persons were interviewed. Initial informants directed the researcher to other potential informants. Interview schedules targeting local residents, the provincial administration and wildlife conservation agents were used. These categories of informants enriched the study through different perspectives to the HWC Phenomenon. Data analysis involved usage of “data cards” that were useful in sorting out data. The cards were categorised according to the themes highlighted in the study objectives. Chronology was also used in the categorisation of “data Cards.” In the analysis, the data were tested against the objectives of the study. The study found out that, while there were efforts to ameliorate HWCs in the district which included logging, poaching and destruction of crops and livestock by wild animals, the methods used were ineffective. The findings of the study may assist policy-makers to formulate wildlife conservation policies that could help ameliorate HWC, which could lead to improved standards of living in the district.