Wilcoxon-type Test Research Articles

Trends in Sexual Health of Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men, and Transgender Individuals: Apps Driven Testing Program for HIV and Other STIs in Barcelona, Spain (2016–2023)

Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and transgender individuals face heightened risks of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Surveillance within these populations is critical, and community testing services play a pivotal role in preventing and controlling HIV and STIs. This study investigates the trends in HIV, syphilis and hepatitis C (HCV) infections among participants in an apps-driven rapid test program from 2016 to 2023 in Barcelona, Spain, examining associated factors. Trend analysis utilized Wilcoxon-type test and associated factors were determined through multivariate logistic analysis. The prevalence of new HIV diagnosis was 1.81% (CI 1.18–2.64), active syphilis was 3.37% (CI 2.46–4.50) and acute HCV was 0.40% (CI 0.11–1.02). While infection rates showed no significant changes, there was significant increasing in sex work and chemsex and decreasing in condom use. Additionally, a peak in dating apps use for sex and a specific reduction in number of sexual partners were observed in 2020. Factors associated with HIV diagnoses included migrant status (aOR = 11.19; CI 2.58–48.53) and inconsistent condom use during the previous 12 months (aOR = 3.12; CI 1.02–9.51). For syphilis, associated factors were migrant status (aOR = 2.46; CI 1.14–5.29), inconsistent condom use (aOR = 3.38; CI 1.37–8.36), and chemsex practice during the previous 12 months (aOR = 2.80; CI 1.24–6.30). Our findings emphasize the need for tailored interventions, including culturally sensitive outreach for migrants and comprehensive strategies addressing substance use in sexual contexts. Technological innovations and targeted educational initiatives could reduce the burden of HIV and STIs within the GBMSM and transgender communities, providing valuable insights for public health strategies.

A 10-Year Analysis of Representation of Women in Patent Applications and NIH Funding in Vascular Surgery

There has been an increasing focus on gender disparities in the medical field and in the field of vascular surgery specifically. We aimed to characterize gender representation in vascular surgery innovation over the past 10years, using metrics of patents and National Institutes of Health (NIH) support. We performed a retrospective review of all vascular-related patent filings (Google Scholar) and NIH-funded grants (NIH RePORTER) over a 10-year period (January 1st, 2012, to December 31st, 2021). Gender-API (Application Programming Interface) was used to identify the gender of the inventors, with manual confirmation of a 10% random sample. Gender representation for patent inventors and grant principal investigators (PIs) were compared using Chi-squared and Student's t-tests as appropriate. Yearly temporal changes in representation were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and linear regression analyses. We identified 2,992 unique vascular device patents with 6,093 associated inventors over 10years. Women were underrepresented in patent authorship overall (11.5%), and were least likely to be listed as first inventor (8.9%) and most commonly fourth and fifth inventors (15.5% and 14.1%, respectively) compared to men. There was no significant change in representation of women inventors over time (-0.2% females per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.54 to 0.10). We identified 1736 total unique NIH grants, with 23.8% of funded projects having women PIs. There was an increase in the proportion of women PIs over time (+1.31% per year, 95% CI 0.784 to 1.855; P<0.001). Projects with women PIs received mean total awards that were significantly lower than projects with men PIs ($350,485±$220,072 vs. $451,493±$411,040; P<0.001), but the overall ratio of funding:women investigators improved over time (+$11,531 per year, 95% CI $6,167 to $16,895; P=0.0011). While we have made strides in increasing the number of women in the surgical research space, there is still room for improvement in funding parity. In addition, we found substantial and persistent room for improvement in representation of women in surgical innovation. As we enter a new frontier of surgery hallmarked by equalizing gender representation, these data should serve as a call-to-action for initiative aimed at rebuilding the foundation of surgical innovations upon equal gender representation.

MP47-06 CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL TRENDS IN PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY UTILIZATION FOR RENAL CANCER: A REAL-WORLD STUDY USING THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP47-06 CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL TRENDS IN PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY UTILIZATION FOR RENAL CANCER: A REAL-WORLD STUDY USING THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE Sanjana Ranganathan, Carlos Riveros, Jiaqiong Xu, Courtney Chang, Michael Geng, Zachary Klaassen, Christopher J. D. Wallis, and Raj Satkunasivam Sanjana RanganathanSanjana Ranganathan More articles by this author , Carlos RiverosCarlos Riveros More articles by this author , Jiaqiong XuJiaqiong Xu More articles by this author , Courtney ChangCourtney Chang More articles by this author , Michael GengMichael Geng More articles by this author , Zachary KlaassenZachary Klaassen More articles by this author , Christopher J. D. WallisChristopher J. D. Wallis More articles by this author , and Raj SatkunasivamRaj Satkunasivam More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003293.06AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Partial nephrectomy (PN) has become a preferred approach for small renal masses (SRMs) (<T1a) and similarly amenable tumors in recent years. Compared to radical nephrectomy (RN), PN can mitigate the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) while yielding equivalent oncologic outcomes in select patients. Though the benefits of PN are known, the extent of diffusion of the technique and real-world factors influencing patient selection remain unclear. We aim to better understand temporal trends in PN utilization and elucidate patient and facility characteristics associated with PN. METHODS: We identified patients in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) diagnosed with renal cancer and treated with PN or RN from 2014 to 2019. We accounted for a lack of pathologic and staging data in the NIS by excluding patients with concomitant diagnoses and procedures indicative of increased case complexity. We performed multivariable logistic regression modeling to identify factors associated with nephrectomy type and examined trends in proportion of PN use using a Wilcoxon-type test for trend. RESULTS: A total of 39,983 patients were identified; 15,915 (39.8%) treated with PN and 24,068 (60.2%) with RN. Multivariable analysis (Table 1) identified increased age, comorbid CKD, and self-pay status to be associated with increased likelihood of receiving RN. Higher income quartile, private insurance status, treatment at an urban teaching facility, and treatment at a high nephrectomy volume facility were associated with increased likelihood of receiving PN. We found no trend in PN use over the study period (p=0.08). Limitations include lack of granular data on tumor staging and differences in case complexity influencing treatment decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary adoption of PN has been slow and requires further study, particularly in the context of increasing use of ablative therapy and active surveillance for SRMs. These data suggest that some patients, particularly those not treated at teaching or high nephrectomy volume facilities as well as those without financial means or insurance coverage, may not have the option of receiving PN despite having potentially amenable tumors. Source of Funding: Sanjana Ranganathan is a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Scholar supported by a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Physician Scientist Institutional Award to the Texas A&M University Academy of Physician Scientists © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e645 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sanjana Ranganathan More articles by this author Carlos Riveros More articles by this author Jiaqiong Xu More articles by this author Courtney Chang More articles by this author Michael Geng More articles by this author Zachary Klaassen More articles by this author Christopher J. D. Wallis More articles by this author Raj Satkunasivam More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

PD40-01 TRENDS IN OPEN, LAPAROSCOPIC, AND ROBOTIC APPROACH FOR PARTIAL AND RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR RENAL CANCER: A REAL-WORLD STUDY USING THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD40-01 TRENDS IN OPEN, LAPAROSCOPIC, AND ROBOTIC APPROACH FOR PARTIAL AND RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR RENAL CANCER: A REAL-WORLD STUDY USING THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE Sanjana Ranganathan, Carlos Riveros, Jiaqiong Xu, Courtney Chang, Michael Geng, and Raj Satkunasivam Sanjana RanganathanSanjana Ranganathan More articles by this author , Carlos RiverosCarlos Riveros More articles by this author , Jiaqiong XuJiaqiong Xu More articles by this author , Courtney ChangCourtney Chang More articles by this author , Michael GengMichael Geng More articles by this author , and Raj SatkunasivamRaj Satkunasivam More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003345.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is a preferred option for management of small renal masses due to benefits in postoperative renal function offered by preservation of normal parenchyma when compared to radical nephrectomy (RN). PN is a technically challenging procedure, requiring a high level of expertise to achieve negative margins and minimize blood loss and ischemia times. Considering increased interest in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and the rapid adoption of robotic surgery within the field of urology, our study aims to elucidate contemporary trends in surgical approach for PN and RN and analyze patient and facility characteristics associated with treatment choice. METHODS: We used the National Inpatient Sample to identify patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the kidney treated with PN or RN from 2014 to 2019. We examined trends in surgical approach (open, laparoscopic, and robotic) over the study period using a Wilcoxon-type test for trend and performed multivariable logistic regression modeling to determine relevant covariates. RESULTS: In the PN group, 4,543 (28.5%) were treated with open PN (OPN), 1,515 (9.52%) with laparoscopic PN (LPN), and 9,857 (61.9%) with robotic PN (RPN). In the RN group, 11,588 (48.1%) were treated with open RN (ORN), 6,533 (27.1%) with laparoscopic RN (LRN), and 5,947 (24.7%) with robotic RN (RRN). There was an increase in robotic and laparoscopic surgery and decrease in open surgery over the study period for both PN and RN (p<0.001). For PN, multivariable analysis (Table 1) showed higher income quartile, private insurance coverage, and treatment at urban teaching facilities to be associated with higher likelihood of receiving MIS compared to OPN. For RN, high income quartile and treatment at urban teaching facilities were associated with higher likelihood of receiving MIS compared to ORN. Self pay/uninsured patients are less likely to receive both RPN and RRN. CONCLUSIONS: There was increased MIS utilization for nephrectomy with a concurrent decrease in open surgery over the studied period. RRN and RPN use is significantly higher at urban teaching facilities. Patients with higher comorbidity burden are more likely to undergo MIS. Uninsured patients are less likely to have access to robotic nephrectomy. Source of Funding: Sanjana Ranganathan is a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Scholar supported by a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Physician Scientist Institutional Award to the Texas A&M University Academy of Physician Scientists © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e1051 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sanjana Ranganathan More articles by this author Carlos Riveros More articles by this author Jiaqiong Xu More articles by this author Courtney Chang More articles by this author Michael Geng More articles by this author Raj Satkunasivam More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Randomized two-stage optimal design for interval-censored data

ABSTRACT Interval-censored data occur in a study where the exact event time of each participant is not observed but it is known to be within a certain time interval. Multiple tests were proposed for such data, including the logrank test by Sun, the proportional hazard test by Finkelstein, and the Wilcoxon-type test by Peto and Peto. We propose sample size calculations based on these tests for a parallel one-stage or two-stage design. When the proportional hazard assumption is met, the proportional hazard test and the logrank test need smaller sample sizes than the Wilcoxon-type test, and the sample size savings are substantial. But this trend is reversed when the proportional hazard assumption does not hold, and the sample size savings using the Wilcoxon-type test are sizable. An example from a lung cancer clinical trial is used to illustrate the application of the proposed sample size calculations.

Remnant cholesterol is prospectively associated with cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality in kidney transplant recipients: the FAVORIT study.

The cholesterol content of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is characterized as remnant cholesterol, although little is known about its role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, all-cause mortality or transplant failure in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Our primary aim was to investigate the prospective association of remnant cholesterol and the risk of CVD events in renal transplant recipients with secondary aims evaluating remnant cholesterol and renal graft failure and all-cause mortality among participants in the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation (FAVORIT) trial. Among 4110 enrolled participants, 98 were excluded for missing baseline remnant cholesterol levels and covariates. Nonfasting remnant cholesterol levels were calculated based on the lipid profiles in 3812 FAVORIT trial participants at randomization. A Wilcoxon-type test for trend was used to compare baseline characteristics across remnant cholesterol quartiles. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association of baseline remnant cholesterol levels with time to primary and secondary study outcomes. During a median follow-up of 4.0 years we documented 548 CVD incident events, 343 transplant failures and 452 all-cause deaths. When comparing the highest quartile (quartile 4) to quartile 1, proportional hazard modeling revealed a significant increase in CVD risk {hazard ratio [HR] 1.32 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.67]} and all-cause mortality risk [HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.01-1.69)]. A nonsignificant increase in transplant failure was seen as well [HR 1.20 (95% CI 0.87-1.64)]. Remnant cholesterol is associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in long-term KTRs. A randomized controlled clinical trial in KTRs that assesses the potential impact of remnant cholesterol-lowering therapy on these outcomes may be warranted.

Some count-based nonparametric tests for circular symmetry of a bivariate distribution

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we revisit the problem of testing of the hypothesis of circular symmetry of a bivariate distribution. We propose some nonparametric tests based on sector counts. These include tests based on chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the classical likelihood ratio, mean deviation, and the range. The proposed tests are easy to implement and the exact null distributions for small sample sizes of the test statistics are obtained. Two examples with small and large data sets are given to illustrate the application of the tests proposed. For small and moderate sample sizes, the performances of the proposed tests are evaluated using empirical powers (empirical sizes are also reported). Also, we evaluate the performance of these count-based tests with adaptations of several well-known tests such as the Kolmogorov–Smirnov-type tests, tests based on kernel density estimator, and the Wilcoxon-type tests. It is observed that among the count-based tests the likelihood ratio test performs better.

Power Comparison of Multivariate Wilcoxon-type Tests Based on the Jurečková–Kalina’s Ranks of Distances

A multivariate two-sample testing problem is one of the most important topics in nonparametric statistics. One of the multivariate two-sample testing problems based on the Jurečková–Kalina ranks of distance is discussed in this article. Further, a multivariate Wilcoxon-type test is proposed for testing the equality of two continuous distribution functions. Simulations are used to investigate the power of this test for the two-sided alternative with various population distributions. The results show that the proposed test statistic is more suitable than various existing statistics for testing a shift in the locationt and location-scale parameters.

Exact and Asymptotic Weighted Logrank Tests for Interval Censored Data: TheintervalRPackage

For right-censored data perhaps the most commonly used tests are weighted logrank tests, such as the logrank and Wilcoxon-type tests. In this paper we review several generalizations of those weighted logrank tests to interval-censored data and present an R package, interval, to implement many of them. The interval package depends on the perm package, also presented here, which performs exact and asymptotic linear permutation tests. The perm package performs many of the tests included in the already available coin package, and provides an independent validation of coin. We review analysis methods for interval-censored data, and we describe and show how to use the interval and perm packages.

Parametric versus nonparametrics: two alternative methodologies

This article compares parametric and nonparametric approaches to statistical inference. It considers their advantages and disadvantages, and their areas of applicability. Although there is no clear comprehensive conclusion, the article finds that in simple problems in which Wilcoxon type tests and estimators apply, they may be recommended as the methods of choice.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Prevalent Disease in the United States That Affects All Age Groups

Most reports on eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) are limited to small series from single institutions. This study describes features of EE in a broader population. A national pathology database (Caris Diagnostics, Irving, TX) was used to identify EE cases from a cohort of upper endoscopies. Slides from potential cases were reviewed by pathologists. Study inclusion required a mean of (1) 20 eosinophils or more in 5 high-power fields, or (2) 30 eosinophils in 2-4 high-power fields. Endoscopists provided demographic and clinical information. There were 363 cases identified from 74,162 patients and 26 states. EE had a male predominance (odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-3.8). Ages ranged from 1 to 98 years, including 42 children and 321 adults. The most common endoscopy indications in adults were dysphagia (70.1%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/heartburn (27.1%). Children most frequently reported GERD/heartburn (38.1%) and abdominal pain/dyspepsia (31.0%). A total of 25.1% of cases had a peak mucosal eosinophil count of 20-59, 29.2% had a peak mucosal eosinophil count of 60-100, and 45.7% had a peak mucosal eosinophil count of more than 100. There was no difference in the peak counts between age groups or sexes, but patients with dysphagia had higher counts (P < .001). The prevalence of EE increased during the study period (P < .001). EE is a national disease found in all age groups, more frequently in males. Dysphagia and GERD symptoms are common indications for endoscopy. The degree of eosinophilic infiltration is high throughout all ages and may be related to patients' symptoms. Our series highlights important elements of this disease, the prevalence and/or recognition of which is increasing.

Optimal tests for multivariate location based on interdirections and pseudo-Mahalanobis ranks

We propose a family of tests, based on Randles' (1989) concept of interdirections and the ranks of pseudo-Mahalanobis distances computed with respect to a multivariate M-estimator of scatter due to Tyler (1987), for the multivariate one-sample problem under elliptical symmetry. These tests, which generalize the univariate signed-rank tests, are affine-invariant. Depending on the score function considered (van der Waerden, Laplace,...), they allow for locally asymptotically maximin tests at selected densities (multivariate normal, multivariate double-exponential,...). Local powers and asymptotic relative efficiencies are derived--with respect to Hotelling's test, Randles' (1989) multivariate sign test, Peters and Randles' (1990) Wilcoxon-type test, and with respect to the Oja median tests. We, moreover, extend to the multivariate setting two famous univariate results: the traditional Chernoff-Savage (1958) property, showing that Hotelling's traditional procedure is uniformly dominated, in the Pitman sense, by the van der Waerden version of our tests, and the celebrated Hodges-Lehmann (1956) ".864 result," providing, for any fixed space dimension $k$, the lower bound for the asymptotic relative efficiency of Wilcoxon-type tests with respect to Hotelling's. These asymptotic results are confirmed by a Monte Carlo investigation, and application to a real data set.

A class of linear nonparametric rank tests for dependent censoring

This paper studies linear nonparametric rank tests for dependent censoring in survival analysis. A method is proposed for testing the assumption of independent censoring, in which a random subset of lost-to-follow-up censored subjects is subsequently followed. Linear nonparametric rank tests and their asymptotic properties are derived by way of the multivariate counting process and multiplicative intensity model proposed by Gill (1980) and Aalen (1978). It is also shown that the proposed linear nonparametric rank tests are equivalent to a class of weighted score statistics for a Cox proportional hazards model. Some simulation results are given for the power of log rank and Wilcoxon-type tests under the propotional hazards alternative and nonpropotional hazards alternative, respectively.

A Necessary Test of Goodness of Fit for Sphericity

A p × 1 random vector x is said to have a spherical distribution, if for every p × p orthogonal matrix Q, x and Qx have the same distribution. In this paper, some nonparametric goodness of fit Wilcoxon-type tests for sphericity are proposed. Some results on the limiting distributions of the statistics are obtained. These results provide a theoretical basis for a necessary test of sphericity.

Time series analysis via rank order theory: Signed-rank tests for ARMA models

An asymptotic distribution theory is developed for a general class of signed-rank serial statistics, and is then used to derive asymptotically locally optimal tests (in the maximin sense) for testing an ARMA model against other ARMA models. Special cases yield Fisher-Yates, van der Waerden, and Wilcoxon type tests. The asymptotic relative efficiencies of the proposed procedures with respect to each other, and with respect to their normal theory counterparts, are provided.

A stratified wilcoxon-type test for trend

Statistics in MedicineVolume 10, Issue 5 p. 799-800 Letters to the Editor A stratified wilcoxon-type test for trend D. Y. W. Pee, D. Y. W. Pee Information Management Service, Inc. 12501 Prosperity Drive, Suite 200 Silver Spring, Maryland 20904, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorLaurence S. Freedmann, Laurence S. Freedmann Biometry Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Conrol, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Suite 344 Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author D. Y. W. Pee, D. Y. W. Pee Information Management Service, Inc. 12501 Prosperity Drive, Suite 200 Silver Spring, Maryland 20904, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorLaurence S. Freedmann, Laurence S. Freedmann Biometry Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Conrol, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Suite 344 Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780100515Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume10, Issue5May 1991Pages 799-800 RelatedInformation

Adaptive distribution-free tests

Some adaptive distribution-free tests about location parameters of symmetric distributions are processed for the one-and two sample cases. The preliminary inferences in these adaptive schemes is to classify the underlying distributions as having light, medium, or heave rails with a statistic that is assentialy the range of the sample divided by the mean deviation from the sample median. If this inference suggests medium tails, a wilcoxon-type test is used; for heavy tails, a median-type test is used. A modified Wilcoxon test (alirnating middle sample itams) is processed for ligntatailed distributions and portions of its null distribution are trasulated. The favorable performance of these adaotive rets is demanstrated by a monta carla study.

A Class of ADF Tests for Subhypothesis in the Multiple Linear Regression

In the regression model $Y = \beta_1x_1 + \beta_2x_2 + Z$ a class of asymptotically distribution free (ADF) tests for testing $H_0:\beta_1 = 0$ when $\beta_2$ is unknown is given. It turns out that if one uses Wilcoxon type tests then there is no reasonable distribution of $Z$ under which the test would be ADF unless $x_1$ and $x_2$ are orthogonal to each other when centered. On the other hand if one is sampling from double exponential, then the class of tests is reasonably large. The tests of the Freund-Ausari type, Mood-type, among others, are in the class. Section 1 consists of introduction, notation and assumptions. In Section 2, we prove a uniform continuity Theorem 2.2 for rank statistics. Theorem 2.1 and Lemma 2.3 are proved before Theorem 2.2. These latter two results are based on the work done in [4]. Theorem 2.4 gives the desired result. Finally generalization to the situation where one has multiple linear regression model and has more than one parameter under $H_0$ with more than one unknown is mentioned.