Width Of Sternum Research Articles

Ideal chest compression site for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in fontan circulation patients with dextrocardia

BackgroundWe aimed to identify the ideal chest compression site for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients with a single ventricle with dextrocardia corrected by Fontan surgery.MethodsThe most recent stored chest computed tomography images of all patients with a single ventricle who underwent Fontan surgery were retrospectively analysed. We reported that the ideal chest compression site is the largest part of the compressed single ventricle. To identify the ideal chest compression site, we measured the distance from the midline of the sternum to the point of the maximum sagittal area of the single ventricle as a deviation and calculated the area fraction of the compressed structures.Results58 patients (67.2% male) were analysed. The mean right deviation from the midline of the sternum to the ideal compression site was similar to the mean sternum width (32.85 ± 15.61 vs. 31.05 ± 6.75 mm). When chest compression was performed at the ideal site, the area fraction of the single ventricle significantly increased by 7%, which was greater than that of conventional compression (0.15 ± 0.10 vs. 0.22 ± 0.11, P < 0.05).ConclusionsWhen performing CPR on a patient with Fontan circulation with dextrocardia, right-sided chest compression may be better than the conventional location.

Radiographic Reference Intervals of the Cardiac Silhouette Width in the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).

Radiograph imaging is an important diagnostic tool for assessing cardiac size in avian patients. The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalis), once on the United States Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, is now a thriving species in the United States. However, there is surprisingly little information regarding bald eagle cardiac reference values obtained through radiographic imaging for use in assessment of cardiac disease in this species. This study was performed to establish reference values of cardiac size in the bald eagle. Ventrodorsal radiographic images were taken from 9 healthy birds obtained from a raptor rehabilitation facility. Cardiac silhouette width to thorax width, cardiac silhouette width to sternum width, cardiac silhouette width to hepatic silhouette width, and cardiac silhouette width to coracoid width were obtained. Ratios were calculated between the respective areas measured. The results showed that the cardiac silhouette averages 44%-52% of the thoracic width, 71%-86% of the sternal width, 94%-117% of the width of the hepatic silhouette, and 500%-920% of the coracoid width. In the individuals studied there was a strong correlation between cardiac silhouette width to thoracic and sternal width whereas cardiac width with hepatic and coracoid widths had a moderate to weak correlation respectively. The values obtained in this study can be used to radiographically assess the cardiac size of bald eagles, thus aiding in the diagnosis of cardiomegaly in this species.

An Autopsy Based Study of Sexual Dimorphism of Adult Human Sterna

Creation of an individual’s biological profile is of extreme importance and depends on age, sex and stature. The cranial and pelvic bones are important in identifying the sex of an individual. However, loss of complete bones or bones getting destroyed renders it impossible to use them for such estimations. However, since such sex-specific bones are hard to find at each and every scene, forensic experts are left with no choice but to depend on less sexually dimorphic elements of the human skeleton such as the sternum. This study was conducted in subjects that were subjected to medicolegal autopsy. The deceased aged 18 years and above, of either sex, were included in study. The deceased with evidence of trauma and surgery to the anterior chest wall, generalized bone diseases, observable deformities over the sternum were excluded. The analysis of 300 sterna was carried out to study sexual dimorphism in sternum using different parameters such as width of suprasternal notch, width of sternum at level of fourth rib, posterior curved length of sternum, manubrio-corpus index and length of sternum.

A study on the sternum growth and mineralization kinetic of meat duck from 35 to 63 days of age

The sternum as an important part of the skeleton and not only provides a crucial attachment site for the pectoral muscles and protects internal organs such as the heart and lungs for meat duck, but may also be considered as the primary ventilator in the avian respiratory system. Therefore, this study focuses on the sternum growth and mineralization kinetics of ducks from 35 d to 63 d of age. A total of 72 one-d-old males and 72 females were chosen and fed with the same diet until the age of 9 weeks. The sternum and serum were harvested at 35 d, 42 d, 49 d, 56d, and 63 d of feeding. Results showed that the sternum width rapidly grew from 35 d to 42 d and the value changed little after 42 d, while the keel length and the sternum depth did not significantly change until 49 d age. The sternum defatted weight and density increased assumed to “S” with ducks’ age and their plateau in the 56 d. The sternum ash content, calcium (Ca), and phosphate (P) levels increased with duck age, then all three reached a plateau in 49 days. Similarly, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was higher in the ducks at both 35 and 42 days, followed by 49 days, and the value was lowered to a minimum on both days 56 and 63. Conversely, serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity substantially increased until 49 days irrespective of duck gender. Results indicate that the dimensions of the sternum were already at the maximum in 49-day-old ducks and the sternum of the ducks rapidly mineralized from 42 d to 49 d of age and achieved a plateau phase after 49-days resulting from the high activity of ALP at the sternum early mineralization.

Width of Sternum at Suprasternal Notch and at the Level of Fourth Rib for Determination of Sex in the Population of Delhi: A New &amp; Reliable Tool for Sex Prediction

Determination of sex of a person is an important aspect of identification and is required in the living as well as the dead. The sternum bone on its own has shown considerable sexual dimorphism and its various dimensions have been used for this purpose. Studies have shown significant sexual variation in the length and width of the sternum. This study was conducted to find out sexual variation in the width of the sternum at the level of 4th rib (WS4) and at the suprasternal notch (WSN). Though variation in width at different levels of the sternum have been studied but variations at all levels has not been explored in the past. We also studied the sternum in two states viz. the wet state i.e the freshly removed (F) and dry state i.e after processing the sternum (D). One hundred sternums with equal sex distribution were studied. The discriminant function analysis from sternum for sex variation using the combined width (WS4 + WSN) was quite high, ranging from 69% for wet sternum and 64% for dry sternum. These measurements were found to be more accurate in case of females, where the accuracy for sex determination was the highest for WS4 (D;76%), followed by WSN (F; 72%), followed by WS4 (F; 68%), and by WSN (D;66%), respectively. In males, the discrimination function was the highest with WSN in both wet and dry specimens, 64%, followed by WS4 (D; 62%) and WS4 (F; 60%), respectively. We concluded that determination of sex by means of width of sternum at supra-sternal notch and 4th rib is a reliable indicator in both wet and dried state of the bone having higher accuracy rate with examination of wet sternum and in case of females.

Sternal morphometry of common myna (Acridotheres tristis), himalayan bulbul (Pyconotus leucogenys) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus)

The present study was conducted on Indian mynah, bulbul and sparrow with the aim to study their gross morphological features of sternum. Birds, three each of mynah, bulbul and sparrow, were collected dead and processed in air-tight jars, for 3 weeks. Morphometric measurements of sternum were carried out using standard methods. The study revealed that the anterior two-third of body in the sternum of mynah, unlike the posterior one-third, had a distinctly designed median groove. The sternal body in sparrow was divided into a concave anterior half and a flat posterior half. The lengths and width of sternum were highest in mynah. The length of sternum was nearly double the width in all three birds. The dorsal surface of sternum in bulbul, as compared to mynah and sparrow, was characteristically enriched by median pneumatic foramina. The rostrum was typically ‘Y’ shaped. The lateral border of sternum on either side displayed 5, 5 and 4 costal facets in mynah, bulbul and sparrow, respectively. The sternal keel was highly developed in all the 3 species of birds. The presence of highly developed keel is indication for strong flight capability of these birds. The study suggests that the presence of ‘Y’ shaped rostrum is a significant feature of passerine birds.

Structural variations and their adaptive significances in the bones of some migratory and resident birds

We investigated variations in the shape and size of some bones and their adaptive significances in both sexes of the migratory yellow breasted bunting (Emberiza aureola Pallas, 1773) and resident house sparrow (Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) and tree sparrow (Passer montanus Linnaeus, 1758). Measurements of the large bones like skull, beak, orbit, sternum, coracoid, scapula, femur, tibiotarsus, humerus and metatarsus were recorded to find out variations in their measurements. The skull, cranial and sternum indices were also calculated. An attempt was also made to correlate the structural differences of these bones between migratory and nonmigratory species and also between sexes with their adaptive significances. Principal component analysis indicated 84.79% of the total variance. Discriminant function analysis shows distinct separation in the bone lengths between the resident and migratory birds while there was little overlap between the sexes. The proportion of original grouped cases correctly classified was found to be 95.0%. Migratory bunting showed significantly longer sternum, tibiotarsus, femur and humerus beside a higher sternum when compared to those of resident sparrows. On the other hand, beak width, sternum width and indices of cranium and sternum, were more in resident sparrows. Thus, our studied birds seem to possess species specific adaptations by modifying their bones to fit their modes of living and conditions for better endurance and performance.

Multivariate morphometric analyses of the giant honey bees, Apis dorsata F. and Apis laboriosa F. in China

SummaryMultivariate morphometric analyses were performed on the giant honey bees Apis dorsata F. and Apis laboriosa F. of China. The two giant honey bee species were readily separated by principal components, cluster and discriminant analyses. Apis laboriosa showed higher values for the variables of size and cubital index than A. dorsata (ranging respectively as the width of the wax mirror 2.83~2.99 mm and 2.36~2.56 mm, width of sternum 6 3.61~3.86 mm and 3.03~3.26 mm, cubital index 10.36~14.56 and 6.38~9.61). Most of the wing venation angles were also significantly different in the two giant honey bees (angle J10 were 38.2°~40.7° and 34.7°~37.7° respectively). A. dorsata is distributed widely across China, and cluster and discrimination analyses indicated that they could be subdivided into two morphometric subclusters: one from the Chinese mainland and another from Hainan Island which reflects their relative geographic isolation. Few characters differed in the two A. dorsata morphometric subclusters, however, which suggests that they possibly diverged from each other very recently.

Density, body size and sex ratio of an indigenous spider along an altitudinal gradient in the sub-Antarctic

AbstractAlthough spiders are a diverse and ecologically important group of predators across the sub-Antarctic islands, relatively little is known about their biology. Here we provide data on the abundance, body size variation and sex ratio of an indigenous spider,Myro kerguelenensis, across an altitudinal gradient on Marion Island. In so doing we test explicitly the hypotheses that density will decline with declining resource availability at higher elevations, and that a converse Bergmann body size cline will be found in this species. Density ofM. kerguelenensisdecreased with altitude and ranged from a mean density of 5.3 (SD 3.42) individuals per m2at 50 m a.s.l. to a mean density of 0.83 (SD 1.15) individuals per m2at 600 m a.s.l. Mean female sternum width was 1.39 mm (SD 0.44) and mean male sternum width was 1.40 mm (SD 0.22). No evidence for Bergmann or converse Bergmann clines was found. At increasing altitudes, sex ratios became increasingly female-biased with populations at 600 m a.s.l. comprising 0.87 (SD 0.28) females, on a proportional basis, possibly as a result of resource limitation and an increase in the prevalence of sexual cannibalism. The food web implications of this study are highlighted.

Does allometric growth explain the diminutive size of the fangs of Scytodes (Araneae: Scytodidae)?

Abstract Spitting spiders eject silk and glue from their fangs when attacking prey. The ejection is complete in less than 35 ms and involves high-frequency fang oscillations that can approach 1700 Hz. Because of Newtonian physical constraints, these oscillations, which cause the spit to be dispersed in a zigzag pattern, could not occur at such high frequencies if the fangs themselves were not very small. We hypothesized that allometric neoteny, in which the developmental rate of a structure is retarded relative to the changing overall size of the growing individual, could explain (in an ontological sense) the small fangs of adult spitting spiders. We measured the fangs, chelicerae, carapaces, and sterna of many sizes of spitting spiders, Scytodes thoracica (Latreille 1802a), brown recluse spiders, Loxosceles reclusa Fertsch & Mulaik 1940, and wolf spiders, Varacosa avara (Keyserling 1877), to discover whether the fangs of spitting spiders grow unusually slowly. Using sternum width as our proxy for spider ...

Gross Morphometrical studies of Sternum of Pariah Kite Milvus migrans

The sternum of an adult Pariah kite (Milvus migrans) was studied for its gross morphometry. It was procured from Department of Wildlife Health and Management. The sternum of Pariah Kite was in the form of quadrilateral plate with dorsal, concave surface and ventral, convex surface. It formed the thoracic floor and was directed backwards and downwards in an oblique manner. The length and width of sternum were 6.00 cm and 4.20 cm., respectively. Ventral projection, the carina was in the form of thin curved plate, the height of which decreased from before backwards. It was 6.00 cm long, 1.30cm wide and 0.30cm thick (at anterior end). Anterior border was triangular and had an elongated facet on either side for articulation with distal extremity of the coracoids. The caudolateral angles were prominent. At