Widespread Inequality Research Articles

Ideologies that South Africa can borrow from selected high-growth nations in efforts to re-establish its developmental state model

This article examines the philosophies that South Africa can adopt from specific high-growth nations to reinstate its "developmental state" paradigm. In the post-Apartheid period, following South Africa's liberation from the governing National Party, numerous initiatives were suggested to rejuvenate the nation and enhance its presence on both national and global stages. The newly established ANC government, under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, formulated and implemented several people-centric policies and strategic initiatives. The administration embraced "developmental state" ideals, believing that state economic engagement may improve its ability to address the legacy of apartheid, especially the challenges of poverty, unemployment, and widespread inequalities. Nevertheless, despite three decades of democracy, the purported "developmental state" continues to exhibit numerous governance and socioeconomic issues, including elevated poverty rates, social inequality, disparate land access, unemployment, and disparities in public service availability. The discourse on South Africa's status as a "developmental state" persists, along with enquiries into how the nation may realign itself to achieve its goal of being a "developmental state." This document seeks to compile methods that South Africa could use based on examples from selected high-growth nations. This paper will examine how South Africa might reverse its economic decline, the necessary institutional and structural reforms, and the social and political contexts required to establish itself as a more credible "developmental state". This research utilises a qualitative secondary analysis of existing textual data regarding the relationship between South Africa, the "developmental state," and the chosen high-growth countries.

“Human Rights And Social Justice In India: Challenges, Progress, And Pathways To Equity”

Human rights and social justice are foundational concepts for a just and equitable society, ensuring that all individuals receive fair treatment, dignity, and equality. In India, the principles of human rights and social justice are central to addressing widespread socio-economic inequalities, cultural diversity, and the challenges posed by a complex legal and social landscape. This article explores the evolution, implementation, and ongoing struggles of these concepts within the Indian context. It delves into key challenges such as poverty, caste discrimination, gender inequality, and access to resources, which continue to hinder the realization of equitable rights for all citizens. By examining legislative measures, policy reforms, and community-led initiatives, the article highlights India’s progress toward inclusive development while acknowledging persistent gaps. Through a comparative and analytical approach, the study proposes pathways for achieving greater equity and recommends actionable strategies for strengthening India’s commitment to human rights and social justice

Ngā Kaupapa Wawata me Uara: a narrative review exploring Tiriti o Waitangi-centred population health programmes in Aotearoa New Zealand

Globally, Indigenous Peoples experience widespread health inequities. Treaties provide a potential framework to uphold Indigenous rights and progress health equity. Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi) established the relationship between Māori, the Indigenous people of Aotearoa (New Zealand), and the British Crown. Grounded in Kaupapa Māori theory, this literature review used an Indigeneity-Grounded Analysis (IGA) policy lens to identify four characteristics of Tiriti-centred population health programmes: whanaungatanga (relationships), pro-equity actions, Te Ao Māori (Māori worldviews), and accountability. Although the evidence-base is emergent, a rights-based approach identifies the centrality of Indigenous self-determination, structural and system transformation, and freedom from discrimination. Indigenous knowledge provides the foundation for treaty-centered policy supportive of Indigenous rights and health equity.

Advancing microbiome research in Māori populations: insights from recent literature exploring the gut microbiomes of underrepresented and Indigenous peoples.

The gut microbiome plays vital roles in human health, including mediating metabolism, immunity, and the gut-brain axis. Many ethnicities remain underrepresented in gut microbiome research, with significant variation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples due to dietary, socioeconomic, health, and urbanization differences. Although research regarding the microbiomes of Indigenous peoples is increasing, Māori microbiome literature is lacking despite widespread inequities that Māori populations face. These inequities likely contribute to gut microbiome differences that exacerbate negative health outcomes. Characterizing the gut microbiomes of underrepresented populations is necessary to inform efforts to address health inequities. However, for microbiome research to be culturally responsible and meaningful, study design must improve to better protect the rights and interests of Indigenous peoples. Here, we discuss barriers to Indigenous participation in research and the role disparities may play in shaping the gut microbiomes of Indigenous peoples, with a particular focus on implications for Māori and areas for improvement.

Access to Laparoscopic Pediatric Surgery: Do Ethnic and Racial Disparities Exist?

IntroductionDisparate access to laparoscopic surgery may contribute to poorer health outcomes among racial and ethnic minorities, especially among children. We investigated whether racial and ethnic disparities in laparoscopic procedures existed among four common surgical operations in the pediatric population in the United States. MethodsUsing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program–Pediatrics, we conducted a retrospective review of pediatric patients, aged less than 18 y old, undergoing appendectomy, fundoplication, cholecystectomy, and colectomy from 2012 to 2021. To compare the surgical approach (laparoscopy or open), a propensity score matching algorithm was used to compare laparoscopic and open procedures between non-Hispanic Black with non-Hispanic White children and Hispanic with non-Hispanic White children. Results143,205, 9,907, 4,581, and 26,064 children underwent appendectomy, fundoplication, colectomy, and cholecystectomy, respectively. After propensity score matching, non-Hispanic Black children undergoing appendectomy were found to be treated laparoscopically less than non-Hispanic White children (93.5% versus 94.4%, P = 0.007). With fundoplication, Hispanic children were more likely to be treated laparoscopically than White ones (86.7% versus 80.9%, P < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences between Black or Hispanic children and White children in rates of laparoscopy for other procedures. ConclusionsThough some racial and ethnic disparities exist with appendectomies and fundoplications, there is limited evidence to indicate that widespread inequities among common laparoscopic procedures exist in the pediatric population.

Japa model: A mathematical framework for analyzing brain drain in Africa

In Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, the concept of japa in which people flee harsh economic circumstances in quest of better possibilities, has become more common. This study investigates the critical problem of brain drain in Nigeria as the largest populated country in Africa, concentrating on the reasons that contribute to the phenomena, such as a lack of access to lucrative opportunities and widespread inequality. The study examined the dynamics of migration using a mathematical model that accounts for the population of the emigration source, the number of opportunities at the source, the size of the emigration population, and the population of returnees. We estimated the model’s parameters based on actual data from trusted sources. We derived and explained the basic emigration number, emigration-free, and persistent emigration equilibrium states of the model. Sensitivity studies were used to understand how different model parameters affect the emigration rate and the basic emigration number. This analysis highlights the relationship between economic, societal, and personal factors that influence migration, providing valuable insights for policymakers and scholars addressing migration issues. Our findings emphasize the necessity of developing equitable opportunities to mitigate brain drain and suggest strategies for retaining talent within the country.

Evaluation of the Arthur Project: Evidence-Based Mentoring in a Social Work Framework with a Social Justice Approach

Low-income students from underrepresented communities experience significant educational inequalities, including chronic absenteeism, mental health crises, trauma exposure, and social injustices. These conditions escalate risks of dropping out and justice system involvement. Middle-school youth must navigate intense social and emotional change. To address such challenges, The Arthur Project (TAP) provides intensive, in-school, therapeutic mentoring and family support. The program teaches students essential life skills, such as problem-solving, communication, and academic engagement. Students are empowered to strengthen their resilience, perseverance, self-actualization, and confidence. TAP provides up to 500 h of therapeutic mentoring yearly over three years, delivered individually and in small groups by social work interns. The research question was as follows: Does structured, intensive in-school therapeutic mentoring with social work interns increase the socioemotional, cognitive, noncognitive, and academic skills and engagement of underserved middle-school students? This evaluation for the school year 2022–2023 is based on the program of 200 students and 30 mentors, with quantitative mentee, mentor, teacher, and caregiver surveys and qualitative interview data. The program and evaluation methodology are described, with results and conclusions. Students showed significant improvement in all domains; mentors reported student increases in confidence, perseverance, problem-solving, and communication; and teachers and caregivers reported students’ increased academic engagement. The Arthur Project program can become a national middle-school mentoring model to address widespread student inequalities.

Creating more equitable rubrics to reduce discrimination and inequities in public-speaking courses

ABSTRACT Recent analyses of common public-speaking rubrics, grading practices, and course content have found widespread bias and inequities. This article contributes to the efforts to remedy some of the causes of these biases. It begins with a discussion of the disciplinary biases and institutional pressures that reinforce discriminatory assessment practices. It then details principles and methods for creating more inclusive, equitable, and accessible rubrics and demonstrates how they can be implemented. Shifting how we create and use rubrics for public-speaking courses can contribute to the discipline’s broader move toward inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility.

Invoking Identity? Partisan Polarization in Discussions of Race, Racism, and Gender in 2022 Midterm Advertising in the United States

Context: Media messaging matters for public opinion and policy, and analyzing patterns of campaign strategy can provide important windows into policy priorities. Methods: The authors used content analysis supplemented with keyword-based text analysis to assess the volume, proportion, and distribution of media attention to race-related issues in comparison to gender-related issues during the general election period of the 2022 midterm campaigns for federal office in the United States. Findings: Race-related mentions in campaign advertising were overwhelmingly focused on crime and law and order, with very little attention to racism, racial injustice, and the structural barriers that lead to widespread inequities. In stark contrast to mentions of gender, racial appeals were less identity focused and were competitively contested between the parties in their messaging, but they were much more likely to be led by Republicans. Conclusions: The results suggest that discussions of race and gender were highly polarized, with consequences for public understanding of and belief in disparities and policies important to population health.

Caste and class interactions in inequality in access to sanitation and hygiene services in India

ABSTRACTGiven moderate access to WASH services at the national level, widespread socio-economic inequality still exists in India. This study assesses the status of access to different types of sanitation and hygiene services in India and how the caste and class interactions are associated with them. We use nationally representative household survey data and the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) sanitation and hygiene framework. For descriptive analysis, frequency distribution is used. Multivariable logistic regression is applied, and caste interactions are used to estimate the probabilities. Overall, 51.2 and 71.8% of the households have access to safe sanitation and hygiene services. However, among the Scheduled Tribe households, only 36.6 and 58.7% have access to safe sanitation and hygiene. Findings show that class and caste interactions are strongly associated with WASH services. The probability of access to safe sanitation and hygiene is 16 and 15% points lower for the poorest Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes compared to ‘Other’ socially privileged but economically poor, after adjusting for other household sociodemographic characteristics. The finding suggests that an upscaling of the existing policies and programs alongside considering the caste and class intersectionality is required for equitable access to sanitation and hygiene services and to achieve SDG-6.

A Critical Stocktake of Community-Based Healthy Masculinities Programs in Victoria, Australia

Programs that engage men and boys in health promotion and violence prevention are proliferating. Many aim to foster “healthy masculinities”, using education and support to involve men and boys in adopting more positive or gender-equitable forms of selfhood and relating. This paper offers a critical stocktake of 15 such programs in one state in Australia, assessing them against common standards for gender-transformative programming among men and boys. The programs are diverse in their aims and approaches and their understandings of men and gender. There were common themes, that men’s and boys’ lives are constrained by typical constructions of masculinity and that there are widespread gender inequalities that disadvantage women and girls, although the balance between these differed among programs. This paper articulates the significance of critically analyzing these programs through a gender transformative lens to discern their utility in supporting gender justice.

Shaping Ethnoracial Identities: State-Society Relations and Programmatic Differentiation in the Andes

Under what circumstances do ethnoracial groups become programmatically differentiated? This article argues that ethnoracial programmatic differentiation results from major transformations in groups’ access to state power. Access to state power conditions ethnoracial groups’ perceptions of the state and their support for state-centric programmatic policies. As historically-excluded groups gain access to power, and historically-advantaged ones lose theirs, programmatic differentiation increases, the product of shifting relationships with the state. I evaluate this argument using survey data from the Andean region and demonstrate that ethnoracial groups have become programmatically differentiated where the indigenous have recently gained political power, but not elsewhere despite widespread structural inequalities and extensive indigenous organizational capacity. The findings shed light on why ethnoracialized preferences vary across contexts in unexpected ways.

Incarceration's lingering health effects on Black men: impacts persist into retirement

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Background&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The unique challenges Black men face within the criminal justice system underscore structural and systemic factors driving widespread inequalities. The long-term effects of these challenges on economic, health, and social outcomes as individuals transition to retirement remain poorly understood, highlighting a critical gap in our knowledge of life trajectories long after justice system involvement.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Objectives&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;This study investigated the enduring health impacts of incarceration on Black men, particularly focusing on the transition into retirement. It aimed to explore the influence of race and gender on experiences of incarceration before age 50, and how such experiences affected self-rated health during the retirement transition.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Methods&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Utilizing data from the Health and Retirement Study, which followed individuals aged 50–59 for up to thirty years, this research examined the interplay of race, gender, incarceration history, and self-rated health during the retirement transition. Logistic regression and path modeling were employed for data analysis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Logistic regression results indicated that being Black, male, and having lower educational attainment significantly increased the likelihood of experiencing incarceration before the age of 50 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). This suggests that Black men with lower levels of education are at the greatest risk of incarceration. The path model revealed a correlation between incarceration experiences before age 50 and poorer self-rated health at the time of retirement.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Conclusion&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The findings highlighted the disproportionately high risk of incarceration among Black men, especially those with lower educational attainment, and its persistent negative impacts on health decades later, including during the transition into retirement. Addressing structural racism and the mass incarceration of Black men is crucial for achieving racial health equity as individuals retire.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

An analysis of the nexus between youth urban mobility and COVID-19 trajectories for peace and development in Africa: Perspectives from Tanzania

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 posed prominent public policy concerns. It posed many unanswered questions, especially among the youth who require social protection in different contexts. The pandemic spread over 200 countries worldwide, infecting over 640 million individuals and resulting in the deaths of over 6.5 million people. However, the pandemic has a similar fundamental consequence, marked by widespread inequality across households and individuals. It is estimated that its consequences might be more detrimental, particularly among the youth in low-income families like Tanzania. The country received significant global attention for its COVID-19 response during the first year of the pandemic since it did not share pandemic statistics, implement lockdowns, and question vaccine efficacy while emphasizing traditional medicines. Despite the progress made, the ripple effects of the pandemic are still felt in the country and will probably remain for a long and drive policies for generations to come. Still, there is scanty information about how the youth have been affected by the pandemic, particularly in urban areas, and relatively little is known about the relationships between youth, urban mobility, and COVID-19 trajectories for peace and development in the country. This chapter uses Tanzania as a case study to assess the nexus between youth, urban mobility, and COVID-19 trajectories for African peace and development. The chapter relied on secondary data collected through a systematic review. Content analysis was applied to analyze the data. The chapter reveals several studies on youth and COVID-19 in Tanzania. Nevertheless, these studies are very few. Like other parts of Africa and the world over, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the youth in Tanzania. It also revealed determinants and challenges, like social, economic, health, mental, and learning effects, of urban youth mobility in the face of COVID-19. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has largely affected the lives of youth, this chapter provides relevant information that will prompt responsible authorities to adopt effective response measures for addressing the pandemic for enhanced peace and development in Tanzania and Africa.

2020 Near-roadway population census, traffic exposure and equity in the United States

We present an updated analysis of the size and demographic composition of the United States (U.S.) population living near high traffic volume roadways where the risk of negative health outcomes from traffic-related air pollution exposure is elevated using traffic data from 2018 and 2020 census data. We also evaluate disparities in traffic exposure by race, ethnicity, and income using refined equity analysis methods and break down our analysis by light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle traffic. We find that 24 % of the U.S. population now lives near high-volume roadways, a larger share than 10 years ago. We also find statistically significant associations between higher levels of traffic exposure and greater proportions of people of color and lower household incomes in 89 % of U.S. counties. The increasing size of the near-roadway population, persistent and widespread inequities, and rapidly growing truck traffic raise significant public health and environmental justice concerns.

Predicting Capacity and Distribution of Healthcare Facilities in West Java

Inequitable distribution of healthcare infrastructure is a barrier to universal access. This research analyzes gaps in primary care facilities across 627 districts in Indonesia's West Java Province. A data-driven approach identifies shortages and proposes an evidence-based strategic construction plan to improve equity. Demand was forecast using national standards of 1 clinics per 30,000 population. While some areas meet or exceed standards, severe shortages affect many districts. Gap analysis quantified deficiencies by subtracting existing clinics from projected demand for each district using simple linear extrapolation for each kota and kabupaten. Quantifying gaps at district level highlighted disparities not evident in provincial summaries. The gap analysis methodology substantiated widespread inequities by comparing granular demand modeling to current infrastructure. Findings demonstrate analytical techniques incorporating sub-regional data can identify hidden disparities and inform targeted policy. The technique provides a data-driven approach to inform healthcare planning and resource allocation, with applications for regional systems globally. In 2020, Average demand was 2 puskesmas, ranging up to 15. In total 363 districts fell below the minimum national standard for clinics per capita. Mapping visualized clusters of highly deprived regions. In 2020, with West Java's 47 million residents, total modeled demand is 1771 puskesmas and up to 1959 in 2032. Current healthcare quantity was collected through web scraping district websites, finding only 1016 existing puskesmas. This reveals a significant shortage, with over 55% of districts below the standard. Distribution inequity was evident, with puskesmas density spanning 0-10 across District. These findings clearly demonstrate a need for expanded investment in primary care infrastructure. To achieve more equitable access, a multi-year strategic construction plan was proposed targeting new clinic development in underserved districts. The plan stratified districts into priority tiers based on the severity of shortages. Construction will be phased over 3 stages, focusing first on districts with the highest deprivation to rapidly improve equity.

Inequality of opportunity in selection procedures limits diversity in higher education: An intersectional study of Dutch selective higher education programs.

Selection for higher education (HE) programs may hinder equal opportunities for applicants and thereby reduce student diversity and representativeness. However, variables which could play a role in inequality of opportunity are often studied separately from each other. Therefore, this retrospective cohort study conducts an innovative intersectional analysis of the inequality of opportunity in admissions to selective HE programs. Using a combination of multivariable logistic regression analyses and descriptive statistics, we aimed to investigate 1) the representativeness of student populations of selective HE programs, as compared to both the applicant pool and the demographics of the age cohort; 2) the demographic background variables which are associated with an applicant's odds of admission; and 3) the intersectional acceptance rates of applicants with all, some or none of the background characteristics positively associated with odds of admission. The study focused on all selective HE programs (n = 96) in The Netherlands in 2019 and 2020, using Studielink applicant data (N = 85,839) and Statistics Netherlands microdata of ten background characteristics. The results show that student diversity in selective HE programs is limited, partly due to the widespread inequality of opportunity in the selection procedures, and partly due to self-selection. Out of all ten variables, migration background was most often (negatively) associated with the odds of receiving an offer of admission. The intersectional analyses provide detailed insight into how (dis)advantage has different effects for different groups. We therefore recommend the implementation of equitable admissions procedures which take intersectionality into account.

What is known about what works in community-involved decision-making relating to urban green and blue spaces? A realist review protocol

BackgroundThere is now a relatively well-established evidence base suggesting that greener living environments and time spent in urban green and blue spaces (UGBS) can be beneficial for human health and wellbeing. However, benefits are not universal and there remain widespread social inequalities in access to such resources and experiences, particularly along axes of class, race, ethnicity, age and disability, and in relation to efforts to increase the availability and accessibility of such spaces. These injustices often relate to distributive, procedural and recognition-based processes. There is growing interest in how to ensure that efforts to increase access to or use of UGBS (whether through infrastructural or social programmes) result in equitable outcomes whilst minimising potential for exacerbating existing inequalities and injustices. Community engagement is considered an important step towards more inclusive UGBS decision-making, from planning and design to management and maintenance processes. It is thought to contribute to better and more widely trusted decisions, enhanced democracy, community satisfaction, civic interest and feelings of green space ownership, and greater longevity of UGBS projects. However, uneven representation and barriers to participation can create imbalances and undermine these benefits.MethodsAn iterative, multi-stage realist-inspired review will be conducted to ask what works, in what context and in what ways relating to the meaningful involvement of communities in UGBS decision-making, focusing on the skills, capacities and capabilities of different stakeholders and the role of contexts and processes. ‘Effectiveness’ (or what works) will be understood as a multifaceted outcome, encompassing both the processes and results of community engagement efforts.Following a scoping stage to identify initial programme theory, inclusion/exclusion criteria and derive search terms, relevant databases and grey literature will be searched to identify interdisciplinary literature in two phases. The first phase will be used to further develop programme theories, which will be articulated as ‘if then’ statements. The second phase searches will be used to identify sources to further explore and evidence the programme and formal theory. We will assess all includable evidence for conceptual richness, prioritising more conceptually rich sources if needed.DiscussionThe realist synthesis will explore the key context, mechanism and outcome configurations that appear to explain if and how different approaches to community-involved UGBS decision-making are or are not effective. We will consider factors such as different conceptualisations of community, and if and how they have been involved in UGBS decision-making; the types of tools and approaches used; and the socio-cultural and political or governance structures within which decision-making takes place.

"It’s the colonisation of the mind”: How the legacy of the British Empire has impacted the University of Greenwich.

The aftermath of imperial Britain is entwined with every part of the United Kingdom (UK). Colonial dominion brought on by European sovereignty resulted in slavery, the subjugation of the Global South and a demolishing of indigenous cultures. Widespread entrenched inequalities throughout societal domains are all forms of colonialism. Repercussions of the British Empire are prevalent in education and the fundamental imperialistic philosophies of colonialism have been internalised throughout universities. This research investigated the outcome of these legacies within UK universities, with a focus on the University of Greenwich. This university takes pride in its rich maritime history, but acknowledgement of the ‘less desirable’ side of this past is lacking. The historical iconography of the University of Greenwich is rooted in colonialism, yet not enough light has been shed on this, nor on how it plays a role in perpetuating westernised imperialistic thought in academia. This research used semi-structured interviews with academic staff and students at the University of Greenwich to explore this topic. Thematic analysis revealed insights into how the British Empire continues to affect individuals within the university. It also provided valuable suggestions that include what the university, staff and students can do to confront colonial links.

Justice For Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Conference Report

Domestic violence survivors seeking justice and safety in New York State’s family and supreme courts often encounter a deeply flawed, poorly functioning system that exposes them and their children to further harm. On October 13 and 14, 2022, a coalition of leading nonprofit agencies that serve and advocate for survivors convened a conference in New York City to address these systemic inequities and identify meaningful solutions. During the conference, Justice for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: Transforming an Inequitable Family Law System, attorneys, scholars, survivor leaders, members of the judiciary, social service professionals, psychologists and advocates identified key obstacles facing survivors and recommended needed reforms to New York State’s family law system.&#x0D; Specifically, the conference focused on widespread inequities in custody, visitation, and family offense cases, which proceed in both the family and supreme courts, and the devastating impact they have on survivors. Throughout the two days, panelists confronted the ways in which these courts fail to provide an effective and equitable system for domestic violence survivors seeking safety and protection for themselves and their families, and identified the most significant challenges they face. In family law proceedings, the stakes could not be higher for survivors and their children, as this inadequate and inequitable system of justice has led to tragic consequences, including death or injury at the hands of abusers, loss of child custody and/or visitation rights, and further trauma inflicted by the litigation itself. Panelists also addressed the egregious under-funding and poor functioning of the Family Courts and the endemic bias woven into these institutions. &#x0D; The Conference included ten keynote and panel presentations addressing significant systemic challenges and potential solutions for survivors of intimate partner violence in the family law system. The Conference featured first-hand accounts by survivors and practitioners, original research presented by renowned experts, and insights provided by prominent sitting and retired judges. Conference panelists drew from materials regarding the intersection of racism, misogyny, and other forms of oppression and its impact on systems, including groundbreaking reports on gender and racial bias in the court system. In addition, each panel provided relevant materials, including scholarly research, reports, studies, articles, statutes and proposed legislation, all of which remain available on the Conference website at https://www.familylaw2022.com/.