Wider Social Networks Research Articles

A Systematic Literature Review of the Relationships Between Social and Interpersonal Factors and Physical Activity Among Older Adults.

This systematic literature review's purpose was to examine the social factors (e.g., social network, social support, social interaction, loneliness, and social environmental factors) associated with PA among older adults. Electronic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) were used in this study. Studies published in English focusing on individuals aged 65+ that assess social and intrapersonal factors influencing PA, with quantitative data on these relationships, were included, regardless of the PA measurement method. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a standardized form, capturing study design, sample size, participant characteristics, social factors assessed, and their relationship to PA behavior. A descriptive summary of study characteristics and methodological quality was conducted. 1560 articles were identified and 34 were included. Wider social networks, social support, social cohesion, social norms towards PA, and positive social interactions were positively associated with PA among older adults, whereas obstructive factors (e.g., loneliness and social isolation) of the social environment were negatively associated with PA. The findings indicate that the social environment plays a strong role in determining PA levels among older adults. Interventions targeting PA enhancement in this population should prioritize strengthening social support and networks related to PA. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms through which social factors impact PA in older adults.

The Adoption of a “Diseased Identity” in Traditional 12-Step Groups: Exploring the Implications of These Processes for Individuals and Practitioners in Health and Social Care Services

Self-help groups are increasingly utilised by communities of interest and shared experience, services, and government departments as platforms for supporting and improving health and social care outcomes for drug and alcohol users. Traditional 12-step self-help groups like Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous (NA and AA) are worldwide organisations and each have their own programme of change, language, criteria for membership, processes for problem resolution, and self-transformation. Within these types of groups, members are openly encouraged to identify with and adopt an (diseased) identity that is consistently invoked to work on the self. In the self-help recovery literature, it is widely recognised that individuals can benefit by thinking about themselves as “diseased” and then acting and behaving in a manner which is congruent with their reframed “identity”. Less is known about the processes involved in this and social-, psychological-, and health-related implications for individuals in drug- and alcohol-specific self-help groups. A thematic analysis of data from (n-36) in-depth qualitative interviews with long-term (6 months–10 years) self-help users identified four themes associated with the adoption of a diseased identity and self-help group processes: (1) normalising the disease and illness; (2) identifying as diseased; (3) living as a diseased individual; and (4) one addict helping another addict. The results of this research should not be interpretated as a critique of the 12-step approach or groups. Instead, it should be recognised that whilst improvements to individual wellbeing are reported, identifying as diseased can exacerbate negative self-perceptions that individuals hold about themselves, their character, capabilities, and ability. Being diseased, accepting disease, and identifying as diseased also has the potential to inhibit their engagement with wider social networks and professional services outside of their own fellowship or group. We conclude this paper by exploring the implications of a “diseased identity” and self-help processes for individuals who access self-help groups, and health and social care practitioners who support self-help users as they engage with services and self-help groups.

Diversity in remuneration committees: a view from the inside

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how those involved in executive pay determination in large publicly quoted UK businesses see the role of diversity within remuneration committees (Remcos) as enabling the input of different perspectives, which can enhance their decision-making and potentially improve pay outcomes.Design/methodology/approachQualitative, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 18 high-profile major-enterprise decision-makers and their advisers, i.e. non-executive directors (NEDs) serving Remcos, institutional investors, executive pay consultants and internal human resources (HR) reward specialists, together with data from three focus groups with 10 further reward management practitioners.FindingsRemco members recognise the benefits of social category/demographic diversity but say the likelihood of increasing this is low, given talent pipeline issues. The widening of value diversity is considered problematic for Remcos’ functioning. Informational diversity is used as a proxy for social category/demographic diversity to improve Remcos’ decision-making on executive pay. While the inclusion of members from wider social networks is recognised as potentially bringing a different informational perspective, the social character of Remcos, reflecting their elite nature and experience of wealth, appears ingrained.Originality/valueOur original contribution is to extend the application of upper echelons theory in the context of Remco decision-making to explain why members do not welcome widening informational diversity by appointing people from different social networks who lack value similarity. Instead, by drawing views from employees, HR acts as a proxy for social network informational diversity. The elite, upper-echelons nature of Remco appointments remains unchanged and team functioning is not disrupted.

Willingness to support neighbours practically or emotionally: a cross-sectional survey among the general public.

Wider social networks are increasingly recognized for supporting people with care needs. Health-promoting initiatives around the end of life aim to foster these social connections but currently provide little insight into how willing people are to help neighbours facing support needs. This study describes how willing people are to help neighbours who need support practically or emotionally, whether there is a difference in willingness depending on the type of support needed and what determines this willingness. We applied a cross-sectional survey design. We distributed 4400 questionnaires to a random sample of people aged >15 across four municipalities in Flanders, Belgium. These surveys included attitudinal and experiential questions related to serious illness, caregiving and dying. Respondents rated their willingness (scale of 1-5) to provide support to different neighbours in hypothetical scenarios: (1) an older person in need of assistance and (2) a caregiver of a dying partner. A total of 2008 questionnaires were returned (45.6%). The average willingness to support neighbours was 3.41 (case 1) and 3.85 (case 2). Helping with groceries scored highest; cooking and keeping company scored lowest. Factors associated with higher willingness included an optimistic outlook about receiving support from others, family caregiving experience and prior volunteering around serious illness or dying. People are generally willing to support their neighbours who need help practically or emotionally, especially when they have prior experience with illness, death or dying and when they felt supported by different groups of people. Community-based models that build support around people with care needs could explore to what extent this willingness translates into durable community support. Initiatives promoting social connection and cohesion around serious illness, caregiving and dying may harness this potential through experiential learning.

Psychologically informed care of patients with anorexia nervosa on an acute medical ward.

Anorexia nervosa is a challenging and highly distressing illness associated with significant and often debilitating symptoms that affect the person's physical and mental well-being, as well as their wider social networks. Although some patients can make important steps in their recovery in the community, many will become significantly unwell and require medical stabilisation and refeeding in an acute medical ward as a result of significant weight loss. This article describes some of the challenges experienced by adult nurses when caring for patients with anorexia nervosa on acute medical wards and explores how the patient's distress may manifest and complicate the recovery process. The article also discusses the principles of psychologically informed care and therapeutic interactions that nurses can use to promote recovery and ensure optimal practice.

Qualitative Study of Perinatal Mental Health Services: Experiences and Perspectives of Health Workers and Patients

The perinatal period is a transitional period that is vulnerable to changes in women's relationships with partners, family, friends, and wider social networks. This study aims to determine how perinatal mental health services are based on the experiences of health workers and patients. This research is qualitative research with a case study design. The informants in this study were 6 informants, namely 2 health workers and 4 patients with a history of perinatal mental health disorders. The instruments used in this study were structured interview guidelines, interviews were conducted in health facilities and patients' homes. Thematic data analysis using the Collaizi protocol. Qualitative data from this study raised six themes, namely "symptoms of perinatal mental health disorders", "causes of perinatal mental health disorders", "management of mental health disorders", "prevention of perinatal mental health disorders", "barriers to perinatal mental health services", and "support". Pregnant, maternity and postpartum women are vulnerable to mental health problems, especially if a woman is faced with family neglect and lack of husband's support during pregnancy. It is important for health workers, especially midwives, to examine women's problems more comprehensively during antenatal care.

EZRA POUND’S ENGLISH TRANSLATION PRACTICE OF LI BAI’S POEMS IN CATHAY BASED ON PIERRE BOURDIEU’S SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

Pound’s Cathay is a vivid case of cultural exchange between China and English-speaking countries. The most translated Li Bai’s poems in Cathay not only promoted better reception of Li Bai’s poems in a foreign context, but also injected powerful vitality into the Western literary world. This paper investigated Pound’s translation practice of Li Bai’s poems in Cathay and specifically interpreted Pound’s internal and external motivations in the selection of source text, textual features formed through translation strategies and the reception of English translation of Li Bai’s poems by drawing on three main concepts: field, capital, and habitus in Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory. It was found that Pound’s selection of Li Bai’s poems was made under the influence of the combined force of utilitarian American sinology field and flashy literary field, which conformed to the mentality of the people in war, harmonized with his Imagist principles and reflected his emotional empathy with Li Bai. Pound’s habitus with cosmopolitanism and historicism shaped by American sinology and literary fields in a specific social background initiated his translation idea of “translation as creation”, which further formed such main translation strategies as the ideogramic method by image juxtaposition, formal freedom by using modern English in free verse etc., language energy by deletion or expansion, etc. Finally, Pound, with his wide social network and authoritative literary status carried great social, cultural, and symbolic capital, promoting better reception of Cathay, especially Li Bai’s poems. These results revealed the powerful interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory in literary translation and shed light on the communication of Chinese translated literature overseas.

To disclose or not to disclose: an ethnographic exploration of factors contributing to the (non) disclosure of Ghanaian women’s breast cancer diagnosis to social networks

BackgroundAlthough there may be theoretical support linking positive health outcomes with cancer disclosure to social networks, women from contexts such as Ghana where cancer is not openly talked about may have concerns around breast cancer disclosure. Women may not be able to share their experiences about their diagnosis, which may prevent them from receiving support. This study aimed to obtain the views of Ghanaian women diagnosed with breast cancer about factors contributing to (non) disclosure.MethodsThis study is based on secondary findings from an ethnographic study that employed participant observation and semi-structured face to face interviews. The study was conducted at a breast clinic in a Teaching Hospital in southern Ghana. 16 women diagnosed with breast cancer (up to stage 3); five relatives nominated by these women and ten healthcare professionals (HCPs) participated in the study. Factors contributing to breast cancer (non) disclosure were explored. Data were analysed using a thematic approach.ResultsThe analysis indicated that most of the women and family members were very reticent about breast cancer disclosure and were secretive with distant relatives and wider social networks. Whilst remaining silent about their cancer diagnosis helped women protect their identities, prevented spiritual attack, and bad advice, the need for emotional and financial support for cancer treatment triggered disclosure to close family, friends, and pastors. Some women were discouraged from persevering with conventional treatment following disclosure to their close relatives.ConclusionsBreast cancer stigma and fears around disclosure hindered women from disclosing to individuals in their social networks. Women disclosed to their close relatives for support, but this was not always safe. Health care professionals are well placed to explore women’s concerns and facilitate disclosure within safe spaces to enhance engagement with breast cancer care services.

Investigating the Impact of Key Factors on Electric/Electric-Vehicle Charging Station Adoption in Indonesia

The utilization of energy in transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as a solution to reduce this impact. However, the utilization of electric charging stations (ECS) and EV charging stations (EVCS) in Indonesia is not optimal, as evidenced by low usage levels. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of ECS and EVCS users in Indonesia in order to identify determinant factors for ECS and EVCS utilization. Using descriptive quantitative analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and binary logistic regression, the study found that potential EVCS users are adults from upper-middle-class backgrounds, with four family members, who own a motorcycle and live in suburban areas. Furthermore, a wide social network, knowledge of technology, and ease of access, convenience, and price were identified as key factors for choosing ECS/EVCS. However, an attitude of caring for the environment had a negative effect on ECS/EVCS usage, and respondents who charge their electronic devices at home overnight were less likely to use ECS/EVCS. The study also found that the number of sockets in a respondent's home, previous family members' experience, and duration of work experience and self-identity were also reasons for choosing to use ECS/EVCS. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the factors that influence the utilization of ECS and EVCS in Indonesia.

The study of millennial farmers behavior in agricultural production

As the agricultural sector develops, millennial farmers play an important role in increasing the existence of food self-sufficiency. The millennial generation has prominent characteristics as dynamic, optimistic, and forward-thinking individuals that lead to better efforts and wider access to technology implementation in improving agricultural production performance. This article aims to examine several behavioral theories and theories of acceptance of technology towards young farmers, as well as to explain the differences in the behavior of young farmers and old farmers in norms, attitudes and perceptions. The method used is a literature review related to behavioral theory and technology acceptance theory. The results and conclusions show that millennial farmers have better levels of education, wider social networks and higher responsiveness to the use of technology and information to develop their farming businesses. Millennial farmers pay more attention to quality and better motivation to engage in agricultural change. Their willingness to learn will support the improvement of technical capabilities and farm performance. The involvement of millennials in agricultural production will benefit the agricultural sector to carry out an innovative and advanced production system towards sustainability.

Data Domotopia: introduction to the quantitative survey

This paper describes the Data Domotopia a 2300 + respondent self-administered web-based survey. It includes 100 + multi-purpose items about home-making and stillness in a moving world. We suppose that home-making can reveal coping strategies and resilience practices to make everyday life work – as home is a central location in people’s activity-travel patterns. To describe this phenomenon, the concept of Domotopia is introduced, defining how people arrange, use, and experience their homes to cope with the pathologies of accelerated and liquid modernity (Bauman 2005). While the Data Domotopia is based on a mixed-method combining qualitative and quantitative material, this paper focuses mainly on the description of the questionnaire – which is organized into three interrelated layers: the dwelling, the dwellers, and the neighborhood. Each of these layers unfolds in functional, social, emotional and sensory components. The survey covers most of the contemporary issues related to home-making. This includes the domestic space and gender issues; the socio-spatial resources (mobility, action space, core, and wider social network); lifestyles, ideals, and residential aspiration; time pressures, time use, organization and stress; equipment, rules and arrangements; interpersonal relations, cohabitation and negotiation, dominance and power. Intakes on the Data Domotopia is given by two concrete cases about the time-space coverage of the habitual action space, and about inter-personal task allocation. These examples show the potential of the data to study domocentric stillness and resilience to urban pathologies. The data – aggregated to the infra-communal level – is available for research purposes.

Active aging model: Sample of Ankara

ABSTRACT Demographic change in Turkey is quite rapid as in other developing countries. The elderly population, which has reached 9.7%, has brought along the problems that need to be solved for our country. It is important to investigate the concept of active aging which is included in the solution proposals. The aim of this research is to develop a Model of Some of the Personal and Social Factors Affecting Active Aging, by emphasizing the personal and social determinants that affect active aging. 280 older adults aged 65 and over, living in Ankara and from different socio-economic levels, participated in the research. Active aging scale, psychological resilience scale, social network scale, and loneliness scale were used as a measurement tool. When the results are examined, it is seen that the path model generally fits well. According to the Path model, we can say that as psychological resilience decreases, loneliness increases, loneliness also weakens the social network and the active aging level of the older adults decreases. On the contrary, we can say that the wide social network increases the active aging level of the older adults. Increasing and realizing social cohesion, social participation, and volunteering opportunities for healthy and active aging in Turkey will enable the expansion of the social networks of older adults and the prevention of loneliness in old age. The obtained implications were discussed within the framework of the studies in the literature, and suggestions were made to individuals, the related institutions, and organizations.

Construction of matches in dating platforms

Dating platforms play the role of the traditional village matchmaker when they suggest potential partners that would be a good fit (‘match’). This paper reports from an in-depth study of the matching machinery of four dating platforms using a recommendation system based on a matchmaker model to suggest matches. While content-based recommendation systems form suggestions based on the users’ behaviour and interaction patterns, a matchmaker model uses information about the user to form recommendations. In the matchmaker model, what the IT system characterises as the ideal formation and a ‘good match’ is revealed. By using the reverse-engineering method, we find that of the four platforms investigated, three construct and form matches based on the couple’s degree of similarities along psychological and personal aspects, while one platform is based on a ‘the more similar along all kinds of axes, the better’-model. None of the platforms employs the anthropological hypergamy principle, which refers to the tendency of women to choose partners of similar or higher social status, while men do the opposite, into its matching account. Match value, which we conceptualise as the match score assigned by the platforms to couples, is a key component in the platforms’ matching machinery. Match value is a numeric value presented as an objective and scientific score, representing the degree of how well two persons ‘fit’ together. The platforms reduce individuals and relationships to a numeric value based on a psychological personality model, which ignores the person’s wider social network, class and context. The ranked order of matches does not consequently correspond with the match value, which suggests that the platforms provide benefits for paying members.

The association between subjective cognitive decline and trajectories of objective cognitive decline: Do social relationships matter?

ObjectivesWe examine the association between subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and the trajectories of objective cognitive decline (OCD); and the extent to which this association is moderated by social relationships. MethodsData come from waves 10 (2010) through 14 (2018) of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel survey of individuals aged 50 and above in the United States. OCD is measured using episodic memory, and overall cognition. SCD is assessed using a baseline measure of self-rated memory. Social relationships are measured by social network size and perceived positive and negative social support. Growth curve models estimate the longitudinal link between SCD and subsequent OCD trajectories and the interactions between SCD and social relationship variables on OCD. ResultsSCD is associated with subsequent OCD. A wider social network and lower perceived negative support are linked to slower decline in memory, and overall cognition. None of the social relationship variables, however, moderate the link between SCD and future OCD. ConclusionKnowing that SCD is linked to subsequent OCD is useful because at SCD stage, deficits are more manageable relative to those at subsequent stages of OCD. Future work on SCD and OCD should consider additional dimensions of social relationships.

Influence of social support and stressful life events on adherence to colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood test in Spanish medium risk population

IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Five-year survival rate in Spain is 57%. The most important prognostic factor is the stage of the tumor at the diagnosis. CRC can be early diagnosed, but the adherence to screening programs is low (<50%). This study aims to ascertain the influence of social support and stressful life events on the adherence to the population screening of CRC with fecal occult blood test in Spanish average risk population. MethodsMulticenter case–control study. We conducted a simple random sampling among individuals invited to participate in the colorectal cancer screening program. We analyzed epidemiological and social variables associated with lifestyle and behavioral factors. We performed a descriptive and a bivariant analyses and a logistic regression analysis. ResultsFour hundred and eight patients (237 cases and 171 controls) were included. Multivariant analyses showed independent association between higher adherence to the screening program and older age (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10), stable partner (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.08–2.89) and wide social network (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.07–2.66). Otherwise, lower adherence was associated to perceiving barriers to participate in the program (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96). We find a statistically significant association between lower adherence and high impact stressful life events in the bivariant analyses, and the tendency was maintained (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.37–1.08) in the multivariant. ConclusionSocial variables decisively influence the adherence to colorectal cancer screening. The implementation of social interventions that improve social support, reduce impact of stressful life events and the design of screening programs that decrease the perceived barriers, will contribute to increase the participation on these programs. Secondary, the colorectal cancer diagnosis will be made in early-stages with the consequent mortality reduction.

حالة الثقة الاجتماعية في الكويت

harmonic society. This study examines social trust in Kuwait to state the nature of social trust and the factor associated with it. The paper focuses on generalized social trust and taking advantage of one's social trust using a comparative descriptive research approach. The finding suggests Kuwaitis have a natural attitude towards generalized social trust. The paper contributes to a neutral attitude toward generalized social trust in Kuwaiti's cultural nature and values and its political turmoil. The paper suggests, only education levels and income were associated with generalized social trust. The paper argues, those with higher education are exposed to diverse groups of people, which can help to break down stereotypes and promote understanding and tolerance. Moreover, education increases individuals' cognitive abilities, which can lead to a greater understanding of social norms and a greater ability to assess the trustworthiness of others. Furthermore, those with higher income are more likely to have a wider social network with mutual interests, in effect, more experiences and perspectives dealing with others. Moreover, higher income reflects a greater sense of security socially and economically. On the other hand, higher levels of attitude toward its citizens feel being taken advantage of its trust also contributed to its nature of the relatively higher level of trust in turn of falling victim to multiple fraud schemes on personal and national levels. Marital status was the only contributor to being taken advantage of, as those who through a divorce or betrayal are more likely to feel being taken advantage of their trust.

Commentary on “Vocational training for livelihood and rehabilitation of persons with intellectual disabilities”

Purpose The purpose of this commentary is to reflect on some of the themes presented in the associated article “Vocational training for livelihood and rehabilitation of persons with intellectual disabilities” and provide considerations for future close-to-practice research in the area of vocational training models and rehabilitation provisions. Design/methodology/approach This commentary considers the literature in relation to rehabilitation provisions centred around vocation, highlights the need for a person-centred focus and reiterates the potential of vocation as a route to social inclusion and wider social networks. Findings The focus on adapting supports and vocational training programmes to fit within the context of low-income areas and country-specific legislation should be afforded particular consideration, alongside ways to achieve high-quality research rigour, which still puts the person supported at the centre of any outcome measures. Originality/value This commentary is aimed in part at practitioners working in the field of learning disabilities and employment/vocation, who are keen to conduct close-to-practice research.

Social Support for Informal Caregivers of Spouses and Parents(-in-Law) Aged 60 Years and Older During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From a Representative German Online Survey.

ObjectivesWe analyzed whether spousal and adult child caregivers of older adults differed from each other and from non-caregivers in terms of the social support available to them during the COVID-19 pandemic, whether available support differed by gender, and whether the perception of pandemic restrictions moderated these differences.MethodsParticipants (≥40 years) were randomly drawn from the population-based German online panel forsa.omninet. Between 4 th and 19 th March 2021, 2520 non-caregivers, 337 adult child caregivers and 55 spousal caregivers were questioned about social support, perception of pandemic restrictions, health and sociodemographic information. Adjusted regression analyses and moderator analyses were conducted.ResultsAdult child caregivers had higher social support from family and friends than non-caregivers, and more support from friends than spousal caregivers. Spousal caregivers had less social support from friends compared to both groups. The perceived restrictions of the pandemic moderated the differences in support from family and friends between spousal caregivers and non-caregivers, and the differences between spousal and adult child caregivers in support from friends. Gender moderated the difference in support by friends between caregiving and non-caregiving wives and sons(-in-law).DiscussionInformal caregivers seemed to have a supportive informal network during the pandemic. However, spousal caregivers only had similar levels of support as adult child caregivers if they strongly perceived restrictions of the pandemic, and had the lowest support level of all three groups – in particular from friends. Thus, spousal caregivers may benefit most from support actions, and these should focus on their wider social network.

Survivors' experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.

Much of the psychosocial care people receive after major incidents and disasters is informal and is provided by families, friends, peer groups and wider social networks. Terrorist attacks have increased in recent years. Therefore, there is a need to better understand and facilitate the informal social support given to survivors. We addressed three questions. First, what is the nature of any informal support-seeking and provision for people who experienced the 2017 Manchester Arena terrorist attack? Second, who provided support, and what makes it helpful? Third, to what extent do support groups based on shared experience of the attack operate as springboards to recovery? Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of 18 physically non-injured survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing, registered at the NHS Manchester Resilience Hub. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed. Participants often felt constrained from sharing their feelings with friends and families, who were perceived as unable to understand their experiences. They described a variety of forms of helpful informal social support, including social validation, which was a feature of support provided by others based on shared experience. For many participants, accessing groups based on shared experience was an important factor in their coping and recovery, and was a springboard to personal growth. We recommend that people who respond to survivors' psychosocial and mental healthcare needs after emergencies and major incidents should facilitate interventions for survivors and their social networks that maximise the benefits of shared experience and social validation.

MZ세대의 문화관람 결정요인에 관한 연구

This study aims to identify factors affecting the cultural attendance of the MZ generation, who are leading the recovery of the cultural market after COVID-19. Based on cultural capital theory and related research, a research model including cultural, economic, social, and environmental capital as predictive variables was presented, and the 2021 Social Survey data was used for analysis. The model fit test was conducted considering the characteristics of the dependent variable with a high frequency of 0, and Zero Inflated Negative Binomial model was adopted for analysis. It was found that the possibility of cultural attendance increased with higher education, more book reading, and more regular newspaper reading. In addition, those who have higher income, participate in economic activities, and live in the metropolitan area were more likely to attend cultural performances. It was found that the narrower the social network composed of family and relatives and the wider the social network of non family, the bigger the possibility of cultural viewing. The frequency of cultural attendance increased significantly for those who read more books, participate in economic activities, with wider social network of family and relatives, and live in the metropolitan area. This study provides information for theoretical development and suggests implications for activating cultural consumption of the MZ generation.