Wide Circle Of Friends Research Articles

INTERFAMILY COMMUNICATION OF UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN BILINGUALS

The aim of the article is to model the situation of oral communication of UkrainianRussian bilinguals within a family by its parameters: topic, place, time, participants. For the purpose of the analysis, the descriptive method and the method of discourse analysis are employed. The paper studied audio recordings of oral interfamily communication among Ukrainian-Russian bilinguals and surzhyk speakers from town and village in the Sumy region. By interfamily communicative interaction we understand a type of everyday communication in which members of different families are involved, who are related by blood (provided they live separately), by marriage or by being godparents. Communication within a family circle is predominately cooperative. However, compared to communication within a wider circle of friends it is more prone to conflict; the interlocutors are, therefore, more likely to follow formal rules for polite conversation. Interfamily speech interaction can be both phatic and informative; it manifests itself through oral (dialogues and polylogues) and written (letters, including emails) communication. However, both forms are characterized by non-codified speech. We have identified the main features of communicative behavior of members of different families taking into account such extralinguistic factors as social role, status, age and gender of interlocutors. We have singled out the specific features of interfamily communication in the context of Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism. We have established, in particular, that both the choice of the language means and the code switching are determined by the following: changes in the topic of conversation, its duration, the birthplace of speakers and the region where they live as well as their respective status and role. In their speech behavior, men employ the tactics of assertiveness, seek to conform to the stereotypes of masculinity. Women, especially the older ones, employ the tactics of transferring their life experience and family values and seek to maintain communicative balance. The older generation is more communicatively active than the young. Further research will test the obtained results against a larger body of empirical data.

The Elizabeth Robinson Montagu Papers at the Huntington Library

The Elizabeth Robinson Montagu Papers at the Huntington Library Mary L. Robertson (bio) and Vanessa Wilkie (bio) a rich and incomparable archive of nearly seven thousand letters to and from Elizabeth Robinson Montagu was purchased in 1925 by Henry E. Huntington for his newly founded research library from the rare-book and manuscript dealer A. S. W. Rosenbach. The acquisition was perfectly consistent with Huntington's policy of collecting original materials for advanced scholarly research in English and American history and literature, and the Montagu papers are now, as they have been from the beginning, a mainstay of the Library's important holdings from eighteenth-century England. In addition to 3,500 letters by Montagu herself (including 691 addressed to her husband, Edward Montagu, 737 to her sister, Sarah Robinson Scott, 754 to Elizabeth Carter, and 254 to Elizabeth Vesey), the collection contains letters written to her by a wide circle of friends and acquaintances, providing a valuable cross section of elite English literary, social, and political life. Here are Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland (62 letters), Frances Boscawen (73), George, Lord Lyttelton (116), Messenger Monsey (71), William Pulteney, Earl of Bath (283), Elizabeth Vesey (96), Gilbert West (54), and William Wilberforce (26). Here too are letters from Montagu's family: from her husband, Edward (439), her sister, Sarah (367), her nephew Matthew Montagu (129),1 and Dorothy Montagu, Countess of Sandwich (50). And finally, there are single or a few pieces penned by other prominent figures in her world: Edmund Burke, Hester Chapone, Thomas Clarkson, David Garrick, Samuel Johnson, Hannah More, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Laurence Sterne, James Stuart, and Horace Walpole. The collection is fairly evenly distributed over the years 1740 through 1800, although the decade of the 1760s is particularly well represented. Topics covered in [End Page 465] the collection—which, unlike most preserved archives, often contains both sides of a correspondence—are wide-ranging, encompassing the literary, political, and social world of Montagu and her friends and acquaintances in London, Bath, Tunbridge Wells, and her home at Sandleford Priory in Berkshire; accounts of travel in England and abroad; and the financial matters and management of family coal mines in Northumberland. Montagu's papers have long been recognized as an important source for the history of England in the second half of the eighteenth century. Between 1809 and 1813 her nephew and executor Matthew Montagu solicited the return of her letters from many of their recipients (or their descendants) and published a selection of correspondence down to 1761,2 but the editorial work fell far short of modern standards and the chronological arrangement (since Montagu seldom fully dated her correspondence) was highly questionable. His granddaughter Emily J. Climenson edited and published in 1906 a second selection of Montagu's letters,3 also to 1761, and left the archive to a friend, Reginald Blunt, with the hope that he would continue her work. In 1923 Blunt published two further volumes of extracts of selected letters, covering the years 1762 through 1800, once again arranged in chronological order based on conjecture from internal evidence.4 Within two years of the publication of Blunt's edition, the Montagu papers were sold to the Huntington, where they were then more comprehensively arranged, and more than one Library cataloguer continued to struggle with the problems of fragmentary and undated or only partially dated letters. Full cataloguing was not completed until June 1952, although the Library had opened the material to research in the later 1920s, assisting readers on-site, microfilming selected items for scholars, and answering research inquiries as time allowed. A summary report about the archive,5 prepared by the Huntington cataloguer who completed the processing, presents a nice snapshot of mid-twentieth-century interests: he stressed information about Montagu's everyday life at London, Sandleford Priory, Bath, and Tunbridge Wells, with water-drinking and bathing, lectures, balls, assemblies, and tea parties; references to current books and plays; medicine (principally discussions of various ailments such as stomach trouble, headaches, eyestrain, influenza, and Montagu's smallpox inoculation); Montagu's various travels to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Bath, Sandleford Spa in 1763, Paris in 1776, and Scotland in 1766 and 1770; "local...

Peter John Leslie

Peter John Leslie had an infectious energy and enthusiasm for his work as a doctor as in so many other areas of life, and he inspired many. His loss has...

Hubert Rees DFC. 2 October 1923 — 13 September 2009

Hubert Rees was born on 2 October 1923 in Llangennech, Carmarthenshire, in Wales, and died on 13 September 2009 in Aberystwyth. Hugh, as he was known to his wide circle of friends and colleagues, was educated at Llandovery and Llanelli grammar schools. After leaving school he joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) and in 1944 he became a Lancaster bomber pilot. On demobilization in 1946 he enrolled as a student at Aberystwyth University, graduating with first-class honours in agricultural botany in 1950. After a short secondment to the John Innes Horticultural Institution at Bayfordbury he took up an appointment as Lecturer in Cytology at the newly-formed Department of Genetics at Birmingham University. In 1958 he returned to Aberystwyth as Senior Lecturer in Agricultural Botany, being promoted to Reader in 1966 and ultimately Professor and Head of Department. He rapidly built up an internationally acclaimed school of study into the genetic control of chromosome behaviour in plants, and on evolutionary changes in chromosome organization. Hugh Rees had an impressive intellect and was an inspirational teacher who left his mark on all who came under his supervision. In 1983 he was appointed Vice Principal at Aberystwyth. He retired in 1991 and then pursued his many interests and hobbies. Together with his wife, Mavis, he was well known to many friends and colleagues for his generous hospitality, his love of good food and wine, and as a raconteur. Hugh is survived by his wife, a son and two daughters. Another son predeceased him.

The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad. Volume 8: 1923–1924. Ed. Laurence Davies and Gene M. Moore.The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad. Volume 9: Uncollected Letters and Indexes. Ed. Laurence Davies, Owen Knowles, Gene M. Moore, and J. H. Stape.

‘Twilight lies already on these pages’ (240), wrote Conrad to Arnold Bennett about his last complete novel, The Rover (1923). He was alluding to the valedictory figure of the old sailor Peyrol and perhaps also to the enigmatic epigraph: ‘Sleep after toile, port after stormie seas, Ease after warre, death after life, does greatly please’. The choice of these elegiac lines, spoken by Despair in Spenser's Faerie Queene, and later to be inscribed on Conrad's gravestone, might be thought to suggest the writer's sense of his own approaching end. Yet the letters of the last nineteen months of Conrad's life reveal an undiminished commitment to his wide circle of friends and acquaintances, both new and old, and testify to a mind still actively engaged with the world around it and able to offer penetrating insights on developments in literature and the arts, contemporary events and politics. Although his physical...

Manuel Rodriguez Gomez, MD (1928–2006)

The world lost a brilliant neurologist with the death of Manuel Rodriguez Gomez on January 21, 2006, in Rochester, MN. His family and wide circle of friends and colleagues lost a wonderful father, friend, mentor, and teacher with an extraordinary talent for life. Manuel Gomez was born in Spain in the city of Minaya in La Mancha on July 4, 1928. He would comment later in life that he had been delighted to witness the celebrations on his auspicious birthday when he first came to the United States. The first decade of his life took place against the background of the Spanish Civil War, in which he narrowly escaped injury or death on more than one occasion. His family moved to Cuba in 1940, where he continued his education, graduating Doctor of Medicine from Universidad de la Habana in 1952. His critical comments on the Batista regime, voiced in the course of subsequent boisterous graduation celebrations, led to his detention by the authorities. He was able to extricate himself from this dangerous situation, and made good his escape to the United States. He began his postgraduate training in the United States at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago and continued his studies of neurology and anatomy at the University of Michigan with Russell DeJong and Elizabeth Crosby. This work culminated in the …

10 minute consultation: Persistent crying in babies

A young mother presents with her 12 week old son, complaining that he “cries all the time.” She also has a three year old daughter who was “never a problem.” Elicit the mother's views--What does she think the problem might be? Take seriously any specific concerns she has. How experienced is she? For example, does she appreciate that the duration and frequency of crying can vary considerably between infants and at different times in the same infant? How is she coping? Is she depressed? Ask about what sources of support she has at home or among her wider circle of friends and relatives and whether she needs any additional help. Nature of the crying--Excessive crying is defined medically as crying that lasts at least three hours a day, for three days a week, for at least three weeks. Is there …

Persistent crying in babies

A young mother presents with her 12 week old son, complaining that he “cries all the time.” She also has a three year old daughter who was “never a problem.”...

Faraday and Babbage

The lives of Michael Faraday and Charles Babbage, with their common birth year of 1791, were closely linked by their personal friendship, scientific interests and wide circle of friends. Our ‘electrical civilization’ is synonymous with Faraday and our ‘computer age’ has much praise for Babbage. However, little has been written about their common history; this article is a belated contribution to their bicentenary.

One of Us? William Camden and the Making of HistoryThe Camden Society Centenary Lecture

The Royal Historical Society will not be startled to learn that one of the best-informed essays on William Camden was written by its quondam president, Sir Maurice Powicke:A great book might be written about Camden, his life and his works, his wide circle of friends and correspondents and his humanity. It would be a very difficult book to write, for its author would have to be steeped in the social history of the time and to be familiar with the personal life, the friendships and all the correlated activities of scholars all over the western world in Camden's day. To recapture that society with learning and imaginative amplitude might well engage a fine and patient and sympathetic scholar in the work of a lifetime.

George Blanchard Lucas, 1915 to 1997

George Blanchard Lucas, 1915 to 1997

The Wider Circle of Friends in Adolescence

Adolescents interact with a variety of peers, in addition to the close friends generally emphasized in the literature. In this article I contrast the style and content of the communications directed to close friends and other youths characterized by varying degress of "nearness and remoteness." The handwritten messages found in high school yearbooks are analyzed and used to illustrate some of the distinct features of each type of discourse. This analysis suggests that while intimate relations undoubtedly play a key role in development, adolescents also learn a great deal about themselves and the social world they must navigate throught their interactions with the wider circle of friends.

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome--from the inside

After a period of grieving and adjustment amputees eventually accept their loss, picking up the threads of their life. Their loss is obvious and evokes understanding and support. But when someone becomes the victim of a rare disabling condition such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy the victim cannot know what he or she must accept or how to plan for the future. In 1978 my left brachial plexus was damaged by the seat belt that saved my life in a serious motor accident. On regaining consciousness I was aware of an intense sensation of ice and fire and pins and needles on the left side of my neck, radiating down my left arm and upwards to myface. Compared with this my fractured left wrist was of minor interest. Although the intensity of these sensations lessened after a few minutes, they have continued more or less unabated for 16 years. At the time of my accident I was physically fit, athletic, and outgoing, with a wide circle of friends and a full life. Work and leisure pursuits were essentially physical. Robbed of these by an obscure medical condition causing pain upon physical or emotional stimulation, I became withdrawn and depressed. After the accident I experienced acute hypersensitivity and pain in my wrist, which was in plaster: any incautious movement of my left shoulder produced piercing pain. My sense of touch was impaired—for instance, to the fingers of my injured hand my skin felt like pumice stone. Cold always intensifies the pain. …

Agostino Valier and the Conceptual Basis of the Catholic Reformation

The influence of Agostino Valier on the theoretical formulations behind the Catholic Reformation and on its practical reforms is little known. There are reasons for this lack of recognition. Unlike Robert Bellarmine and Caesar Baronius, his illustrious contemporaries, he did not leave behind one or two great works on which the eyes of the Catholic and non-Catholic worlds were fixed. Unlike them, he was not in the center of major theological or historical controversies. From behind the scenes, he exerted a quiet, consistent influence on Catholic intellectual life and reforms over half a century. Much of his impact was the result of his personal contacts with his wide circle of friends, church leaders, and secular rulers of Europe, for whom individually he prepared short treatises concerning major issues confronting them. There were many such treatises. In 1719 Josephus Caminus listed one hundred twenty-eight such titles in his edition of Valier's book De cautione adhibenda in edendis libris which he published in Venice.

Nationalisation and privatisation

Professor Jack Wiseman, formerly Director of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of York, who died in January 1991, had a long‐standing interest in the problems of controlling nationalised and privatised industries. His early writing in the 1950s was highly sceptical of the standard methods of controlling the nationalised industries. In the early 1960s, he was one of the first advocates of de‐nationalisation. Professor Wiseman was interviewed at his home on 29 December 1990. A member of the Advisory Council of the IEA, he was recognised as a seminal thinker far beyond his wide circle of friends.

Malcolm Dixon, 18 April 1899 - 7 December 1985

Malcolm Dixon died in Cambridge, the university city in which he spent the whole of his life, on 7 December 1985, at the age of 86. He achieved international distinction for his work on physical biochemistry, notably the purification of enzymes and the kinetics of enzyme-catalysed reactions, and he will long be remembered in addition for the leading part he played in the introduction of the present systematic nomenclature of enzymes. When he began research in 1921, even the chemical nature of enzymes as proteins was far from settled. Through his research and teaching, and the publication of three outstanding books, he did much to put the study of enzymes on a firm quantitative basis. And when he died, this intensely shy and private man, who lived according to deeply held Christian beliefs, was mourned by a wide circle of friends and admirers.

Beaverbrook As Historian: “Politicians and the War, 1914-1916” Reconsidered

For students interested in the political history of Britain during the early years of the Great War, Lord Beaverbrook's Politicians and the War, 1914-1916 is now essential reading. This, however, has not always been the case. The historiographical fortunes of this important study, Beaverbrook's modus operandi, and his preoccupations as a historian are the main concerns of this paper. Examination of these issues, combined with a reassessment of of certain key themes and incidents in Politicians and the War allow for a reevaluation not only of the book as a major source for the period but also of that wonderful and partisan fusion of politics and history who was Max Aitken, the first and only Lord Beaverbrook.Beaverbrook, as A.J.P. Taylor's vast biography makes clear, was a man of many parts. Politics colored almost everything he did. His politics were those of the Unionist (later the Conservative) Party and, as a Canadian colonial who had come to Britain to augment further his considerable fortune, he identified strongly with the Tariff Reform wing of the party in the years before the First World War. He was Unionist MP for Ashton-under-Lyne from 1910 to 1916. Within the Unionist Party his closest friend was Andrew Bonar Law, another Canadian born politician, who in 1911 became Leader of the party and was thus a central figure in the tumultuous events examined in Politicians and the War. Aitken also had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances in the Liberal Party. They, too, provided him with another perspective on the politics of the wartime period; one of them, David Lloyd George, in one of his earliest acts as Prime Minister in December 1916, elevated Aitken to the House of Lords where he took the title of Lord Beaverbrook.

Anson Burlingame: Reformer and Diplomat

ANSON BURLINGAME: REFORMER AND DIPLOMAT David L. Anderson It is no coincidence that one of the most innovative American diplomats ever to serve in China was also one of the most active participants in die New England antislavery struggle of the 1840's and 1850's. Former Massachusetts Congressman Anson Burlingame went to Peking in 1861 as the first United States minister plenipotentiary to reside in the Chinese capital. He traveled to his new postwith no diplomatic experience, after having spent more than a decade laboring in the ranks of the Free Soil movement and the new Republican party. Burlingame was young— only 41 years old—when he went to China. He was a reformer and a politician, not a diplomat, and his fresh approach to Sino-Western relations reflected his background. He disagreed with the belief, prevalent among Westerners in China, that the Chinese were an inferior race and not due respect as a people or a nation. Usinghis political skills, Burlingame endeavored to change the assumptions and methods of Western diplomacy in Peking. In recognition of his efforts, the Chinese government in 1867 named him China's first official envoy to the West. The same reform propensity that propelled Burlingame into the political drama that led to the Civil War also carried him to the fore in the Western encounter with China's centuries-old isolation. Burlingame's humble frontier beginnings gave little hint of his future political and diplomatic success. He was born on November 14, 1820, in New Berlin, a farm community in central New York. Joel Burlingame, Anson's father, was a farmer, school teacher, and Methodist lay preacher. When Anson was three, the family moved to Seneca County, Ohio, and in 1833 moved again to the frontier city of Detroit. After only two years in Detroit, the Burlingames made their final move one hundred miles soudiwest to a farm in Branch County, Michigan. Young Anson remained behind, however, to continue his education.1 At age seventeen Burlingame entered the Detroit branch of the fledgling University of Michigan. Since his family was very poor, his 1 Burlingame to his parents, June 30, 1839, Burlingame Family Papers, Library of Congress; Frederick Wells Williams, Anson Burlingame and the First Chinese Mission to Foreign Powers (New York, 1912), 3-5. Civil War History, Vol. XXV, No. 4 Copyright ß 1979 by The Kent State University Press 0009-8078/79/2504-0001 $0.90/0 293 294CIVIL WAR HISTORY only assets were "a frank, noble disposition, habits of industry, a charming and persuasive manner, and promising talents as an orator."2 He attended class irregularly because he had to work to support himself. He copied deeds and documents in a law office, worked on survey crews, and was employed by die Indian Commission in negotiating treaties with tribes in the Great Lakes region. At the university his academic record was not distinguished. He excelled, however, in one area: oratory. His platform talents brought him notice and a wide circle of friends. He became prominent in a literary society and in college politics. At his final examination in rhetoric Burlingame's speech received a loud ovation, which was not only extremely rare for such occasions but also against the rules.3 Burlingame's accomplishments as an outdoorsman, even more than his effective stump-speaking style, revealed his rural, Western background. A man of great strength and endurance, he frequently took walks of fifteen and twenty miles>into the country just for recreation. He enjoyed hunting and was an excellent marksman. Everyone around Detroit knew and talked about his ability to hit an owl in the steeple of the Presbyterian Church at a distance unmatched by anyone else. His reputation with a rifle played almost as important a role as his oratory in his later public career.4 After leaving the university Burlingame entered a law office in Detroit. He acquired a circle of influential friends and patrons, including Zepheniah Piatt, former attorney general of Michigan. He was in frequent demand as a speaker at Washington's Birthday celebrations, lodge meetings, and other occasions. In 1843, however, Burlingame made a momentous decision. He left Detroit and his rapid but modest successes there...

Thomas Archibald Bennet-Clark, 13 January 1903 - 24 November 1975

The death of Thomas Archibald Bennet-Clark was regretted deeply by a wide circle of friends and admirers. The number in this circle was large since Thomas had a gift for friendship which he exercised enthusiastically. He was an indefatigable correspondent. Many will have been glad to receive from him letters written in his characteristic spindly handwriting. These were never arid and had the flavour of being written with the circumstances of the particular correspondent in mind. He was a witty talker. Friends will remember a slightly hesitant speech which was used to enrich a sympathetic but incisive conversation. It was never used to embarrass but always to promote a sympathetic atmosphere. He was physically a small man and in a peculiar way this characteristic seemed to be particularly appropriate to his own ebullient style of good nature. He was a sympathetic and attentive listener, and must have spent long hours in the course of a busy life in discussions of professional and scientific matters. His reward was the friendship and devotion of a remarkable variety of persons. Colleagues became collaborators, students became admirers and professional acquaintances became intimate friends.

An Addition to Annibal Caro's Lettere Familiari: Notes on a Letter to Benedetto Varchi*

The private letters of Annibal Caro (1507-66) collectively offer numerous insights into the literary, scholarly, artistic, and political life of mid-sixteenth-century Italy. Even if it were not for the sheer bulk of Caro's correspondence, and its even distribution throughout the years of his maturity, it would constitute an important historical source simply because he had such a broad range of interests and such a wide circle of friends. As a personal secretary, first to Monsignor Giovanni Gaddi, then to Alessandro and Pier Luigi Farnese, and as a friend of both Marcello Cervini (Marcellus II) and Giovanni Antonio Fachinetti (Innocent IX), Caro had extensive inside knowledge of the political and ecclesiastical activities of the Roman curia at its highest levels.