Bandwidth Of Patch Antenna Research Articles

Wideband patch antenna through introducing co‐plane terminal

AbstractWideband operation is a crucial topic in patch structure research. Various wideband methods have been developed for patch antennas. However, some of the key benefits of patch antennas, such as semi‐space radiation and easy fabrication, are degraded. In this study, we refer to the planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) and propose a co‐plane terminal loading strategy, resulting in an antenna model termed the co‐plane terminal loaded antenna (CTLA). It transforms the dipole‐to‐background metallic via in PIFA to a dipole‐to‐feed gap in CTLA. Because the gap is a coupling connection, the impedance‐match and resonant‐frequency performance improve, resulting in a wider bandwidth. Based on the proposed approach, three CTLAs, including an original CTLA, an improved CTLA, and a multi‐path CTLA, were constructed and simulated, with relative bandwidths of 63.5%, 55%, and 62%, respectively. The radiation pattern is typically patch‐like, radiating in semi‐space, and hybrid polarisation over the working band. Finally, the improved and multi‐path CTLAs are fabricated and measured to validate this method and ensure that the results are consistent with the simulation results accurately. This study proposes a terminal‐loading method for patch structures, which results in wideband radiation. It can be used in wideband phased arrays, communication systems etc.

Electrical properties of acetone imprinted hematite nanomaterials doped with Pd & Ag for gas sensing and simulation of their wireless devices

This article presents a novel technique for wireless hydrothermally improved gas sensor devices enhanced by molecular imprinting technique (MIT) for hematite nanomaterials with the existence of acetone using different ratios (10 %, 15 %, and 25 %) as well as doping with palladium/ silver to detect the imprinted gas. α-Fe2O3 are characterized utilizing field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), photoluminescence, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photo-spectroscopy (XPS), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and utilizes Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) to ascertain their shape, optical properties, and values for surface area and thermal characteristics, respectively. Depending on the preparation conditions, non-regular cubes and rods have typical particle sizes ranging from 25 to 120 nm, acetone imprinted and doped with palladium sample (Ap) offers smaller particles than acetone imprinted sample (A15) making adsorption easier. Where XRD showed all diffraction peaks for α-Fe2O3 as well as XPS authorized the oxidation state, also FTIR showed the characteristic peaks of the stretching mode Fe-O which indicates the formation of α-Fe2O3. Lower defects for (Ap) as it has the highest intensity of 176.15 a.u. in the photoluminescent spectrum, for TGA analysis results explain that pure sample has more thermal stability and lower weight loss. Six hematite films are fabricated using the spin coating technique where acetone molecules are presented during the synthesis process of the nanomaterials to imprint their shapes on the surface of hematite. By measuring the response of the gas sensors and their electrical properties, the I-V curve for Ap showed a rectifying behavior and its shunt resistance (Rsh) is higher than series resistance (Rs) which ensures a high response of (115 %). To develop a wireless gas sensor COMSOL Multiphysics software 5.3(a) software is used for the simulation of three devices model by depositing a layer by specified dimensions of hematites (A15, As, and Ap) with their different electrical conductivities on the surface of rectangular patch antenna by showing geometry, the microstrip patch antenna bandwidth, resonant frequency, scattering parameters, and radiation patterns in the E-plane and 3-D far-field pattern and directivity is calculated also, Sp gives improved reflection coefficient, gain quality factor and directivity due to its high electrical conductivity.

Wideband Patch Antenna with Modified L-Probe Feeding for mmWave 5G Mobile Applications

This paper presents a wideband low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with helical-shaped L-probe feeding (HLF) for mmWave 5G mobile device applications. Parametric studies on the HLF structure are performed to identify the optimal specifications. As a result, the optimized antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 5.4 GHz (24.2–29.6 GHz), good isolation > 18 dB between ports, and 5.1 dBi of good peak realized gain, which is experimentally verified with a 10× upscaled antenna. In addition, various one × four phased arrays with different port configurations and beamform capabilities are designed and simulated for the peak realized gain. The designed antenna array shows a high peak realized gain of 10 dBi, high isolation of 15 dB between the ports, and a small substrate thickness of 0.048λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength of 24.25 GHz). Compared to the state-of-the-art antennas, the designed dual-polarized antenna can operate in the frequency ranges of 24.25–29.6 GHz, including n257, n258, and n261 of the 5G new radio frequency range 2.

Low-Profile Wideband Patch Antenna Using Even and Odd Modes for 5G Terminal Applications

Low-Profile Wideband Patch Antenna Using Even and Odd Modes for 5G Terminal Applications

Corners‐slotted wideband patch antenna gain enhancement with a 3D dielectric lens for Ka‐band satellite communication

SummaryTo improve the gain of the corner‐slotted, wideband microstrip patch antenna (MPA), a three‐dimensional (3D) hemispherical dielectric lens (DL) and dielectric cylinder‐based hybrid structure is introduced. DL is constructed and integrated on the surface of the patch antenna to increase the gain performance. Three‐dimensional printing techniques contribute considerably to lens production. The 3D manufacturing technique provides greater freedom and versatility than conventional manufacturing methods. The DL increased the proposed single‐patch antenna gain from 6.2 to 13.7 dBi with stable gain fluctuation in the working frequency spectrum spanning between 27.5 and 31 GHz. This implies a notable increase in gain of 7.5 dBi and a consistently uniform gain characteristic throughout a 5‐GHz wide frequency range. Furthermore, the DL‐loaded antenna parameters such as |S11|, gain (dBi), axial ratio (AR), radiation efficiency (%), and radiation patterns measured results are compared with simulated plots. Overall, the measured results agree well with the simulated findings. Based on the results, the compact antenna can be chosen for different wireless applications, especially for satellite communication in the proposed band.

Hybrid Method of Artificial Neural Network and Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Optimizing Wideband Patch Antennas

Hybrid Method of Artificial Neural Network and Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Optimizing Wideband Patch Antennas

Machine Learning-Assisted Quasi-Bisection Method for Pixelated Patch Antenna Bandwidth Optimization

Machine Learning-Assisted Quasi-Bisection Method for Pixelated Patch Antenna Bandwidth Optimization

Design of a Circularly Polarized Micro-Strip Antenna for Aircraft Tracking Based on BeiDou III Compatible with Multi-Navigation System.

This paper proposed a right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) micro-strip antenna for multi-navigation system applications. The size of the antenna is 70 mm × 70 mm × 2 mm, which is fabricated on an FR4 substrate. A meandering technique on a patch layer and asymmetrical defected ground structures (DGS) are employed to achieve the purpose of miniaturization and increase the bandwidth of the axial ratio. The prototype of this antenna is fabricated according to simulations where the bandwidth of return loss, bandwidth of axial ratio, and radio pattern are further testified. The bandwidth of return loss (S11) and axial ratio (AR) of the antennas are from 1.540 GHz to 1.612 GHz and 1.554 GHz to 1.601 GHz, which would be available for L1 of GPS, L1 of SBAS, E1 of Galileo as well as B1I and B1C of BDS-3, the last two of which can be used for aircraft tracking. The relative bandwidth is 2.98%, which satisfies the standard of wide-band patch antennas.

Dual-Polarized Duplex Patch Antenna Based on a Multiport Ring Feeding Structure

This letter presents a dual-polarized duplex patch antenna using a multi-port ring feeding circuit. The ring circuit consists of four input ports and four output ports. When one input port of the ring circuit is excited, the four output ports form two pairs of differential ports accordingly. Firstly, a four-port wideband patch antenna is developed using this ring feeding circuit. The four output ports of the ring circuit are directly connected to four metal strips and then coupled to the patch radiator. Once any one of the four antenna ports is excited, wide operating bandwidth covering the base-station band 1710-2690 MHz can be obtained. Secondly, a dual-polarized duplex patch antenna is realized by connecting the four antenna input ports to two pairs of bandpass filters. For different requirements, the center frequencies of the two duplex operating bands can be tuned to desired ones within 1710-2690 MHz using specified filters. For demonstration, a prototype of the dual-polarized duplex antenna operating at 2.0 GHz and 2.6 GHz is implemented. Better than 26 dB measured isolation between all the four ports is realized.

Radiation performance improvement for wideband patch antenna by using characteristic mode analysis

AbstractA novel method is proposed to achieve radiation performance improvement for patch antennas by using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). In our previous work, a microstrip patch antenna composed of a driven patch and parasitic square patches was presented to realize wideband performance. To improve the radiation performance, the parasitic patches are replaced with split ring resonators (SRRs). Compared with the previous antenna, the unwanted higher‐order modes of the proposed antenna are effectively suppressed based on the simulated results of CMA, leading to good radiation performance. Meanwhile, wideband performance is maintained as well. Simulated results indicate that these two antennas share similar wide bandwidth more than 30%. However, the gains at the higher resonant frequency for these two antennas are 10.8 and 11.75 dBi, respectively. Finally, measured results show that the bandwidth of SRR loaded antenna is from 10.5 to 15.3 GHz, and the gain varies from 8 to 11.5 dBi across the operating bandwidth.

A wideband single‐layer slotted patch antenna for millimeter wave 5G applications

AbstractA slotted microstrip patch antenna for fifth‐generation (5G) mobile applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna addresses the intrinsic narrow bandwidth of patch antennas by introducing rectangular slots in the form of a disjointed H‐slot to broaden the bandwidth. The patch design and the slots introduce two extra resonances to broaden the bandwidth of the antenna. An impedance bandwidth of 26.6% from 24.95 to 32.6 GHz was achieved. A measured peak gain of 9.44 dBi was also achieved with a minimum half‐power beamwidth of 36° over the entire bandwidth. The proposed slotted patch antenna is implemented on a 44.6 mm × 26.3 mm × 0.8 mm RT5880 Printed Circuit Board.

A micro-scaled graphene-based wideband (0.57–1.02 THz) patch antenna for terahertz applications

A compact microstrip antenna for terahertz applications is proposed and its characteristic parameters are analyzed by utilizing several conducting and dielectric materials. The proposed terahertz antenna consists of a modified E-shaped patch and slot loaded T-shaped ground plane. The proposed THz antenna structure is designed on a 45 µm thick Rogers RT/Duroid 6010™ substrate with grapheme as a conducting material. The performance parameters are analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator and the optimized dimension of the antenna is 130 × 100 µm2. The graphene based designed antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 450 GHz from 0.57 to 1.02THz with a fractional impedance bandwidth (FBW) of 56.60%. The designed E-shaped antenna shows significant improvements in its FBW and bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) due to the incorporation of rectangular slot in the T-shaped ground plane. The suggested antenna offers maximum reflection coefficient (S11) of −19.49 dB, adequate VSWR (<2) over operating band, peak gain of 3.47dBi, peak radiation efficiency of 92% and bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 1206.05. Furthermore, effects of different dielectric materials (Rogers RT/Duroid 6010, Polyamide, Sio2, Arlon CE 1000) and conducting materials (copper, silver, graphene and gold) on the performance of the proposed antenna are investigated and discussed. The suggested THz antenna is suitable for ultra – speed short distance communication, medical, imaging and sensing applications in THz region.

Loaded notched dual compact rectangular ultra-wideband applications monopole antenna

This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm 3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.

Study and Design of Ultra Wide Band Patch Antennas, Tunable at Several Frequencies in a Cognitive Environment: Case of the City of Lubumbashi

Study and Design of Ultra Wide Band Patch Antennas, Tunable at Several Frequencies in a Cognitive Environment: Case of the City of Lubumbashi

A Low-Profile Wideband Patch Antenna With Modified Parasitic Mushroom Structures on Nonperiodic AMC

In this letter, a low-profile wideband antenna working around 28 GHz based on the nonperiodic artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is presented. Mushroom structures are loaded with central patch to broaden bandwidth. Four vias at edges are added to suppress cross polarization. A parasitically coupled structure is integrated with AMC. The nonperiodic AMC, central patch, and parasitic structures create five resonant modes together. Characteristic mode analysis and effective relative permittivity of AMC are calculated to explain the bandwidth broadening mechanism. A prototype is fabricated to verify the design concept. The measured result shows wide impedance bandwidth of 33% (24.05–33.52 GHz) and high peak gain of 10.24 dBi.

Decoupling of Antenna Pairs Based on Equal Modal Conductance by Antenna-Shape Modification

In this article, a fundamental method based on mutual conductance elimination is proposed for the ultimate decoupling of closely spaced antenna pairs. First, the mutual coupling between radiators is characterized by lossy J/K inverters, and the analysis with circuit models shows that the traditional lumped loading method can only suppress the mutual susceptance. Particularly, the decoupling will not be ultimate unless the mutual conductance is further eliminated, which requires equal modal conductance of the odd and even modes of the antenna pair. After that, a method based on antenna-shape modification is proposed, and three types of antennas are designed with characteristic mode analysis (CMA). As for the single-band and wideband patch antenna pairs, by changing the patch shape into a parallelogram and adjusting the patch angle, the modal conductance of the odd and even modes are regulated to be equal, and the isolation is thus significantly improved when compared with the traditional ones to be loaded with lumped elements. As for the inverted-F antenna (IFA) pair, enhanced isolation is achieved by changing the bending configuration, coupling gap, and ground length of the antenna. Good agreement between simulated and measured results shows that all these antennas have achieved isolation over 20 dB.

Dual wide band patch antenna for WLAN/WiMAX and X-Band operations

A compact, wideband microstrip antenna with dual-band characteristics is modelled on FR-4 (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02) with an overall measurements of 20 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna structure engages at 5 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 3160 MHz (63.2 % fractional bandwidth at 5 GHz center frequency) and at 9.3 GHz with a 10-dB bandwidth of 1900 MHz (20.44 % fractional bandwidth at 9.3 GHz center frequency). The return loss observed is −44.6 dB at 5 GHz and −49.1 dB at 9.3 GHz. The practical specifications such as return losses, current distributions, bandwidths, voltage standing wave ratio and radiation patterns are investigated by utilizing the Ansys HFSS 2020 R2 simulation tool and has presented in the results. Thus the addressed antenna is appropriate for the WLAN, WiMAX and X-band operations.

A compact low profile wideband circularly polarised antenna for WLAN applications

In the past decade, the rapid improvement in wireless communication system has motivated extended research on low profile, compact and cost effective circularly polarised wideband patch antenna. A flexible and new design of wideband circularly polarised antenna finds application of WLAN. The proposed CP wide band antenna contains a rectangular radiating patch with slots on the opposite sides of the patch to achieve CP and the o-shaped semi-circle with squares inscribed to get wide band with truncated ground to achieve two resonating frequencies on little cost FR4-substrate bear thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed final design of the antenna is resonating at frequencies 4 GHz and 5 GHz respectively with good impedance matching values of -37.44 dB and -49.72 dB. The propose structure is maintaining its VSWR at the respective bands from 1-2 with antenna gain around 2.5 dBi. The main objective of this article is to achieve the wide bandwidth and circular polarisation with minimal interferences.

An Omni-Directional Wideband Patch Antenna with Parasitic Elements for Sub-6 GHz Band Applications

An omni-directional inset fed wideband microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for Sub-6 GHz applications has been presented. Initially, a slotted small patch antenna with a full ground plane is designed and then partial ground plane and electromagnetically coupled parasitic elements have been incorporated and optimized to get desired performance. The volume of the studied antenna is 40 × 40 × 1.575 mm3 having a partial ground plane. Rogers RT 5880 is used as the dielectric substrate tier. The simulated operating band of the MPA ranges from 2.67 GHz to 4.20 GHz, covering the N77 and N78 bands with a centre operating frequency of 3.29 GHz. The antenna can also be used for WiMAX rel 2 (3.4–3.6 GHz) applications. After fabrication and testing, the antenna also shows almost the same working band extending from 2.67 GHz to 4.15 GHz. The use of a partial ground plane plays a vital role in making it an omni-directional antenna, and the existence of a rectangular parasitic element in the ground plane influences the improvement of gain and directivity of the antenna. The designed MPA allows it to run as a wide band antenna with a good reflection coefficient profile, high average efficiency, and 1 &lt; VSWR &lt; 2. At a resonant tip of 3.29 GHz, the simulated gain and directivity are 3.16 dB and 3.38 dBi, respectively. The measured gain is slightly higher than the simulated gain. The computer simulation technology (CST) is used for modelling and exploring all the performance matrices of the antenna. The results of the fabricated prototype present very good similarity with the simulated results and both simulated and measured results also support the Sub-6 GHz band. The antenna prototype shows a very well balanced set of radiation characteristics with a miniaturized volume and high efficiency. Therefore, the inset fed MPA can be contemplated as a candid model for Sub-6 GHz band applications.

Electric-Field-Coupled Resonator Antenna for 5G Applications.

In this paper, a compact wideband patch antenna comprising a modified electric-field-coupled resonator with parasitic elements is presented. The resonance at low frequency is achieved due to the electric field polarization along the split of the conventional LC (inductive-capacitive) structure. However, this antenna gives low bandwidth as well as low gain. Some evolutionary techniques are adopted to get a compact wideband antenna at 3GPP bands of 5G. The split width and the ground plane are modified to achieve enhanced bandwidth with good impedance matching, whereas the addition of the parasitic elements on both sides of the microstrip feed line enhances the gain with a slight reduction of bandwidth. The compact dimension of the proposed antenna is 0.26 λL × 0.26 λL × 0.017 λL, where λL is the free space wavelength at the lowest frequency. A prototype of the presented design is fabricated and measured. Measurement shows that the antenna has an operating bandwidth of 19.74% for |S11| < −10 dB where the gain of 1.15 dBi is realized. In addition, the radiation pattern is omnidirectional in the horizontal plane and dumbbell shaped in the elevation plane. The cross-polarization levels in both planes are less than −12 dB.