Wide Variety Of Liquids Research Articles

Intelligent Measuring of the Volume Fraction Considering Temperature Changes and Independent Pressure Variations for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Using an 8-Electrode Sensor and an ANN.

Two-phase fluids are widely utilized in some industries, such as petrochemical, oil, water, and so on. Each phase, liquid and gas, needs to be measured. The measuring of the void fraction is vital in many industries because there are many two-phase fluids with a wide variety of liquids. A number of methods exist for measuring the void fraction, and the most popular is capacitance-based sensors. Aside from being easy to use, the capacitance-based sensor does not need any separation or interruption to measure the void fraction. In addition, in the contemporary era, thanks to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), measurement methods have become much more accurate. The same can be said for capacitance-based sensors. In this paper, a new metering system utilizing an 8-electrode sensor and a Multilayer Perceptron network (MLP) is presented to predict an air and water volume fractions in a homogeneous fluid. Some characteristics, such as temperature, pressure, etc., can have an impact on the results obtained from the aforementioned sensor. Thus, considering temperature changes, the proposed network predicts the void fraction independent of pressure variations. All simulations were performed using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for temperature changes from 275 to 370 degrees Kelvin. In addition, a range of 1 to 500 Bars, was considered for the pressure. The proposed network has inputs obtained from the mentioned software, along with the temperature. The only output belongs to the predicted void fraction, which has a low MAE equal to 0.38. Thus, based on the obtained result, it can be said that the proposed network precisely measures the amount of the void fraction.

JUULing Epidemic Among Youth: A Guide to Devices, Terminology, and Interventions.

JUULing Epidemic Among Youth: A Guide to Devices, Terminology, and Interventions.

Wide-gamut lasing from a single organic chromophore

The development of wideband lasing media has deep implications for imaging, sensing, and display technologies. We show that a single chromophore can be engineered to feature wide-gamut fluorescence and lasing throughout the entire visible spectrum and beyond. This exceptional color tuning demonstrates a chemically controlled paradigm for light emission applications with precise color management. Achieving such extensive color control requires a molecular blueprint that yields a high quantum efficiency and a high solubility in a wide variety of liquids and solids while featuring a heterocyclic structure with good steric access to the lone pair electrons. With these requirements in mind, we designed a lasing chromophore that encloses a lasing color space twice as large as the sRGB benchmark. This record degree of color tuning can in principle be adapted to the solid state by incorporating the chromophore into polymer films. By appropriately engineering the base molecular structure, the widest range of lasing wavelengths observed for a conventional gain medium can be achieved, in turn establishing a possible route toward high-efficiency light emitters and lasers with near-perfect chromaticity.

Ultra-repellency of Al surfaces: design and evaluation

Aluminum (Al) surfaces with ultra-repellency as well as desirable robustness were designed and fabricated. With photolithographic patterning of a thick SU-8 layer and sputtering of a thin Al film, re-entrant micro-pillar textured Al surfaces were prepared. After derivatization with perfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid (FPA), the textured Al surfaces showed ultra-repellency for a wide variety of liquids. The contact angles (CAs) of deionized (DI) water, hexadecane and dodecane were larger than 150°, and those of methanol and ethanol were larger than 100°. The sliding angles (SAs) of DI water, hexadecane and dodecane were 5°, 10°, and 10°, respectively, showing excellent superamphiphobicity. The SAs of methanol and ethanol were in the range of 20°–30°. The robustness of the ultra-repellent Al surface was evaluated by three parameters: robust height (H*), robust angle (T*) and robust factor (A*). For the DI water probing, the values of the parameters are H* ≈ 403, T* ≈ 119 and A* ≈ 92, respectively, indicative of a desirable robustness. We clarified that only re-entrant structures can support composite liquid–solid–vapor interfaces when the corresponding Young’s CAs are smaller than 90°, and the function of the nanometer structures of the hierarchical textures which were widely adopted to fabricate superamphiphobic surfaces is to help construct re-entrant structures. FPA derivatization is effective in lowering the surface energy of Al surfaces, combining with re-entrant textures to provide a simple and high throughput approach to ultra-repellency for a wide variety of liquids.

(R)-12-Hydroxystearic Acid Hydrazides as Very Efficient Gelators: Diffusion, Partial Thixotropy, and Self-Healing in Self-Standing Gels.

The gelation properties of derivatives of N-alkylated (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid hydrazide (n-HSAH, n=0, 2, 6, 10; n is the length of an n-alkyl chain on the terminal nitrogen atom) in a wide variety of liquids is reported. The n-HSAH compounds were derived from a naturally occurring alkanoic acid, (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid (R-12HSA), and although they differ from the analogous N-alkyl (R)-12-hydroxystearamides (n-HSAA) only by the presence of one N-H group, their behavior as gelators is very different. For example, the parent molecule (0-HSAH) is a supergelator in ethylene glycol, in which it forms self-standing gels that are self-healing, partially thixotropic, moldable, and load-bearing; gels of 0-HSAA are not self-standing. 0-HSAH is structurally the simplest molecular gelator of which we are aware that is capable of forming both self-standing and partially thixotropic gels. Also, diffusion of the cationic dye erythrosine B and the anionic dye methylene blue in 0-HSAH/ethylene glycol gel blocks is much slower than the self-diffusion of ethylene glycol. Polarizing optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR studies revealed that the self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFINs) of the gels are crystalline, and that 0-HSAH molecules may be arranged in a triclinic subcell with bilayer stacking. The SAFINs are stabilized by strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the hydrazide groups of adjacent molecules and a perpendicular hydrogen-bonding network between the pendent hydroxyl groups of 0-HSAH. The other n-HSAH (n=2, 6, 10) molecules appear to be arranged in orthorhombic subcells with monolayers and strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the hydrazide group of one gelator molecule and the hydroxyl group of a neighboring one. These results show how small structural modifications of structurally simple gelator molecules can be exploited to form gels with novel properties that can lead potentially to valuable applications, such as in drug delivery.

Continuous Fabrication of Hierarchical and Asymmetric Bijel Microparticles, Fibers, and Membranes by Solvent Transfer-Induced Phase Separation (STRIPS).

Continuous generation of hierarchical and asymmetric bijels based on solvent-transfer-induced phase separation (STRIPS) is demonstrated. In STRIPS, phase separation is induced by solvent extraction from an initially homogeneous ternary mixture, and bicontinuous morphology is stabilized by inter-facial attachment of nano-particles, which are functionalized in situ. STRIPS allows stable bijel formation from a wide variety of liquids and particles.

ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Fibrillar Networks and Molecular Gels Employing 12‐Hydroxystearic Acid and Its Isomers and Derivatives

AbstractReview: [26 refs.

Self‐assembled fibrillar networks and molecular gels employing 12‐hydroxystearic acid and its isomers and derivatives

Self‐assembly of small molecules can lead to many different types of objects and phases. This mini‐review concentrates on the formation of one‐dimensional objects and their transformation into gels from solutions/sols of 12‐hydroxystearic acid, a molecule derived from the castor bean, and its derivatives in a wide variety of liquids. It is shown how the molecular packing within the one‐dimensional objects and the nature of the derived gels can be correlated with systematic variations of the gelator structure and the type of liquid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Oscillations of a Hanging Liquid Drop, Driven by Interfacial Dielectric Force

Abstract Experimental technique is proposed to excite oscillations of a hanging liquid droplet by applying interfacial dielectric force directly upon the droplet surface. The force proved to be applicable for all kinds of liquids and solutions including non-conductive, isolating liquids. The oscillations are detected optically, with the help of a laser beam. The measured resonant frequency modes and resonance half-widths may be used to retrieve information about the surface properties of the droplet (surface tension and surface charge, in particular). The method is applicable to a wide variety of liquids and interfaces. Possible applications are analyzed and discussed.

Submerged cryogenic motor materials development

A unique application for three-phase random and form-wound squirrel-cage motors and generators and their insulation systems is their operation while submerged in liquefied gases at cryogenic temperatures. Motors utilized for this service initially appeared in the late 1950s using standard air-motor designs and insulation systems. More specialized systems and designs were developed throughout the 1970s and 1980s and, as more extensive testing was conducted on motors in these applications, a better understanding of the properties of materials operating in dielectric fluids at cryogenic temperatures was gained. It was found that many of the problems associated with air motors, such as partial discharge, corona, thermal life, and oxidation, were absent on submerged motors. This has enabled engineers to better tailor each motor to its specific application. Over the years, end users have been steadily increasing the demands on these motors, and their sizes have grown ever larger. Today, submerged electric motors are used at loads as high as 2,500 kW, 7 kV, and in a wide variety of liquids, many much warmer than the cryogenic temperatures of earlier designs.

Modular transducer system

A modular transducer system (10) includes a small, hand held adapter which remains permanently attached to an ultrasound system console and permits the rapid connection and disconnection of individual, sterilized ultrasound transducers. In a preferred embodiment, the hand held adapter is connected to the system by a retractable cable (18). In another preferred embodiment, the individual transducers are identifiable by the system using transducer generated binary codes. The individual transducers (12) are submersible in a wide variety of liquids including cleaning solutions and disinfectants. The small transducers (12) are easily stored at the site of ultrasound examination. Bulky, awkward, time consuming cables and connectors are eliminated.

Noncombustion Waste Management Studies

Noncombustion wastes are low-volume streams produced in operations and processes independent of the combustion cycle. EPRI's new manual, now in draft format, describes options for handling utility noncombustion wastes. Noncombustion wastes consist of a wide variety of liquids and solids. Some wastes (for example, boiler cleaning waste and petroleum-contaminated soil) are produced intermittently, while others (solvents and laboratory standards) are generated routinely. Insulation materials and some other wastes arise from special projects such as building demolition. EPRI is conducting noncombustion waste studies in several phases. The manual on Options for Handling Noncombustion Wastes, Phase 1, is available in draft form to EPRI members and will be published early in 1990. Phase 2 studies will be completed in mid-1990. Researchers will present results at an EPRI conference in October 1990.

Sonoluminescence

Abstract Sonoluminescence (SL) is the name given to the light emitted when a liquid is cavitated in a particular (rather violent) manner. The appropriate cavitation conditions can be realized by using high intensity ultrasound, a spark discharge, a laser pulse, or by flowing the liquid through a Venturi tube. SL occurs in a wide variety of liquids, its intensity and spectrum depending on the nature of the solvent and the solute (including dissolved gas). The intensity, but apparently not the spectrum, also depends on the frequency of the sound and on the temperature and hydrostatic pressure of the liquid. In a standing wave sound field the SL originates from bubbles attracted to the pressure antinodes and has its maximum intensity when the bubble volume is a minimum. The phase of the sound cycle at which this occurs depends on the amplitude and frequency of the sound field. Spectral measurements show that SL originates mainly from the recombination of free radicals created within the high temperature and high pressure environment of a bubble undergoing an adiabatic compression, as may happen either during transient cavitation or during highly non-linear, but stable, cavitation. In discussing these, and other, attributes of SL this review emphasizes developments over the past 20 years. Because of the importance of the dynamical theory of bubbles to a full understanding of SL, it includes an account of bubble dynamics. In addition, it describes the various experimental techniques employed in the creation and analysis of SL. Although the review lays particular stress on the SL produced via acoustic cavitation, it also examines the characteristics of the SL produced using other methods of cavitation.

A rotating annular chromatograph for continuous metal separations and recovery

Multicomponent liquid chromatographic separations have been achieved by using a slowly rotating annular bed of sorbent material. By continuously introducing the feed material to be separated at a stationary point at the top of the bed and eluent everywhere else around the annulus, elution chromatography occurs. The rotation of the sorbent bed causes the separated components to appear as helical bands, each of which has a characteristic, stationary exit point; hence, the separation process is truly continuous. The concept has been developed primarily on a 279-mm-diam by 0.6-m-long device with a 12.7-mm-wide annulus. The effect of annulus width and diameter has recently been studied using the same device with a 50.8-mm-wide annulus and another 0.6-m-long chromatograph with an 89-mm diameter and annulus widths of 6.4, 12.7, and 22.2 mm. These columns have been constructed of Plexiglas and typically operate at a gauge pressure of 175 kPa. To further study the effect of size and pressure, a new 445-mm-diam by 1-m-long column with a 31.8-mm-wide annulus has been fabricated. Its metal construction allows preparative-scale operation with a wide variety of liquids at pressures to 1.3 MPa. Three metal recovery systems have been explored: (i) separation of iron and aluminum in ammonium sulfate-sulfuric acid solutions; (ii) separation of hafnium from zirconium in sulfuric acid solutions; and (iii) the separation of copper, nickel, and cobalt in ammonium carbonate solutions. This last system simulates the leach liquor of the Caron process for recovering nickel and cobalt from laterite ores. It has been studied, using similar conditions, on each of the chromatographs, and the results demonstrate the effect of column dimensions on the quality and quantity of the separation.

A hot wire sensor for liquid level detection

A simple hot wire liquid level sensor suitable for accurate detection of liquid levels is described. The sensor is characterised by a fast temporal response of typically 20 ms for slow immersion in organic liquids and 5 ms for immersion in water. Temporal response improves as the immersion speed is increased. The sensor is inexpensive, compact, of simple construction and is suitable as a level detector for a wide variety of liquids over an extensive temperature range. A smooth liquid surface may be located to within an accuracy of better than 100 mu m. Application of a combination of two level sensors to the absolute measurement of volumetric flow rates of free flowing liquids is also described.