Wide Variations In Appearance Research Articles

Contextual Guided Segmentation Framework for Semi-supervised Video Instance Segmentation

In this paper, we propose contextual guided segmentation (CGS) framework for video instance segmentation in three passes. In the first pass, i.e.,preview segmentation, we propose Instance Re-Identification Flow to estimate main properties of each instance (i.e., human/non-human, rigid/deformable, known/unknown category) by propagating its preview mask to other frames. In the second pass, i.e.,contextual segmentation, we introduce multiple contextual segmentation schemes. For human instance, we develop skeleton-guided segmentation in a frame along with object flow to correct and refine the result across frames. For non-human instance, if the instance has a wide variation in appearance and belongs to known categories (which can be inferred from the initial mask), we adopt instance segmentation. If the non-human instance is nearly rigid, we train FCNs on synthesized images from the first frame of a video sequence. In the final pass, i.e.,guided segmentation, we develop a novel fined-grained segmentation method on non-rectangular regions of interest (ROIs). The natural-shaped ROI is generated by applying guided attention from the neighbor frames of the current one to reduce the ambiguity in the segmentation of different overlapping instances. Forward mask propagation is followed by backward mask propagation to further restore missing instance fragments due to re-appeared instances, fast motion, occlusion, or heavy deformation. Finally, instances in each frame are merged based on their depth values, together with human and non-human object interaction and rare instance priority. Experiments conducted on the DAVIS Test-Challenge dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework. We achieved the 3rd consistently in the DAVIS Challenges 2017–2019 with 75.4%, 72.4%, and 78.4% in terms of global score, region similarity, and contour accuracy, respectively.

Free-form scanning of non-planar appearance with neural trace photography

We propose neural trace photography, a novel framework to automatically learn high-quality scanning of non-planar, complex anisotropic appearance. Our key insight is that free-form appearance scanning can be cast as a geometry learning problem on unstructured point clouds, each of which represents an image measurement and the corresponding acquisition condition. Based on this connection, we carefully design a neural network, to jointly optimize the lighting conditions to be used in acquisition, as well as the spatially independent reconstruction of reflectance from corresponding measurements. Our framework is not tied to a specific setup, and can adapt to various factors in a data-driven manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on a number of physical objects with a wide variation in appearance. The objects are captured with a light-weight mobile device, consisting of a single camera and an RGB LED array. We also generalize the framework to other common types of light sources, including a point, a linear and an area light.

A comparative anatomy of the lingual apparatus of Indian doves (genus: Streptopelia and Stigmatopelia), Aves: Columbidae

BackgroundThe structure of the lingua of birds frequently gives some clue to the principal diet and manner of feeding of the species. The lingua is suitably modified for this purpose or does not intent the present work to understand it. The anatomical details of the lingual apparatus and their associated epidermal, musculature, and osteological elements of Indian doves (Aves: Columbidae) Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and laughing dove (Stigmatopelia senegalensis) with comparison are lacking in the literature.ResultsA total of eight (n = 8/species) freshly preserved adult specimens with natural mortalities from Central Saurashtra, Western India, were examined. All the morphological features of species were observed in living as well as in preserved with the help of a pair of binoculars in the field and in the laboratory with stereo zoom dissecting microscope and camera lucida which are used for illustrations. The anatomical study includes the epidermal structures of the buccal region, lingua, apparatus hyobranchialis, and lingual muscles in relation to feeding behaviors and food. All these aspects are correlated with the food habits and finally with the muscles which bring about the suitable movements of the lingua.ConclusionThe lingua in Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and laughing dove (Stigmatopelia senegalensis) studied here does not exhibit any wide variations in appearance as such. Although the comparison between the two dove species is reflected, a relation in diverse food habits and all the morphological variables do not reflect allometric consequences of selection on body size. Finally, the assumption appears intuitively right between morphology, food habits, and variable size of the food items and clears various microhabitat choices in adverse conditions.

Fine-grained bird recognition by using contour-based pose transfer

We propose a pose transfer method for fine-grained classifications of birds that have wide variations in appearance due to different poses and subcategories. Specifically, bird pose is transferred by using Radon-transform-based contour descriptor, k -means clustering, and K nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier. During training, we clustered annotated image samples into certain poses based on their normalized part locations and used the cluster centers as their consistent part constellations for a particular pose. At the testing stage, Radon-transform-based contour descriptor is used to find the pose a sample belongs to with a KNN classifier by using cosine similarity, and normalized part constellations are transferred to the unannotated image according to the pose type. Bag-of-visual words with OpponentSIFT and color names extracted from each part and from the global image are concatenated as feature vector, which is input to support vector machine for classification. Experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains from our method on the Caltech-UCSD Birds-2011 dataset for the fine-grained bird classification task.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Gundpak – A Traditional Milk Product of Nepal

<p><em>Gundpak, </em>is a popular <em>khoa </em>based traditional milk product of Nepal and commonly used as a sweet. Twelve market samples of <em>Gundpak</em> were collected from the different areas of Kathmandu valley. The physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological analyses of the samples were investigated. The commercial samples were not consistent in their chemical compositions. The moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates and ash were varied from 10.1 to 21.2, 10.6 to 16.5, 16.8 to 30.3, 29.0 to 54.8, 2.4 to 3.7 percentages, respectively. The microbiological analysis showed that <em>Total Plate Count, Yeast </em>and <em>Mold, and Coliform</em> were varied from 0 to 5 × 10<sup>4</sup>, 0 to 8.0 × 10<sup>3</sup>, 0-1.1 × 10<sup>2</sup>, whereas there was no growth of <em>Staphylococci</em>. The hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, chewiness and adhesiveness values were varied from 31.7 to 245.3 N, 90.03 to 296.3, 7.84 to 22.06 N, 2.36 to 7.62, 1.45 to 16.2 N.mm, and 0.3 to 6.8 mNm, respectively, among the samples. In the commercial samples, colour parameter, L<strong><sup>*</sup></strong>values was varied from 17.12 to 42.08, indicating wide variations in appearance from light to dark brown. The overall sensory quality did not show significant variations. The minerals, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc and copper were in the ranges from 390.7-527.15, 25.56-40.43, 188.86-215.93, 282.0-378, 0.41-0.52, 1.31-2.58 and 0.11-0.16 mg/100 g sample, respectively. These results indicated that Nepalese <em>Gundpak</em> significantly vary in physico-chemical characteristics and hence require optimization of product ingredients and processing technology to get uniform high quality.</p>

Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia: A Histological Diagnosis

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a rare, benign, proliferative disease of the breast and is typically found incidentally. It can have a wide variation in appearance mammographically and sonographically; therefore, a needle biopsy is always necessary to establish a diagnosis.

Congenital Heart Disease: An Illustrated Diagnostic Approach

This revised and elegantly produced version of the 1954 text aims to emphasize the importance of precise diagnosis of congenital heart disease and is directed toward the medical student, intern, resident, pediatrician, internist, radiologist and surgeon. The first half of the material deals with clinical evaluation, roentgenographic and electrocardiographic examination, special studies and treatment; the other half is an atlas of cyanotic and acyanotic malformations of the heart. Clinical evaluation is dealt with in a comprehensive manner and contains good practical advice. An otherwise satisfactory introduction to electrocardiography is marred by poor labeling of the electrocardiograms and bad quality of vectorcardiograms. The authors give a detailed account of the interpretation of chest films, but they devote surprisingly little space to the wide variations in appearance of lung vascularity in patients with left to right shunts of comparable size, or the real difficulty in determining whether vascularity is normal or increased

Coprozoic Protozoa from Wyoming Mammals

SYNOPSIS. Coprozoic protozoa from elk, bison, bear, moose, coyote, marmot, cattle, horse, sheep and man were kept in feces at 4° C. for 2–6 months. During that time in most of the samples there developed the flagellates Cercomonas sp., Copromonas ruminantium and Monas communis; the amoebae Vahlkampfia sp. and Sappinia diploidea, and ciliates of the Nyctotherus type, and an unidentified smaller species. There was a correlation between numbers of protozoa and bacteria. The same species of protozoa in soil or in soil mixed with boiled feces failed to live. Coprozoic protozoa may require certain essential metabolites from bacteria as do true parasites. The wide variation in appearance of cysts made it practically impossible to identify the protozoa with certainty in that stage. Reliance had to be on motile forms which readily developed in the cold cultures.

Measuring the radiopacity of the lip and mandible.

I T HAS been a common experience among those who study dental radiographs to note the wide variation in appearance among sets of radiographs produced with standard technics. The routine x-ray examination of a group of individuals will produce some sets of radiographs which are generally dark or dense and other sets which appear quite light or thin, but the appearance of the majority of the sets will lie between the dark and light extremes. It is the purpose of this paper to report an investigation which was made to determine and predict the occurrence of the factors which cause the wide variations in the appearance of radiographs produced by conventional technics. There are manv variables involveed in the production of a radiograph. Each variable is a possible cause of the wide radiographic variations which occur among individuals.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE “STRIPE” DISEASE OF NARCISSUS

SUMMARYThe wide variation in appearance of infected plants gives rise to the question whether the name “Stripe” is being applied to one or more diseases. The histological bases of the various types of symptoms are described, and it is shown that they are all produced by the same three factors acting with varying degrees of relative intensity.It is suggested that the disease is caused by a virus complex having at least three components. Inclusion bodies in the cells of diseased plants are described which resemble the X‐bodies associated with some virus diseases.This investigation is being carried out under the auspices of the Agricultural Research Council.