Wide Range Of Other Areas Research Articles

Insights Into the Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits in Napier Grass (Cenchrus purpureus) and QTL Regions Governing Forage Biomass Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Feed Quality Traits.

Napier grass is the most important perennial tropical grass native to Sub-Saharan Africa and widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, primarily as a forage crop for animal feed, but with potential as an energy crop and in a wide range of other areas. Genomic resources have recently been developed for Napier grass that need to be deployed for genetic improvement and molecular dissection of important agro-morphological and feed quality traits. From a diverse set of Napier grass genotypes assembled from two independent collections, a subset of 84 genotypes (although a small population size, the genotypes were selected to best represent the genetic diversity of the collections) were selected and evaluated for 2 years in dry (DS) and wet (WS) seasons under three soil moisture conditions: moderate water stress in DS (DS-MWS); severe water stress in DS (DS-SWS) and, under rainfed (RF) conditions in WS (WS-RF). Data for agro-morphological and feed quality traits, adjusted for the spatial heterogeneity in the experimental blocks, were collected over a 2-year period from 2018 to 2020. A total of 135,706 molecular markers were filtered, after removing markers with missing values >10% and a minor allele frequency (MAF) <5%, from the high-density genome-wide markers generated previously using the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method of the DArTseq platform. A genome-wide association study (GWAS), using two different mixed linear model algorithms implemented in the GAPIT R package, identified more than 35 QTL regions and markers associated with agronomic, morphological, and water-use efficiency traits. QTL regions governing purple pigmentation and feed quality traits were also identified. The identified markers will be useful in the genetic improvement of Napier grass through the application of marker-assisted selection and for further characterization and map-based cloning of the QTLs.

Job Recommendation System Implementation in Python vs. C++

Implementing a machine learning algorithm gives you a deep and practical appreciation for how the algorithm works. This knowledge can also help you to internalize the mathematical description of the algorithm by thinking of the vectors and matrices as arrays and the computational intuitions for the transformations on those structures. There are numerous micro-decisions required when implementing a machine learning algorithm, like Select programming language, Select Algorithm, Select Problem, Research Algorithm, Unit Test and these decisions are often missing from the formal algorithm descriptions. The notion of implementing a job recommendation (a classic machine learning problem) system using to two algorithms namely, KNN [3] and logistic regression [3] in more than one programming language (C++ and python) is introduced and we bring here the analysis and comparison of performance of each. We specifically focus on building a model for predictions of jobs in the field of computer sciences but they can be applied to a wide range of other areas as well. This paper can be used by implementers to deduce which language will best suite their needs to achieve accuracy along with efficiency We are using more than one algorithm to establish the fact that our finding is not just singularly applicable.

Assessment of Growing Thermal Conditions of Main Fruit Species in Portugal Based on Hourly Records from a Weather Station Network

Thermal conditions in mainland Portugal were evaluated using a new hourly database over the recent period of 2000–2018 (19 years). The number of hours within each different temperature interval was calculated from the long-term means of the hourly temperatures of a network of 63 meteorological stations. A geostatistical approach, using elevation, distance to coastline and latitude, was subsequently applied to provide gridded patterns at a high spatial resolution (1 km grid spacing). Eight fruit species (almond tree, carob tree, chestnut tree, citrus fruits, cork oaks, holm oaks, olive trees, and grapevines) were selected to assess their hourly thermal growing conditions. The results highlight the strong spatial variability of temperature levels in mainland Portugal, providing new insights into their spatial distribution. The number of hours in the year with cool conditions (4–12 °C) is higher in the northern-central regions, mainly in mountainous areas. Additionally, the number of hours in the year with temperate conditions (12–20 °C) emphasizes the importance of the distance to the coastline (maritime influence). The warm conditions (20–28 °C) are most prevalent in the south of the country and in the Douro valley, whereas the very warm conditions (number of hours with temperature between 28–36 °C) are essentially restricted to inner-southern Portugal and to the upper Douro valley. This study also reveals, with high accuracy, the thermal growing conditions of main fruit species in mainland Portugal, giving particular emphasis to olive trees and grapevines. These findings may help decision support systems providing more reliable and accurate guidelines to stakeholders, decision-makers, and farmers. The main maps are available in a widely used file format (shapefile), thus allowing their application to a wide range of other areas of interest.

FUZZY CLASSIFICATION OF DICHOTOMOUS TEST ITEMS AND SOCIAL INDICATORS DIFFERENTIATION PROPERTY

In many fields of human activities such as economics, sustainable development, construction, human resources management etc., dichotomous tests are employed to measure some observed property, for example knowledge level in a specific field or applicant’s eligibility for a job position. Fuzzy classification method for dichotomous test items is proposed in this paper. Depending on the observed property, each test item may well differentiate all testees or only the testees who are strong or weak at that property. Also, the test item may badly differentiate all testees and be inappropriate for that purpose. The method presented in the paper may be applied for small groups of testees with known estimates of the investigated property, for example raw test scores. The proposed method for dichotomous test item classification is based on the fuzzy set theory. Though the tests were originally constructed for knowledge measurement, their mathematical models can be applied for social indicators and wide range of other areas.

Dancing with Gravity-Why the Sense of Balance Is (the) Fundamental.

The sense of balance, which is usually barely noticeable in the background of each of our movements, only becomes manifest in its function during intense stimulation or in the event of illness, which may quite literally turn your world upside down. While it is true that balance is becoming a bigger issue, that is mainly because people are losing it more frequently. So why is balance not as commonly talked about in psychology, medicine or the arts as the other five traditional senses? This is partly due to its unusual multi-modal nature, whereby three sensory inputs are coordinated and integrated by the central nervous system. Without it, however, we might not have much use for the other senses. The sense of balance encompasses the bodily experience in its entirety. Not only do we act with the body, we may also think and feel through it and with it. Bodily states are not simply effects of cognition; they cause it as well. Equilibrioception is an essential sense and it is interconnected with a wide range of other areas, including cognition, perception, embodiment, the autonomic nervous system, aesthetics, the arts, and education.

Temporal correlations among functionally specialized striatal neural ensembles in reward-conditioned mice.

As the major input to the basal ganglia, the striatum is innervated by a wide range of other areas. Overlapping input from these regions is speculated to influence temporal correlations among striatal ensembles. However, the network dynamics among behaviorally related neural populations in the striatum has not been extensively studied. We used large-scale neural recordings to monitor activity from striatal ensembles in mice undergoing Pavlovian reward conditioning. A subpopulation of putative medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) was found to discriminate between cues that predicted the delivery of a reward and cues that predicted no specific outcome. These cells were preferentially located in lateral subregions of the striatum. Discriminating MSNs were more spontaneously active and more correlated than their nondiscriminating counterparts. Furthermore, discriminating fast spiking interneurons (FSIs) represented a highly prevalent group in the recordings, which formed a strongly correlated network with discriminating MSNs. Spike time cross-correlation analysis showed the existence of synchronized activity among FSIs and feedforward inhibitory modulation of MSN spiking by FSIs. These findings suggest that populations of functionally specialized (cue-discriminating) striatal neurons have distinct network dynamics that sets them apart from nondiscriminating cells, potentially to facilitate accurate behavioral responding during associative reward learning.

The evolution of anti-circumvention law

Countries around the world have since 1996 updated copyright laws to prohibit the circumvention of ‘Technological Protection Measures’, technologies that restrict the use of copyright works with the aim of reducing infringement and enforcing contractual restrictions. This article traces the legislative and treaty history that lies behind these new legal provisions, and examines their interaction with a wide range of other areas of law: from international exhaustion of rights, through competition law, anti-discrimination measures, regulation of computer security research, constitutional rights to freedom of expression and privacy, and consumer protection measures. The article finds that anti-circumvention law as promoted by US trade policy has interfered with public policy objectives in all of these areas. It picks out key themes from the free trade agreements, legislation and jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, USA, EU member states, and South American, Asian and Australasian nations. There is now a significant movement in treaty negotiations and in legislatures to reduce the scope of anti-circumvention provisions to ensure their compatibility with other important policy objectives.

Nigerian resources: Changing the playing field

Nigeria's significant oil reserves have lured the Chinese not only into the resources sector but also into a wide range of other areas in this strategic market, pushing out its more traditional business partners from the West.

X-ray computed tomography – a truly remarkable medical development

The advent of computed tomography (CT) in the early 1970s changed the practice of medicine forever. It was like switching on a light in a darkened room, a light which burns ever more brightly as advances in technology have taken us from early generation CT scanners, to single slice and then to multislice machines. The first clinical results were presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Institute of Radiology in 1972 by Dr Jamie Ambrose, who showed images from the prototype of the very first EMI brain scanner. The atmosphere in the lecture theatre was electric, there was standing room only and I was there as a very junior trainee in radiology. The ability to demonstrate lesions in the brain, tumours, abscesses and haemorrhage directly for the first time caught the imagination of radiologists around the World. It was clear even in those early days that the invention of CT had launched a new era in the detection and evaluation of disease. Professor Isherwood undertook pioneering work at Manchester University on the first commercial EMI scanner and the radiology literature began to reveal the potential impact of CT on the management of patients. Then, in 1975 Sir Godfrey took the World by storm once more with the announcement of body CT at an international conference in Bermuda. The feverish activity which followed again took radiology to the forefront of medical advance. I was fortunate to work with Dr Louis Kreel on the prototype of the World’s first body scanner, the EMI 5000 in 1976. The UK, together with a few centres in the USA led the World in exploring and evaluating the clinical potential of body CT. Within 5 years most of the major centres throughout the World had installed CT systems and CT had already made a major impact as a first line investigation for staging and follow up of malignant disease. This, of course, has been one of its major applications throughout the decades, but in the early 1980s clinical investigation and further technological development led to much wider applications of CT such as the evaluation of lung disease, musculoskeletal disorders and the assessment of trauma. During the last 20 years major development in CT technology has focused on reduction in scan times and reconstruction times and improvements in image quality. Today it is hard to believe that we began reporting CT from images stored on magnetic tape, and a scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis took about 45 minutes to review. We scanned a maximum of eight patients a day and now we can perform over 35 whole body examinations a day. By 1980 the number of CT installations had expanded so rapidly that there was an urgent need to share knowledge, educate each other and train the CT specialists of the future. Teaching courses sprang up in the USA and in other parts of the World and together with Dr Ian Kelsey Fry and other young CT enthusiasts, I set up The Annual London CT Course, which was first held at the Selsdon Park Hotel in Surrey with a total of 50 delegates. We moved to the Gleneagles Hotel in 1985 and here Tiba Seear and I have continued to run and develop the course so that today the programme incorporates multislice CT, MRI and PET scanning. In 2001 we were very proud that Sir Godfrey agreed to give his name to our annual prestigious honorary lecture. This year we are looking forward to celebrating our 25th Anniversary of ‘‘The Gleneagles Course’’. It is astonishing to reflect that, over the years, well over 3500 radiologists from all over the World have participated in the programme. We hope this educational forum in cross-sectional imaging will continue for many years to come. CT remains the workhorse of cancer imaging and is the investigation of choice in a wide range of other areas. There are literally millions of people throughout the World who have benefited from Sir Godfrey Hounsfield’s extraordinary achievement. Today imaging is at the dawn of another new era, the era of molecular medicine in which we will use imaging to identify early disease, to profile disease more precisely and to observe the effects of specific therapies. I am sure the next 30 years will be just as exciting as the last, but it has been a great privilege to work in radiology at a time of astonishing technological and clinical development.

Multidisciplinarity or Encroachment

Multidisciplinarity or Encroachment

Explanations of the Bibliometric Laws

Many librarians are familiar with Bradford's law of scattering as a description of how articles in a discipline are dispersed over the universe of journals. Similar and equally surprising regularities are found in a wide range of other areas, such as biology, economics, geography, and linguistics. This paper describes a number of the most prominent of these laws and reformulates them so as to reveal their underlying similarity. It is noted that all of these laws are in essence mathematically identical. The paper reviews several attempts that have been made to derive this common regularity from more basic principles, such as an underlying stochastic process or an information theoretic model of the human mind. It is suggested that one reason for the recurrence of these laws is that they are very stable and likely to result from a wide range of different causes.