Wide Blade Research Articles

Agrotechnical Research Of Subsoil Chisel Tools

Abstract In the course of the comparative investigation, energetic and working-quality tests were carried out with three frequently used soil-loosening implement types in field-land conditions – such as wide blade, duck-foot and chisel undercutting (‘Paraplow’) type loosening elements. When evaluating the results of the test, we qualified the implement-tools with the help an arbitrarily defined constructional factor; in this way, an order of the tool constructions was determined.

Towards an understanding of hunting equipment used by early Holocene foragers of the Egyptian Southwestern Desert: Triangles of the El-Ghorab Unit

One of the Early Holocene archaeological cultures distinguished in the Egyptian Western Desert is defined as the El Ghorab Unit, and is dated to the 10th millennium cal BP. These hunter-gatherer groups lived on the shores of seasonal lakes (playas) and wetlands typical for the Early and Middle Holocene landscape of that part of the Saharan North Africa. They manufactured characteristic lithic artifact assemblages that have not been studied, so far, from a microwear perspective. The El Ghorab Unit lithic artifact assemblages are dominated by morphologically distinct triangular microliths, ca. 30–40 mm long and made from relatively wide blades, ca. 10 mm in width.This paper presents the results of morphological and functional analyses of El-Ghorab triangles from site E-16-03 located in the Gebel Ramlah/Nabta Playa region. At this locality, remnants of a few activity areas have been recorded on the northwestern margin of the Gebel Ramlah paleo-lake basin. The site consists of lithic artifact concentrations scattered around burned-earth hearth features (fireplaces). The function of the triangles is examined and interpreted here by also taking into account the specific paleoenvironmental and paleozoological record from site E-16-03.The El-Ghorab area of the Gebel Ramlah basin at E-16-03 contains three seasonally-specific, short-term hunting camps where hunting equipment was repaired and hunted game was brought to the site during spring time. Triangles were the main goal of lithic production. In the course of this research it has become evident that triangular microliths were mounted in hafts in different ways. This observation can be used as supporting evidence to conclude that various prehistoric human groups visited the Gebel Ramlah area during several seasonal cycles.

Mixing tank hydrodynamics and mixing efficiency for propeller impellers

In this study, the distribution of axial and radial velocities with the use of a PIV laser system was determined and the mixing power in a mixing tank with narrow and wide propeller impellers was measured. The pumping capacity and secondary circulation values in the mixing tank were calculated and on this basis, the energy efficiency of the operation of both types of propeller impellers was determined and compared with the efficiency of turbine impellers with inclined blades. It turned out that propeller impellers with wide blades are most effective as regards the amount of energy that should be supplied to the mixing tank to achieve the required mixing time. It was found that the share of pumping capacity in the total secondary circulation is almost twice as high as the share of induced circulation. Correlation equations for the dependence of the mixing power and dimensionless flow numbers on the pitch of the propeller blade were also formulated. All the results obtained were compared with the works of other authors. The paper also found that propeller impellers with a variable angle of inclination of the blade α depending on the current radius do not meet the theoretical assumption of a constant axial velocity of the liquid flowing out from of the impeller zone. For small radii of the impeller the explanation for this observation is the presence of the hub and shaft in the axis of the mixer and the effect of liquid slip for the steep agitator blades near the hub. For radii close to the radius of the stirrer, the reason is generation of induced circulation as the expense of the kinetic energy of the liquid flowing out of the impeller area.

Gamelan Selonding as Part of an Essential Instrument in the Sustainment of the Sacred Art Activities of the Batur Indigenous People in Kintamani, Bali

Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the gamelan selonding, which has become an important part of the structure of the sacred arts of the people in the Batur customary environment, Bali. In general, gamelan selonding is not an essential instrument in Balinese sacred art activities. In contrast to the sacred art activities of the Batur indigenous people, gamelan selonding seems to be something essential.
 
 Method: Both of the problems have been resolved by using qualitative methods. All primary data was successfully collected through observation, FGD, and interviews with informants in Kintamani, Bali. Some of the data classified as secondary was successfully collected through literature studies on Balinese culture. All data were analysed qualitatively using practise theory, symbol theory, and reception theory. Practical theory with the help of symbol theory and reception theory is used in analysing the contribution of gamelan selonding to the sacred art activities of the Batur customary villager, while symbol theory and reception theory with the help of practical theory are used in analysing the form of gamelan selonding.
 
 Results: Gamelan selonding is an essential part of the continuation of the sacred arts of the Batur indigenous people due to the existence of religious benefits, social benefits, artistic benefits, and cultural capital. As an essential instrument, the gamelan selonding is often used by the indigenous people of Batur for artistic activities in the sacred area of Kintamani, Bali. The gamelan selonding is a type of traditional Balinese musical instrument with a seven-tone pelog barrel. The shape of this gamelan physically consists of two pelvises and a wide blade made of iron, which is placed on a pelawah wooden.
 
 Conclusion: The gamelan selonding holds significant importance among the sacred arts of the indigenous Batur community, since it encompasses various dimensions including religious, social, aesthetic, and cultural aspects. This gamelan ensemble under consideration comprises two resonating chambers and a broad metallic blade positioned above a hardwood resonator.

Prediction of Single Disc Seeding System Forces, Using a Semi-Analytical and Discrete Element Method (DEM) Considering Rotation Effects

Disc seeders are commonly used in no-till farming systems, and their performance evaluation generally rely on expensive and time-consuming field experiments. Mathematical models can help speed up force-related evaluations and improve the understanding of soil-disc interactions, to assist the performance optimisation processes. Previous analytical force prediction models of disc blades have not accounted for the free rotation aspect of the disc blade. This paper develops an analytical force prediction model from the wide blade failure theory adapted to suit rotating flat disc blades operating at different sweep and tilt angles and compares predictions with Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. To validate the two models, experiments were performed on a remoulded sandy soil condition using a rotating flat disc set at two tilt angles of 0° and 20°, and four sweep angles of 6, 26, 45 and 90° the 3-dimensional force components of draught, vertical and side forces were measured. Results showed a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95) was obtained with analytical model predictions compared to DEM predictions (R2 = 0.85) for their agreement with the test results. It was found that both the developed analytical approach and the DEM model can be used to predict tillage forces at different sweep and tilt angles acting on a rotating flat disc blade.

Bridging the gap between solids suspension theory and equipment design

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of equipment design on suspending solid particles in stirred vessels. We investigated and evaluated several improvements to the Grenville-Mak-Brown correlation for the just-suspended impeller speed with the goal of generalizing it. We present two new geometry-specific as well as generalized suspension correlations based on experiments made with 225 µm sand in water in four vessel geometries: cylindrical flat-based, cylindrical torispherical dish-based, square flat-based, and horizontally oriented cylindrical vessels. We also present novel experimental data for both a wide blade hydrofoil and a pitched blade turbine. We define a vessel sphericity parameter to generalize the various tanks into a single correlation permitting interpolation to other vessel types and sizes not tested. We further show how controlled particle settling can be used to transform a flat-based stirred vessel into an equivalent torispherical dish-based vessel to save energy.

A new design of wide blade ultrasonic horns using Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline shaped slots

In the present study, for the first time, the shapes of slots of wide blade horns are optimized using Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves. Here, two 20 kHz horns with different gain ratios (2.5 and 3.5) are designed. The amplitude uniformity and maximum stress of horns are regarded to design. Some control points are used to define the shape of slots, and the position and weight of these points are determined. The genetic algorithm with a link to Abaqus is applied for the optimization process. The simulation results show that the designed horns have high amplitude uniformity equal to 0.978, 0.965. Also, the maximum stresses are 73.08 MPa and 78.52 MPa, which are less than the fatigue strength with a safety factor of 2. It is found that the stress values in the bottom of NURBS-shaped slots are considerably lower than the simple slots, making it possible to design the horns with a higher gain ratio without fatigue failure. Finally, the performance of the present design is verified by doing some experiments on the fabricated horn, which confirms that the proposed design can be successfully utilized as a new method to design wide blade horns.

PALAEOLITHIC SITES NEAR THE BALAMUTIVKA VILLAGE

The paper deals with the Palaeolithic materials found on the right bank of the Dniester River, in the vicinity of the Balamutivka Village, Chernivtsi Oblast, since the 1950s. Several sites, which have been recently discovered here, are published in detail for the first time. Particular attention is paid to the finds of Palaeolithic flint artefacts from caves located near the village.
 Within the Balamutivka and further to the northeast, there are many Palaeolithic sites associated with Quaternary sediments of high (10—12) terraces. Because of the destruction of terraces and their slopes by landslides, the Palaeolithic flint artefacts lie on the surface there. An attribute analysis of the respective assemblages indicates a mixing of defining forms of different techno-complexes of the Middle — the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. In particular, the series includes convergent and sub-cross cores; carinated end-scraper, nosed end-scrapers; uni- and bidirectional sub-cylindrical cores, wide blades, combination tools — mostly burin + scraper; small-sized cores with one or two platforms, sub-cylindrical and narrow working surface, from which thin bladelet and microblade were knapped; microliths (including «Dufour», counter-retouch backing microliths), a Lacan-type burin (?).
 In the caves, the knapped flints also did not occur in situ but got there from the surface of the terraces together with the loose terrace sediments due to water erosion and landslides. The caves are not suitable for habitation by humans or large predators because of their small size and hydrogeological regime (periodic flooding).
 The area of Balamutivka Village is interesting and promising for further investigation of the Palaeolithic of the Middle Dniester region. The typological diversity of the finds from the studied locations evidences the presence of multilayer sites.

On the suspension of large and dense solid particles in turbulent stirred vessels

This work with the focus on large and dense particles aims to investigate the range of physical properties over which the 2015 Grenville, Mak, Brown correlation (referred to here as GMB) is valid for suspension of solid particles in liquid filled stirred tanks. The test particles were greater than 1000 μm in diameter (up to 10,000 μm) while the density difference ratio (ρs − ρl)/ρl between solid and liquid phase is beyond two (up to over 10). Two flat based vessels, 305 and 610 mm in diameter, were utilized, while the impellers used were a wide blade hydrofoil and a pitched blade turbine impeller with multiple diameters being tested in each scale. With the particle density and diameter represented by the Archimedes number, Ar, the results exhibit a subtle anomaly or slope change at Ar values around 104 which may be indicative of a change in the mechanism of suspending related to the ratio of particle response time to turbulence time scale. With respect to using the GMB correlation for industrial-scale agitator design, the use of exponent 0.5 on Ar looks justified. The test conditions within this study increase the range over which the GMB correlation is applicable by four orders of magnitude.

The influence of incubator design features on the incubation result

This article shows the results of chicken eggs incubation by IUP-F-45 and BioStreamer 165HD. There were two different types of machines during two-lots of eggs incubation. The BioStreamer 165HD is equipped with such feature as flexible incubation environment tuning according to its technology of embryo feedback. The sensors control the temperature inside machine by using the temperature of egg shells. Also there are sensors which can monitor the humidity level by controlling and predicting the humidity loss of each egg lot and using the narrow-hatching window technology. The incubators are managed by controller and connected to one computer network. The eggs are set to cellular structure incubation tray. The pulsators are equipped with five wide blades to ensure the required air flow rate. In addition, the roof vents have been improved. The power of the heating elements has been increased, which provides a quick heating time for all eggs at the beginning of the incubation cycle. The larger diameter of the cooling coil creates a wider overall cooling surface. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of the BioStreamer incubator made it possible to increase the hatchability of eggs, to carry out the simultaneous hatching of young brood, reducing the hatching by 5.5 hours, to increase the yield of conditioned young chickens by 0.9% and its quality, to obtain a greater amount of meat products from broilers: the average weight of chickens increased by 2.7 per cent, the safety of brood - by 3.6 per cent.

Mortuus Bellator: burial of Late Roman Period from Western Podillya

The article introduces the objects of late Roman burial near the village of Malashivtsi on the Seret, which are in the storage of the History and Local Lore Museum. The set of materials consists of weapons and equipment of the horseman. Due to traces of ritual damage, the burial belongs to the Przeworsk culture. All things have traces of burning. The set of materials includes weapons – a long double-edged sword, which can be attributed to the cavalry swords such as «spatha» with an iron suspension and a spearhead with a wide blade. Perhaps part of the fastening of the sword was an iron two-membered buckle, analogies of which are known from the European Barbaricum. The elements of the protective equipment of the warrior include a conical umbo, as well as the handle of the shield. Interestingly, on the surface of the umbo there is a lenticular hole from the impact of a sharp object, possibly a spear. The fact that he was buried by a horseman is indicated by the findings of two spurs with massive spikes. Iron tweezers are an object of personal use, in the area of settlement of the tribes of the Przeworsk culture on the territory of Ukraine it is quite a rare find. Based on the typology and classification of objects, the burial complex can be dated to the end of phase C1a–C2 – the middle – the second half of the III century. A. C. At this chronological stage, the population of the Przeworsk culture, under pressure from the Goths, moved to the southeast, resulting in several separate military burials known in the Dnister region. In the ethnocultural context, they are evidence of certain cataclysms that occurred in a certain period of time. The problem of single burials in the area of the Przeworsk culture remains poorly understood. This encourages the localization of such sites and their proper study. Key words: Przeworsk culture, military burial, late Roman period, Western Podillya.

Devibursaphelenchus alienae n. sp. isolated from the bark of dead Quercus aliena in Japan

Summary A new Devibursaphelenchus species isolated from the bark of a dead Quercus aliena, which had been infected and killed by Japanese oak wilt, was collected in Shiga, Japan. The new species is characterised by the relatively large body in males (661-768 μm) and females (893-1071 μm), conspicuous male bursal flap, male spicule with long condylus and wide blade, female post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 39-54 μm or 1.6-2.3 times the vulval body diam. long, vestigial female anus, and female tail forming a strongly ventrally recurved elongate conoid with bluntly pointed or narrowly rounded terminus. The new species is typologically similar to D. lini, sharing a large body, conspicuous bursal flap, long PUS, and spicule shape, but can be distinguished from it by the absence of variation in the female tail shape, i.e., the tail of the new species is always long and strongly ventrally curved, while the tail shape varies more in D. lini. A previous molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that the new species is fairly close to D. lini, but can be distinguished from it by the 1.0% (16 bp) difference within 1.6 kb of the 18S and 3.7% (26 bps) difference within 0.7 kb of the D2-D3 LSU ribosomal RNA genes. The newly found nematode is described and illustrated herein as D. alienae n. sp.

Gait assist brace with double carbon fiber reinforced plastic spring blades to allow ankle joint movement and change in walking direction

Unpowered braces and exoskeletons, which are often made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), can assist lower limb movements and can be worn permanently. Furthermore, braces to be worn at all times must not hinder the change of direction, as this movement is nearly as essential as straight gait in daily life. Ankle joint movements, especially inversion and eversion, play a key role in changing the direction during walking. However, in the case of conventional short leg braces, the range of motion is limited because the single wide CFRP blade placed at the back of the leg cannot deform elastically. In this study, a gait assist system with two CFRP blades on the lateral and medial sides of the leg was developed. The system could effectively assist the gait and did not inhibit the change in the direction.

Optimal design and experimental validation of ultrasonic wide blade horn

In this article, characteristics of a well-designed horn are discussed. These characteristics are the uniformity of the vibration amplitude, longitudinal natural frequency, frequency separation, gain ratio, and maximum stress of the horn body. By considering these characteristics and using the Genetic Algorithm and constraint handling method, a procedure for the optimal design of wide blade horns is proposed. In this procedure, the uniformity of vibration amplitude is considered as the objective function and other characteristics are considered as the constraints. Based on this procedure, an optimization package is developed which is used to design an optimal wide horn. The results show that the longitudinal natural frequency of the horn is 0.125% higher than the target frequency. This horn has a high amplitude uniformity of 0.964. The frequency separation is more than 1 kHz, and the gain ratio is 1.6% lower than the target. Also, the maximum stress is lower than the endurance limit with a safety factor of 2.07. To verify the simulation results, a prototype horn is fabricated and tested. The comparison between simulation and experimental results shows a good agreement.

Асимметричный топор из фондов Тобольского музея-заповедника

Purpose. Among its collections, the Tobolsk Museum-reserve keep an axe, which was an accidental find. The purpose of this publication is to introduce the presented sample into scientific circulation, as well as to complete the description of the find, establish its functional purpose, chronology and determine its place of production. Upon admission to the museum, it was identified as a combat weapon and tentatively dated to the 17th century. Results. The axe has a wide blade which extends downwards, covered with a notched ornament. An important feature is its asymmetric cross-section, where one of the sides is flat and the other is convex. Similar axes found in Siberia are often defined as battle axes, however this definition is incorrect. Currently, no Tobolsk axe prototypes are known to have been found on the territory of the Moscow state, however asymmetric axes are known to have been used, in particular, in Eastern Europe, since at least the 15th century. According to some authors, asymmetric axes are specialized tools for carpentry and joinery. This definition is most reliably justified in the publication of Polish researcher M. Glosek. This point of view is convincingly confirmed by the catalogues of Eastern European metalworking plants of the first half of the 20th century. The definition of long-bladed asymmetric axes as a combat weapon is based, as a rule, on random finds with unknown dating. More proof can be found by their absence in the materials of archaeological excavations. Conclusion. It can be assumed that asymmetric axes were imported to Russia between the Modern Period up to ethnographic modernity. One of the most likely producers is the Transcarpathian plant in the village of Kobyletskaya Polyana, which specialized in the manufacture of tools for the forest industry and had a fairly wide market. The widest possible period when Transcarpathian axes could be imported into Russia is no earlier than the end of the 18th century, and not later than the middle of the 20th century.

Investigation on Vortex Characteristics of a Multi-Blade Centrifugal Fan near Volute Outlet Region

The origins and effects of the complex vortex structure near the volute outlet of a multi-blade centrifugal fan are investigated in this paper. Due to the wide blade and short blade channel, the airflow maintains a large radial velocity during the blade channel. This continuous radial partial velocity causes vortices to be generated at the region of volute outlet. Then, the secondary flow close to the impeller generate from the center to the sides in volute. It is obtained that the streamlines are divided into two parts (backflow and outflow) at volute outlet. Although the vortices near volute outlet region are complex, the main features of flow behavior caused by the vortex are understandable.

Time Scales and Turbulent Spectra above the Base of Stirred Vessels from Large Eddy Simulations

Single-phase Large Eddy Simulations (LESs) have been conducted with M-Star CFD software to compute spectra and time scales of the turbulent flow field at positions above the base of a stirred tank as these time scales may be important to the application of solids suspension. Since LESs do not resolve the entire turbulence spectrum with an unknown effect on computing time scales, simulation aspects such as spatial resolution, tank size and the value of the Smagorinsky constant are investigated. The simulations were conducted for the case of a 108 mm diameter axial flow wide blade hydrofoil, Philadelphia Mixing Solutions Ltd. 3MHS39, in a 295 mm diameter vessel at specific power inputs in the range from 0.03 to 0.43 W/kg. These specific power inputs pertain to the energy required to suspend 600 to 10,000 μm glass spheres at 0.9% (v/v). The focus of the study was on the base of the vessel near the vessel corners where solid particles are observed to reside before suspension in solid-liquid mixing application. Integral and Taylor micro time scales as well as 1-D energy spectra were extracted, for all three velocity components, from the temporal autocorrelation function of the resolved velocity traces at various positions. Radial profiles are presented for these 1-D time scales, for the 3-D integral time scale, and for the resolved time scale k/e.

Redesigning of 4 (Four) Blades Propeller Installed in a Wooden Fishing Boat in a Ship Yard in Tegal, Central Java Province

For design of marine propeller, the energy supply from marine engine to the propeller should be converted to thrust force with minimum losses. Furthermore, the unwanted vibration and cavitation due to the overlooking a detail calculation of the propeller should be prohibited for increasing the fuel efficiency and life-span of the propeller. In the last few decades, most of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) focusing their work on ship component industry in Central Java Province Indonesia provide the marine propeller to the ship manufacturer and ship repairmen in some shipyards in northern part of Central Java port. The design of the propeller is never been observed and optimized. The aim of the present work is to redesign the installed propeller on a wooden fishing boat with the new optimized design using B-Series propeller theory approach. The reverse engineering method uses three-dimensional scanner to obtain the geometrical data of the installed ship propeller. The new optimized propeller design is obtained from free software calculation based on the boat and engine specification. The comparison shows that the new optimized propeller design has a wider blade and larger pitch and increases 20% of the open water efficiency of the propeller performance at lower engine rotation.
 Keywords: B-series design, fishing boat, marine propeller, redesign, optimization

Characteristics of ultrasound device: a new technology for bone curettage and excavation

BackgroundUltrasonic (US) devices are used in laparoscopic, dental, and spinal surgeries, while it is difficult to use for the joint under irrigation and perfusion solutions due to lack of power. A new US device is developed with greater voltage improvement and has been implemented in the arthroscopic field. The aim is to compare the characteristics of the US devices with the conventional ones in water.MethodsTwenty bone blocks from the porcine femur were settled in a holder in water. A 4.0 mm diameter abrader burr moved 15 mm along the long axis of the bone block in ten blocks for three times. A 4.3 mm wide curette blade powered by ultrasonic vibration was moved in the same manner in the other ten blocks. The gutter shape, including the gutter depth and the bottom angle of the gutter, and the curetted area ratio of the gutter were assessed.Forty bones blocks from the porcine femurs were clamped with a holder in water, while the cortical bone surface must be located on the side. A 5 mm diameter drill excavated the bone along the previously-inserted guide wire to the 15 mm depth for twenty blocks. Next, the US excavation probe of 5x4mm rectangular shape was moved to the same depth in the other twenty blocks. Each ten block was cut in half along the bone tunnel and was assessed the surface roughness at three area, while the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tunnel were measured and the ratio of the measured CSA was calculated based on an expected CSA in the remaining ten blocks for each device.ResultsThe depth of curettage and bottom angle were significantly smaller with the US device than with the abrader burr at all planes, while the curetted area ratio created by each device was mostly equal to the other. Surface roughness was similar in two evacuating devices except one area. CSA ratio with the US excavation device was significantly smaller than that with the drill.ConclusionUS curettage has an advantage to flatly curette bone surfaces, while a bone tunnel can be accurately created with the US device.

Using orthopedic shoeing for the treatment of cows with sole ulcers

Using orthopedic shoeing for the treatment of cows with sole ulcers