Wide Area Monitoring And Control Research Articles

Deep Learning-Based PMU Cyber Security Scheme Against Data Manipulation Attacks With WADC Application

In this paper, a new deep learning-based cyber-security scheme is proposed to detect PMU data manipulation attacks and to recover the corrupted measurements. The scheme consists of two deep learning models, an attack detection model, and a data recovery model. The first model can detect attack existence, and also determine which PMUs are attacked. The second model is used to reconstruct the manipulated signals and send them to the wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) system. Unlike many approaches presented in the literature, the proposed models are capable of understanding the behavior of the system in both steady-state and transient operation, and therefore distinguishing between the normal and corrupted measurements. The state-of-art deep learning techniques are used to train and test these models. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed cyber-security scheme is demonstrated for a wide-area damping control application. The obtained results show superior performance when the proposed model is evaluated using the IEEE 39-bus system and the 68-bus system. The security scheme succeeds to detect cyber-attacks with very high accuracy and recover the manipulated signals with a small reconstruction error.

Self-Powered Wide Area Infrastructure Based on WiMAX for Real Time Applications of Smart Grid

This work presents a wireless communication network (WCN) infrastructure for the smart grid based on the technology of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) to address the main real-time applications of the smart grid such as Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC), video surveillance, and distributed energy resources (DER) to provide low cost, flexibility, and expansion. Such wireless networks suffer from two significant impairments. On one hand, the data of real-time applications should deliver to the control center under robust conditions in terms of reliability and latency where the packet loss is increased with the increment of the number of industrial clients and transmission frequency rate under the limited capacity of WiMAX base station (BS). This research suggests wireless edge computing using WiMAX servers to address reliability and availability. On the other hand, BSs and servers consume affected energy from the power grid. Therefore, the suggested WCN is enhanced by green self-powered based on solar energy to compensate for the expected consumption of energy. The model of the system is built using an analytical approach and OPNET modeler. The results indicated that the suggested WCN based on green WiMAX BS and green edge computing can handle the latency and data reliability of the smart grid applications successfully and with a self-powered supply. For instance, WCN offered latency below 20 msec and received data reliability up to 99.99% in the case of the heaviest application in terms of data.

Design and Validation of a Wide Area Monitoring and Control System for Fast Frequency Response

This paper presents the design and validation of a Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) system for Fast Frequency Response (FFR) to address the challenges associated with reduced and non-uniformly distributed inertia in power systems. The WAMC system, designed for the power system in Great Britain, is termed “Enhanced Frequency Control Capability (EFCC).” It uses real time measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) to monitor the system state in order to rapidly detect frequency disturbances and evaluate the magnitude of power imbalances. The impact of the disturbances on different parts of the network is considered to subsequently allocate the required response for different regions of the network, all within less than one second from the initiating event. The capabilities and characteristics of different resources (e.g., wind, energy storage, demand, etc.) are also evaluated and taken into account to achieve a suitable, optimized and coordinated response. Case studies using highly realistic hardware-in-the-loop setups are presented and these demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of detecting frequency events and deploying appropriate and coordinated responses in a timely fashion even with degraded communication conditions, thereby effectively enhancing the frequency control in future low-inertia systems and permitting higher penetrations of low-carbon and low-inertia energy sources.

Testing and validation of wide‐area control of STATCOM using real‐time digital simulator with hybrid HIL–SIL configuration

This study presents a novel interfacing setup for testing and validating wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) techniques used in smart grids. The main purpose of this study is to provide a realistic approach for conducting WAMC studies. In here, a wide-area controller (WAC) for a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is implemented. The measurements for the WAC are collected using phasor measurements units (PMUs). Three main segments are being interfaced in this study. First, the real-power grid, the local area controller of the actual FACTS device, and the PMUs are simulated using real-time digital simulator. This simulation represents the central simulation and is interfaced with the WAC, which is realised using a MATLAB-based program. This interface represents a novel software-in-the-loop (SIL) scheme. On the other hand, an actual FACTS device is designed and interfaced to the central simulation via hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) scheme. This SIL and HIL combination makes the experimental testbed more realistic and closer to the industrial standard. Various tests are conducted to examine the performance of the developed testbed.

Adaptive data link configuration for WAMC applications using a Stateful Data Delivery Service platform

Abstract Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) applications provide, among other things, stability control to power systems by using global measurements. However, these measurements suffer unavoidable Quality of Service (QoS) problems, such as delay, during the transmission through a wide area communication network. Such delays potentially lead to failure of the control application. To overcome these effects, mechanisms that provide robustness to QoS problems for control applications and configuration of communication networks to optimize QoS performance have been proposed by several researchers. To optimize utilization of the communication infrastructure and to adapt to variations in QoS, applications can benefit from an interface to request and obtain QoS information from a managed communication infrastructure. To meet this need, a novel Stateful Data Delivery Service (SDDS) for WAMC applications is proposed in this paper. The SDDS monitors the QoS performance online and provides feedback to one or more WAMC applications. To increase reliability of the applications, the SDDS also provides adaptive data link configuration services. By using online QoS measurements and multiple data sources, the SDDS platform can provide a WAMC application with data fulfilling its requirements. To prove the concept, a case study has been performed and the results of this study show that the application using the SDDS can keep a benchmark power system stable even when original data link QoS performance does not meet the application’s requirements. The paper also contains a presentation of the SDDS prototype platform under development as a part of the ongoing research.

Design phasor data concentrator as adaptive delay buffer for wide-area damping control

Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) are employed to aggregate data frames from multiple Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) with the same time-stamp into data packets. This function is an essential step in the utilization of PMU data in Wide-Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) system. This is facilitated by assigning a fixed and heuristically decided wait time to the PDC buffer. The processed PMU data packets are sent to WAMC applications or similarly PDCs at higher hierarchies in the WAMC system when either a PDC buffer is full or its wait time has passed. In this paper, two methods to configure adaptive PDC wait time based on recent PMU traffic delay patterns are proposed. The purpose is to reduce the frequency of performing delay compensations in wide-area damping control system. With the adaptive PDC delay buffer in place, the wide-area damping controller only switches its gain once every five seconds, given the studied PMU traffic delay scenarios, instead of the current practice which requires the control gain to be adapted on a per PMU data frame basis, e.g., 50 or 60 times every second. The proposed methods offer a perspective to efficiently utilize the supporting Information and Communication Technology infrastructure with the purpose to simplify the design and implementation of wide-area damping control system.

Security Implications of Transport Layer Protocols in Power Grid Synchrophasor Data Communication

Wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) systems based on synchrophasor data streams are becoming more and more significant to the operation of the smart power grid. Reliable and secure communication, and higher quality of service (very low latency, high availability, etc.) of data are crucial to the success of WAMC systems. However, the IEEE standard for synchrophasor data communication (IEEE Standard C37.118.2-2011) does not place any restrictions on the choice of transport layer protocols. In light of this, we examine the communication between synchrophasors [phasor measurement units (PMUs)] and phasor data concentrators to analyze potential security vulnerabilities present at the transport layer, and investigate the advantages and disadvantages of both the TCP and UDP protocols, respectively, with an emphasis on security issues. Demonstrations of attacks related to these security vulnerabilities are shown in lab environment and underlying mechanisms are analyzed to determine the capabilities attackers to succeed with them.

Design of wide‐area damping systems based on the capabilities of the supporting Information Communication Technology infrastructure

The dependence of the functionality of the wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) systems on the capabilities of their underlying Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure indicates that the parameterisation of the WAMC application algorithm should be coordinated with the design of the supporting ICT system. This study presents a systematic approach to design wide-area damping systems considering phasor measurement unit (PMU) communication delays and data frame losses. The proposed design method is applied to calibrate a wide-area damping system based on generalised predictive control (GPC) for demonstration purposes. In addition, a framework to guide the parameterisation of the GPC- based wide-area damping system is also provided. This research offers a better perspective to predict the capabilities of the underlying ICT infrastructure in the WAMC systems. Moreover, the proposed design method can be generalised to design delay-robust damping systems with compensation limits. Finally, it also offers an opportunity to associate the parameterisation of the damping system with the capabilities of its supporting ICT infrastructure and the reliability of the intended damping control function.

A Framework for Wide-Area Monitoring and Control Systems Interoperability and Cybersecurity Analysis

Wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) systems are the next-generation operational-management systems for electric power systems. The main purpose of such systems is to provide high resolution real-time situational awareness in order to improve the operation of the power system by detecting and responding to fast evolving phenomenon in power systems. From an information and communication technology (ICT) perspective, the nonfunctional qualities of these systems are increasingly becoming important and there is a need to evaluate and analyze the factors that impact these nonfunctional qualities. Enterprise architecture methods, which capture properties of ICT systems in architecture models and use these models as a basis for analysis and decision making, are a promising approach to meet these challenges. This paper presents a quantitative architecture analysis method for the study of WAMC ICT architectures focusing primarily on the interoperability and cybersecurity aspects.

PMU Data 검증시스템을 포함한 WAMAC 시스템 설계에 관한 연구

PMU 기반 전력계통의 감시제어 시스템인 WAMAC(wide area Monitoring and control) 시스템은 PMU에서 계측된 정밀한 전력데이터를 시스템 전반에 손실 및 오류없이 전달/검증하기 위한 시스템의 설계가 요구되었다. 이에 본 논문에서는 PMU에서 발생된 계측 데이터가 PDC, DSM Server 등 시스템 전반을 거쳐서 데이터 손실이 발생하지 않도록 설계 하였으며 각 시스템별로 필요한 샘플링만큼 정확히 전송되고 있는지를 검증하는 방법에 대해 제안한다. 효과적인 검증을 위해 본 논문에서는 각 시스템의 테스트 시스템을 구성하고 각 시스템들에서 들어오는 샘플링 데이터를 저장하는 방식(규약)을 만들었다. 또한, 해당 PMU에서 PDC/ PDC에서 DSM 서버간의 무손실 검증을 위해 본 논문에서 제안한 샘플링 방식을 검증 프로그램을 설계하고 만들어 PMU와 상위시스템 간의 데이터 무손실을 검증할 수 있음을 프로그램 적으로 확인하였다. 이 검증시스템에 WAMAC 시스템에 반영되도록 설계함으로써 WAMAC UI를 통하여 도출되는 분석데이터와 예측 결과의 신뢰성을 한층 높일 수 있게 될 것이다. PMU based power grid monitoring and control system, WAMAC (Wide Area Monitoring And Control) system is required system design for accurate power data without error and loss through a system-wide. In the paper, we propose system design that measured data from PMU transmitted without loss to PDC and DSM server. and we propose a method to verify the real-time "data has been transmitted accurately". Verification system has been designed to reflect the WAMAC system. Therefore the WAMAC can enhance the reliability of the analysis of the data, and it can monitor lossless real-time trend data.

Performance Assessment of Communication Network in WAMS

Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) based on Synchronized Measurement Technology (SMT) is getting considerable attention worldwide from the power system engineers in last few years. The fast and synchronized measurements facilitate the real time Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) of the power system. The backbone of WAMS is high performance communication infrastructure. Network designer has vast variety of architecture, protocol and communication medium. The medium should be selected in such a manner that it provides guaranteed bandwidth for the utilities. In this paper, we have simulated Phasor Measurement Unit (PMUs) data traffic in OPNET, and then created scenarios with different routing protocols. The performance of WAMS has also been analyzed in presence of varying background traffic and main link failure. Simulation results have been pursued in such a way that under worst situation the ‘end to end delay’ is within an acceptable range.

Modeling and Simulation of Wide-Area Communication for Centralized PMU-Based Applications

Phasor-based wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) systems are becoming a reality with increased research, development, and deployments. Many potential control applications based on these systems are being proposed and researched. These applications are either local applications using data from one or a few phasor measurement units (PMUs) or centralized utilizing data from several PMUs. An aspect of these systems, which is less well researched, is the WAMC system's dependence on high-performance communication systems. This paper presents the results of research performed in order to determine the requirements of transmission system operators on the performance of WAMC systems in general as well as the characteristics of communication delays incurred in centralized systems that utilize multiple PMUs distributed over a large geographic area. This paper presents a summary of requirements from transmission system operators with regards to a specific set of applications and simulations of communication networks with a special focus on centralized applications. The results of the simulations indicate that the configuration of central nodes in centralized WAMC systems needs to be optimized based on the intended WAMC application.

ICT Architecture Impact on Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems' Reliability

Timely and accurate data with high resolutions holds great promise for more responsible and advanced power grid operations. The research has been focusing on design of monitoring and control scheme given the assumptions that the supporting information and communication technology (ICT) systems are capable of providing data and perform control with sufficient quality. A relatively less addressed aspect is the dependency of wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) systems on their supporting ICT architecture which is usually a compromise between various concerns, such as data quality, interoperability, or security. Without an appropriate ICT architecture design, the projected WAMC system functionalities run the risk of being jeopardized. This paper begins with a presentation about possible delays brought by complex data-transfer and processing processes. Analytical experiments are conducted with purposes to quantify the maximum delay and input signal's sensitivity toward delay on a typical WAMC application where the control of static var compensation (SVC) is coordinated with generator excitations using phasor measurements. Given the characteristics of this particular control scheme, two possible ICT architectures that provide data with different qualities are compared concerning the reliability of this WAMC application. This paper concludes by proposing a generic ICT architecture, enabling efficient WAMC systems implementation in terms of data quality.

Wide‐area monitoring and control using the real time digital simulator and a synchrophasor vector processor

AbstractSeveral major blackouts in the past have shown the need for advanced wide‐area monitoring and control (WAMC) techniques. Advanced synchrophasor visualization and monitoring can be realized with time‐referenced power system data that are collected by phasor measurement units (PMUs) using synchronized clocks. Presently, PMUs are being deployed around the world at a rapid rate for various power system applications. When a necessary number of PMUs are installed at optimal locations throughout the network, the complete state of the system can be observed. PMUs take real‐time measurements to determine the state of the power system and can be used to enhance state estimation efficiency. With PMUs in place, there are many control and protection schemes that can be implemented successfully to take preventive and corrective actions. These remedial action schemes (RASs) are classified by the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee (PSRC) as system integrity protection schemes (SIPSs). This work involved the development of a real‐time hardware test bed in order to analyze the transient stability of a simulated power system by using synchrophasors to visualize system stress across a transmission line with and without load‐shedding schemes. The real time digital simulator (RTDS®) was used to model the power system in real time. PMUs, a satellite‐synchronized clock, and a synchrophasor vector processor (SVP) were used to test the synchrophasor application. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study on the Development of Load Shedding Scheme for Improving Voltage Stability of Seoul Metropolitan Area using Synchro-phasor Data

Recent technology advancement related to computer & communication and measuring devices allows system operators to adopt more intelligent monitoring and control systems to their power systems in order to prevent massive system blackout. Among them, wide-area monitoring and control(WAMAC) system based on synchro-phasor technology has been widely applied to power systems for their own purposes. In this paper, the study on the development of load shedding scheme to improve voltage stability in KEPCO system is introduced. Summary of WAMAC technology being developed and applied in the world through extensive literature survey is proposed. And methodology to develop voltage stability index and multi-step load shedding scheme based on synchro-phasor data is also presented.

Advanced Tuning of POD Controllers for Electric Power Systems using FACTS

In this work, real-time evaluation and steps towards implementation of three different types of power oscillation damping controllers (POD) for fast power electronic devices such as FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) have been done. The performance of classical POD controllers (lead-lags and phasor estimators) are compared with an advanced adaptive approach. The prerequisite for achieving optimal results in damping of electromechanical oscillations is the availability of remote signals through wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC) platforms discussed here. Achieved results are demonstrated on a dedicated real-time hardware platform.