Wi-Fi Wireless Technologies Research Articles

IoT and XBee Based Central Car Parking Management System

Parking in congested places frequently leads to major issues like air pollution, traffic jams, etc. This paper presents a prototype for an Internet of Things (IoT) based central car parking management system that attempts to minimize car parking problems. The proposed system is relatively low-cost, scalable and consumes less power compared to other parking systems. This system uses Arduino microcontroller-based TCRT5000 infrared sensors to detect vehicles in the parking spaces. XBee peripheral modules are located in different parking lots at different locations to transmit the sensed data to XBee central module that is placed close to the parking lots. The central node then updates all data to the Blynk IoT platform via Wi-Fi wireless technology present in the NodeMCU board. The availability of parking lots can be viewed using a smartphone through Blynk application.

WiFi Related Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Promote Transposable Element Dysregulation and Genomic Instability in Drosophila melanogaster.

Exposure to artificial radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) has greatly increased in recent years, thus promoting a growing scientific and social interest in deepening the biological impact of EMFs on living organisms. The current legislation governing the exposure to RF-EMFs is based exclusively on their thermal effects, without considering the possible non-thermal adverse health effects from long term exposure to EMFs. In this study we investigated the biological non-thermal effects of low-level indoor exposure to RF-EMFs produced by WiFi wireless technologies, using Drosophila melanogaster as the model system. Flies were exposed to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency in a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cell device to ensure homogenous controlled fields. Signals were continuously monitored during the experiments and regulated at non thermal levels. The results of this study demonstrate that WiFi electromagnetic radiation causes extensive heterochromatin decondensation and thus a general loss of transposable elements epigenetic silencing in both germinal and neural tissues. Moreover, our findings provide evidence that WiFi related radiofrequency electromagnetic fields can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, genomic instability, and behavioural abnormalities. Finally, we demonstrate that WiFi radiation can synergize with RasV12 to drive tumor progression and invasion. All together, these data indicate that radiofrequency radiation emitted from WiFi devices could exert genotoxic effects in Drosophila and set the stage to further explore the biological effects of WiFi electromagnetic radiation on living organisms.

Text Transmission Using Visible Light Communication

Recently, WiFi wireless technology was used to send data by using radio signals, this paper will focus on LiFi technology which is an optical wireless networking technology that uses LEDs for the transmission of data using light-emitting diodes. LiFi production models were capable to transmit 150 megabits per second (Mbps). Visible light communication (VLC) is a facile method to overcome the spectrum crisis of radiofrequency. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is the wireless data transfer using LED. In this study LEDs have been used to transfer text between two computers using a processing software method, coding the Arduino Mega board by the Arduino software in both sender and receiver is observed. The system has worked better for a white LED than the red LED and IR LED. Experiments have shown that white is the most efficient color for transferring texts from one computer to another.

SWAP: Smart WAter Protocol for the Irrigation of Urban Gardens in Smart Cities

The implementation of Smart City projects has experimented a surge in the recent years with examples such as Smart Santander or Barcelona Smart City. Among the different domains that comprise the Smart City, water management has a great importance, more so in areas with water scarcity. Furthermore, water from different sources such as treated sewage water or collected rainwater can be utilized to address water needs where the use of potable water is not necessary. Therefore, the implementation of smart systems for the irrigation of urban gardens and other urban vegetated areas is of great importance to manage both water needs and the available resources. In this paper, a communication protocol for smart irrigation systems designed within the context of the Smart City is presented. The protocol enables the communication among devices with both LoRa and WiFi wireless technologies. Tests were performed with low-cost devices in an urban area. The results demonstrate the good performance of the proposal, obtaining the minimum packet loss by adding a 500 ms delay at the CH node when transmitting messages from WiFi to LoRa and vice versa.

Design and Implementation of Wireless 4-20 mA Current Simulator

This paper presents new device to simulate and inject a 4-20 mA current signal to PLC and control on this signal wirelessly. The proposed simulator device has been designed and implemented by a PIC 18f4520 microcontroller and an Ethernet click. This device is connected to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) via Wi-Fi router using TCP/IP protocol. The simulator has two channels for 4-20 mA current output signals with two channels for digital output signals, controlled by a laptop or a smart mobile. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the usefulness of the Wi-Fi wireless technology for remote controlling on the 4-20 mA output current signal and the digital output signal in the designed simulator device. The experiments indicate that the proposed wireless simulator outputs the 4-20 mA current with high accuracy and very fast response. The experiments also indicate that the proposed wireless simulator is easy, comfortable and convenient practically to use in the test operations of protections, interlocks and integrity of analog input channels for PLC compared to the wired simulator.

Design and development of bi-directional IoT gateway using ZigBee and Wi-Fi technologies with MQTT protocol

With evolution of the smart things, to acquire data, gateways play a major role in interconnecting with various sensor nodes. Using different wireless protocols and standards with sensor nodes, gateway can transform information into a unique format that transmits into the cloud for further use. Which accepts the commands from external users in the remote location through a personal computer or a smartphone? The proposed gateway has its added advantages; (i) ZigBee and Wi-Fi wireless technologies connectivity is enabled, (ii) transforms the information into required protocol format, (iii) uses a light weighted MQTT protocol in transmitting and receiving environment, (iv) It provides the storage and analyzed data and (v) the sensor values can be observed and the devices can be controlled by a smartphone from remote location. Here we demonstrate the proof of concept for controlling the smart home appliances. This also represents a design and implementation of Bi-Directional IoT gateway using ZigBee and Wi-Fi technologies with MQTT protocol.

Developing Al-Najaf Cement Plant using Wireless SCADA System

Wireless technologies are rapidly being adapted from simple monitoring and control to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Wireless provides highly reliable data communications in harsh and interference-heavy environment. In this article, new wireless SCADA system has been built to control Al-Najaf cement plant wirelessly. Two pieces of nanostation5 (5GHz) which utilize the Wi-Fi wireless technology and IEEE802.11/g standard were used. They used as transceiver for transmitting and receiving the information between master station (MS) and remote terminal units (RTUs). CIMON devices from KDT systems for experimental set-up were used. A more detailed focus on Iraq cement plants using wireless technologies for monitoring and control of the whole process as an application also was presented.

Limits of Federal Wiretap Act's Ability to Protect Against Wi-Fi Sniffing

Adoption of Wi-Fi wireless technology continues to see explosive growth. However, many users still operate their home Wi-Fi networks in unsecured mode or use publicly available unsecured Wi-Fi networks, thus exposing their communications to the dangers of “packet sniffing,” a technique used for eavesdropping on a network. Some have argued that communica-tions over unsecured Wi-Fi networks are “readily accessible to the general public” and that such communications are therefore excluded from the broad protections of the Federal Wiretap Act against intentional interception of electronic communications.This Note examines the Federal Wiretap Act and argues that the current Act’s treatment of Wi-Fi sniffing might protect unsecured Wi-Fi communications under some circumstances, but that any such protections are incidental, unsystematic, and uncertain. This Note further argues that the current statute’s “readily accessible to the general public” language should be interpreted in a way that addresses concerns about Wi-Fi sniff-ing and users’ expectations of privacy. Users’ current expectations stem from their limited understanding of the underlying Wi-Fi technology and the accompanying security risks and, more importantly, from the fact that private communications cannot be intercepted without specialized tools and knowledge not readily available to the general public. Finally, this Note advocates for amending the Federal Wiretap Act to remove uncer-tainty regarding protections against Wi-Fi sniffing. Clear protections against Wi-Fi sniffing would avoid the private and social cost of data theft resulting from sniffing and could close the gap between users’ theoretical ability to protect themselves by using security mechanisms and their re-duced practical ability to take any such protective measures.

IEEE 802.11n MAC Enhancement and Performance Evaluation

The IEEE 802.11-based WiFi wireless technology is one of the most promising technologies to provide ubiquitous networking access. The IEEE 802.11 working group has always strived to improve this wireless technology through creating new amendments to the base 802.11 standard. Recently, IEEE 802.11n amendment was created to enhance 802.11 for higher throughput operation. Not only new Physical Layer enhancements are standardized, but new Medium Access Control Layer mechanism are also defined. In this paper, we examine the network performance enhancement by the proposed 802.11n MAC layer features: aggregation, block acknowledgement, and reverse direction mechanism. We implemented a new 802.11n module in the NS-2 simulation platform. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of 802.11n MAC layer enhancement. VoIP performance is effectively improved with 802.11n MAC enhancement.