Whole-part Relationship Research Articles

A new strategy for searching determinants in colorectal cancer progression through whole-part relationship combined with multi-omics

Abstract: The high incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the lack of adequate diagnostic molecules have led to poor treatment outcomes for colorectal cancer, making it particularly important to develop methods to obtain molecular with significant diagnostic effects. Here, we proposed a whole and part study strategy (early-stage colorectal cancer as “part” and colorectal cancer as “whole”) to identify specific and co-pathways of change in early-stage and colorectal cancers and to discover the determinants of colorectal cancer development. Metabolite biomarkers discovered in plasma may not necessarily reflect the pathological status of tumor tissue. To explore the determinant biomarkers associated with plasma and tumor tissue in the CRC progression, multi-omics were performed on three phases of biomarker discovery studies (discovery, identification and validation) including 128 plasma metabolomes and 84 tissue transcriptomes. Importantly, we observe that the metabolic levels of oleic acid and FA (18:2) in patients with colorectal cancer were much higher than in healthy people. Finally, biofunctional verification confirmed that oleic acid and FA (18:2) can promote the growth of colorectal cancer tumor cells and be used as plasma biomarkers for early-stage colorectal cancer. We propose a novel research strategy to discover co-pathways and important biomarkers that may be targeted for a potential role in early colorectal cancer, and our work provides a promising tool for the clinical diagnosis of colorectal cancer.

The theme in oral poetry as exemplified by the Faroese Ragnars Táttur

The theme as well as the formula is one of two basic elements of Parry and Lord’s theory. A. B. Lord defines the “themes” of oral poetry as “the groups of ideas regularly used in telling a tale in the formulaic style of traditional song”. The theme happens to be a bilateral unit having both the plane of content and the plane of expression. The presence of the plane of content is self-evident and axiomatic. The theme in oral Faroese poetry possesses also the plane of expression. The proof of this statement is the fact that the realization of the same theme or some similar themes in different ballads or within the same piece of oral poetry presupposes the use of the same units of the lower level i.e., formulas and repetitions. The theme is a bilateral unit having its proper position in the unit system of the poetic language. It boasts its own level status. From the point of view of the level structure, the theme occupies the medium place between the formulas and the whole text. The interaction of the theme and both neighboring levels may be described as whole-part relationship. To the means of formula technique, formulas and repetitions, the theme behaves as the whole; to the text it plays the role of a part. Such a hierarchical structure creates the effect that the features of some units within this system influence the features of other units.

The Relationship of Possessor and Possessed in German

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THE PERSISTENCE OF SELF-ENCLOSURE IN THE WHOLE-PART RELATIONSHIP: THE CASE OF HUSSERL AND KRACAUER

THE PERSISTENCE OF SELF-ENCLOSURE IN THE WHOLE-PART RELATIONSHIP: THE CASE OF HUSSERL AND KRACAUER

신문의 FRBR 모형 적용에 관한 연구

본 연구는 신문과 그 기사에 대한 FRBR 모형의 적용 방안을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 신문매체 수준과 신문기사 수준으로 나누어 데이터 요소를 분석하고 FRBR 모형을 어떻게 적용할 수 있는지에 대해 논하였다. 신문매체 수준의 경우, 신문, 조석간 구분, 호, 판을 각각의 저작으로 처리하였으며, 그들 간의 관계는 전체-부분 관계로 설정하였다. 신문기사 수준의 각각 기사도 저작이며, 이들은 신문매체 수준의 판과 전체-부분 관계를 가지고 있다. 신문기사는 텍스트, 사진, 그래픽, 표 등으로 표현되며, 각각 별도의 저작이다. 각각의 저작은 신문기사의 부분이 될 수도 있고, 독립하여 하나의 신문기사가 될 수도 있다. 또한, 고정물과 연재물의 통일 제목은 각각 저작으로 하였으며, 각각의 신문기사와 전체-부분 관계가 있다. 신문제호의 변경에 의해 하나의 묶음으로 하는 통일 제호는 슈퍼저작으로서 그들 간에도 전체-부분 관계가 있다.

L’Empathie comme base de réflexion sur l’identité des marqueurs HAVE et WANT

In the wake of previous papers from French linguists who used the word “empathy” to describe the operators AVOIR and HAVE, it is suggested that this notion should be conceived of as an interpretation process connected with the localization operation as defined in enunciative theories. It is proposed that this process hinges on the speaker and co-speaker assessing the necessity of establishing a relation between a located term and a locator through an operator. Such a relation must bring about a (re)qualification of the locator capable of justifying its status as the central topic in the situation being described. This state of affair creates a whole-part relationship between the redefined locator and the situation itself whereby the latter undergoes a differentiation process. It is then suggested that empathy is what lets the HAVE-predication sometimes be analysed as a subjectified existential phrase. It is also what really underlies the recent claims about WANT concerning the development of volition out of a notion of deficit. This process seems to remain synchronically relevant for that marker and complements the concept of “intentionality” that is used in Culioli’s speaker-centred approach and which could serve as a basis for distinguishing between WANT and NEED. Finally, it is shown that the empathy associated with WANT can be advantageously utilised in discourse in a specific narrative pattern, that of the “circle story”.

Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic typology ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon (review)

Reviewed by: Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic typology ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, R. M. W. Dixon Lars Johanson Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic typology. Ed. by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon. (Explorations in linguistic typology.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. xxii, 319. ISBN 9780199660223. $125 (Hb). This collection of essays about possession and ownership aims at combining linguistic and anthropological concepts concerning the relation between language, culture, and modes of thinking, particularly the ways in which culture and cognition are manifested in grammar. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald’s opening essay, ‘Possession and ownership: A cross-linguistic perspective’, is a lucid introduction that defines, explains, and exemplifies all conceivable aspects of the topic. Chs. 2–11 address the ways that linguistic structures reflect cultural patterns, attitudes toward possession, and effects of change. Isabelle Bril analyzes the complex system of ownership relations in the Oceanic language Nêlêmwa of New Caledonia. Gloria J. Gravelle investigates patterns of possession in Moskona, an East Bird’s Head language of West Papua, Indonesia. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald deals with possession and ownership in Manambu, a Ndu language of the Sepik area of Papua New Guinea. Alan Dench analyzes possession in Martuthunira, once spoken in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Lev Michael discusses Nanti, spoken in Peru, in the context of other Arawak languages. Mark W. Post deals with possession and association in the Tibeto-Burman Galo language and its culture. Yongxian Luo examines possessive constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Anne Storch studies possession in Hone, a Jukonoid language of Nigeria. Felix K. Ameka deals with possessive constructions in Likpe (Sɛkpɛlé), a Kwa language of Ghana. Zygmunt Frajzyngier discusses possession in Wandala, a Chadic language of Cameroon and Nigeria. The last two chapters focus on indigenous conceptualization of ownership and its changes in the modern world. Michael Wood discusses the Melanesian understanding of possession as observed in Kamula, spoken in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Rosita Henry deals with ownership among speakers of Temboka in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea. With a special focus on Australian languages, especially Dyirbal, R. M. W. Dixon discusses comitative and privative patterns of predicative possession, the problem of the head in appositional constructions of inalienable possession, and indigenous concepts of possession, ownership, and control. In her introduction, Aikhenvald presents the theoretical principles of analysis and sums up a number of insights on the basis of her own studies, investigation of numerous grammars, and the findings suggested in the succeeding chapters. In the following, the main tenets of this detailed crosslinguistic account of the wide range of possessive structures is briefly outlined. Possessive constructions vary depending on the nature of the possessor, the possessee, and the possessive relationship. They realize a set of recurrent core meanings: (i) ownership, (ii) whole-part relations, for example, between a body or a plant and its parts, and (iii) kinship, that is, consanguineal and affinal relations. Many languages use essentially the same constructions for the core meanings. All combinations of the types are, however, found across the world’s languages. The degree to which possession is conceived as ‘the same’ differs from one society to another and is reflected in linguistic structures. Possession can be expressed with possessive noun phrases. Some languages have dedicated phrase types that cover the core meanings (Moskona, Manambu, Martuthunira, Nanti, Hone). Others represent possessive meanings through more general associative noun phrases. The expression of possession may be viewed as a realization of a broader concept of association (Nêlêmwa, Galo, Mandarin, Likpe, Temboka, Wandala). Kinship possession and whole-part relationship reflect close links between possessor and possessee, the intimate relationship of ‘inalienable possession’. Culturally important objects may fall [End Page 277] into this class. Some languages treat consanguineal kinship and sacred or treasured objects as inalienable. The semantic content varies, and the composition of the classes may change over time, for example, when body-part terms are grammaticalized as spatial relators (Nêlêmwa, Nanti, Moskona, Manambu, Likpe, Wandala). Nouns designating inalienably possessed...

Is the Pope a Catholic?

The whole-part relationship is generally considered transitive, but there are some apparent exceptions. Componential sortals create some apparent problems. Homo sapiens, the Pope, and his heart are all individuals. A human being, such as the Pope, is an organism-level component of Homo sapiens. The Pope’s heart is an organ-level component of both Homo sapiens and the Pope. Although the Pope is a part, and not an instance, of the Roman Catholic Church, it seems odd to say that his heart is a part of that church. This is largely because the Pope’s heart does not have a place in the ecclesiastical government. However, it does contribute to the functioning of the organization. One popular alternative to the view that Homo sapiens is an individual is the notion that it is a natural kind. This has been done by redefining ‘natural kind’ in such a manner that not just the Roman Catholic Church, but the Pope and every other human being is a natural kind as well.

Développement basé composant. Une approche centrée composition

The growing complexity of IS pleads for a development of these systems based on components. Our point of view is that composition is the critical point of this kind of development. By composition, we mean semantic integration of components. We present a composition centered approach for component-based development. Composition is treated by a specific relation based on Whole-Part relationship. This relationship can be characterized by formally specified properties and allows to constraint the structural and dynamic relations between components. The realization is realized by a composition framework, consisting in a UML profile that implements the composition relationship and a deployement environment insuring the respect of the composition properties.

A parallel growing architecture for self-organizing maps with unsupervised learning

Self-organizing maps (SOMs) have become popular for tasks in data visualization, pattern classification or natural language processing and can be seen as one of the major concepts for artificial neural networks of today. Their general idea is to approximate a high dimensional and previously unknown input distribution by a lower-dimensional neural network structure with the goal to model the topology of the input space as close as possible. Classical SOMs read the input values in random but sequential order one by one and thus adjust the network structure over space: the network will be built while reading larger and larger parts of the input. In contrast to this approach, we present a SOM that processes the whole input in parallel and organizes itself over time. The main reason for parallel input processing lies in the fact that knowledge can be used to recognize parts of patterns in the input space that have already been learned. This way, networks can be developed that do not reorganize their structure from scratch every time a new set of input vectors is presented, but rather adjust their internal architecture in accordance with previous mappings. One basic application could be a modeling of the whole-part relationship through layered architectures.

On formalization of the whole-part relationship in the unified modeling language

F. Barbier et al. (2003) introduced a formal definition for the semantics of the whole-part relationship in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This paper reports some discrepancies that appeared previously and proposes solutions to these discrepancies.

Controversies about the black and white diamonds

F. Barbier et al. (2003) offered a formal definition for the semantics of the whole-part relationship in the Unified Modeling Language or UML. H.B.K. Tan et al. (2003) raised problems within some parts of the formalization. We discuss these problems and their remedies developed by H.B.K. Tan et al. (2003).

Formalization of the whole-part relationship in the unified modeling language

A formal definition for the semantics of the Whole-Part relationship in the Unified Modeling Language or UML is introduced. This provides a fully directly usable specification which can be incorporated into version 2.0 of UML. An improvement to the current metamodel fragment relating to relationships is proposed, supplemented by the introduction of axioms expressed in the Object Constraint Language or OCL. The overall formalization relates to a clear and concise emphasis on carefully enunciated (primary) characteristics that apply to all instances of a new Whole-Part metatype. Specific kinds of the Whole-Part relationship are defined in terms of secondary characteristics, which must be possessed by subtypes: In UML 1.4, these are Aggregation (a.k.a. white diamond) and Composition (a.k.a. black diamond). Primary and secondary characteristics may then be consistently combined with each other. Consequently, this allows the possible introduction of supplementary forms of Whole-Part. Such a revision is necessary since Aggregation and Composition in UML 1.4 do not cover the full spectrum of Whole-Part theory.

The Use of Subtypes and Stereotypes in the UML Model

Based on users’ experiences of Version 1.3 of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) of the Object Management Group (OMG), a Request For Information in 1999 elicited several responses which were asked to identify “problems” but not to offer any solutions. One of these responses is examined for “problems” relating to the UML metamodel and here some solutions to the problems identified there are proposed. Specifically, we evaluate the metamodel relating to stereotypes versus subtypes; the various kinds of Classifier (particularly Types, Interfaces and Classes); the introduction of a new subtype for the whole-part relationship; as well as identifying areas in the metamodel where the UML seems to have been used inappropriately in the very definition of the UML’s metamodel.

The whole-part relationship in object modelling: a definition in cOlOr

In object models built according to popular object-oriented formalisms, the commonest relationship types (excluding inheritance) are the structural relationships of association and of whole-part (often called aggregation). This last type is well known to have no accurately prescribed semantics. Here, some of the aggregation semantics frequently presented in the literature and sometimes supported in current object-oriented modelling languages, especially UML, are analysed and criticised. Because of defects, the use of a modelling notation based on these aggregation semantics is dubious and limited. Moreover, many properties are candidates for characterising the whole-part relationship provided that no redundancy and no inconsistency exist between them. A framework known as cOlOr is then offered by means of a metamodel in which the Whole-Part metatype inherits from the Structural-Relationship metatype. Defining a specific aggregation semantics leads then, first, within cOlOr, to the creation of a subtype of the Whole-Part metatype. Next, the behaviour of this last type is extended and/or restricted in using a constraint-based approach. Such a process is developed particularly for considering Composition in UML and Aggregation in OML more formally, as well as for dealing with domain-dependent aggregation semantics. Since a non-negligible feature of cOlOr is the availability of a C++ library that implements the proposed metamodel, some implementation concerns are also briefly discussed.

Coral reef ecosystems: how much greater is the whole than the sum of the parts?

The ecosystem concept has been applied to coral reefs since the time of Charles Darwin, perhaps because of the apparent integrity of the biotic-abiotic nexus. The modern model of the ecosystem as a hierarchy with emergent properties is exemplified in reefs as massive structures formed by small colonial organisms, the self- similarity of these structures across large spatial scales, and the uniformity of function by diverse biological com- munities. Emergent properties arise through the integra- tion of processes up the levels of organization and larger spatial and temporal scales encompassed by a whole reef. The organic response of reef morphology to hydro- dynamic forcing, the constancy and conservatism of or- ganic production across a broad range of environments, and the global persistence of reefs in the face of massive evolutionary change in species diversity are interpreted as emergent properties. Coral reefs, of course, function by the same basic laws as other ecosystems, but there is cause to view them as an end member of a continuum because of their structural complexity and high internal cycling. Well-defined boundary conditions mean that highly inte- grative measures of ecosystem process based on physical and biogeochemical models (e.g. community metabolism) have provided the main applications of systems ecology to questions of coral reef function. Organism-population approaches are being reconciled with form-functional models to yield new insights to ecosystem processes and interactions among reefs and adjacent systems. The form and metabolism of reef production are strongly a⁄ected by phase shifts in benthic community structure, and most reef systems are more open to trans-boundary fluxes and external forcing than the early models suggest. The at- tractive paradigm of the reef as a self-suƒcient ecosystem is dying slowly as research focus shifts from atolls to more open fringing and bank barrier reefs, and organic inputs to system production are measured. Coral reefs contribute little in a net sense to global ecosystem pro- cesses, but on an areal basis their exports of organic products are significant. Holistic models and measures of ecosystem processes incorporate the unusual whole-part relationship of reefs and are practically essential to an- swering the key questions facing coral reef science in the next millennium.

Intercorrelations of Weights of Wholesale Cuts of Beef Carcasses

Relationships among the weights of the wholesale cuts, live weight, and slaughter grade were studied from data secured from 50 steers and their carcasses. Zero order correlations as well as first order partial correlations removing the effects due to variation in live weight and second order partial correlations removing effects due to variations in live weight and slaughter grade were presented. Little effect was produced on the correlations between live weight and wholesale cuts because of the involvement of a whole-part relationship. The slight effect of slaughter grade on the size of correlations between cuts was probably due to the relatively small amount of variation in grade. A number of cuts were found to be statistically significantly correlated, among them some structurally independent cuts. For most of the latter, the first order partial correlations were in the range of 0.35 to 0.45 while the round and arm chuck were correlated to the extent of 0.69.