Whole-body Bone Mineral Content Research Articles

Racial diversities in lifespan bone mass: findings from the China BCL study and US NHANES.

Bone mass at different life stages is instrumental for developing effective, long-term osteoporosis prevention strategies. We aimed to investigate the developmental patterns of bone mass across the entire lifespan among the Chinese population and to compare these patterns with those of different racial groups, including Whites, Blacks, and Mexicans in the US population. Our study analyzed data from the China Body Composition Life-course (BCL, 2013-2023) Study and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2018). We measured bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at various anatomical sites, including the whole-body, lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. In the Chinese population, whole-body BMC and BMD increased rapidly during childhood and adolescence, with males and females achieving approximately 90.6% and 95.7% of their respective peak bone mass. Peak bone mass for whole-body, total hip, and femoral neck BMC/BMD occurred generally between the ages of 21 and 30, whereas the lumbar spine BMD peak did approximately a decade later. After reaching the peak, a gradual bone loss was observed from ages 30 to 40, with an acceleration post age 40, especially in females. Comparative analyses indicated that Chinese individuals exhibited the lowest bone mass levels and accrual rates over their lifespan, followed successively by Whites, Mexicans, and Blacks. By exploring bone mass changes and racial disparities among the Chinese and US populations, this study emphasizes the need for establishing sex- and ethnic- specific public health strategies to prioritize bone health throughout the entire life course.

Bone Accrual Trajectories in Children and Adolescents with Perinatal HIV Infection.

Low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in children and adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV). Little is known about their bone accrual through puberty compared to an uninfected healthy cohort. To compare bone accrual in PHIV and healthy children. PHIV children aged 7-16 years had dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at entry, 2 years, and then at least 2 years later. Bone accrual was compared to healthy children from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS). United States academic clinical research centers. 172 PHIV; 1321 BMDCS. We calculated height-adjusted whole-body and spine BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) Z-scores in PHIV using BMDCS reference curves. We fit piecewise weighted linear mixed effects models with change points at 11 and 15 years, adjusted for age, sex, race, height Z-score, and Tanner stage, to compare BMD and BMC Z-scores across actual age by cohort.Main Outcome Measure: BMD/BMC Z-scores. Height-adjusted whole-body BMD and BMC Z-scores in PHIV were lower across age compared to BMDCS children. Spine BMD Z-score across age was higher in PHIV after height adjustment. Whole-body and spine bone area tended to be lower in PHIV. PHIV had slower accrual in whole-body and spine bone area before 14 years. After 15 years, bone area accruals were similar, as were height-adjusted spine BMC Z-scores, across age. PHIV had persistent deficits in all measures except height-adjusted spine BMD and BMC Z-scores. Data are needed on PHIV followed to adulthood.

127 Utilizing predictive models for bone mineral content and bone mineral density as a tool to assess dietary phosphorous

Abstract Dietary phosphorous is a necessary nutrient for bone development in pigs at all stages of its growing. Deficiencies in phosphorous decrease bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and may be a causative of lameness. However, the normal range expected in whole body (WB) and individual bones for BMC and BMD in commercial pigs has been poorly defined. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) model normal WB bone density at multiple timepoints in wean to finish pigs, and 2) determine the extent to which individual bone (femur and 3rd metatarsal) BMC and BMD could predict WB BMC and BMD. Mixed sex pigs [Camborough (1050) x 337, PIC] were utilized and included freshly weaned ~21 d (n = 8), ~44 d of age (n = 24), ~84 d of age (n = 24) and ~154 d of age (n = 24). Pigs were individually penned. Excluding weaning age, at each age group pigs were randomly assigned to diets adequate, marginally deficient, or deficient in available phosphorus (avP) and fed for 3, 4, and 6 wk (age group 44, 84, 154, respectively). Within each age group, diets were formulated to meet nutrient and energy requirements except for avP and pigs fed ad libitum. On-test and off-test body weight (BW) and feed intake and gain to feed ratio were assessed for each age group. At the end of each feeding period, all pigs were euthanized and WB, femur (F) and 3rd metatarsal (M) BMC and BMD determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were analyzed using linear and generalized additive models that predicted response variables (BMC or BMD) as a function of BW or age. Only pigs fed adequate avP diets were used in the model fit. Pigs fed adequate avP diets increased BMD with age (0.22, 0.42, 0.84 and 1.10 g/cm2, days of age 21, 44, 84 and 154 respectively, P < 0.001). Within day of age 84, marginally and deficient avP diets reduced BMC and BMD by 21 to 41% (P = 0.002) and 12 to 25% (P = 0.006), respectively. Within day of age 154, marginally and deficient avP diets reduced BMC and BMD by 9% (P = 0.05) and 6 to 8% (P = 0.06), respectively. Body weight record and individual bone (F and M) BMC and BMD from pigs fed deficient avP diets were used to predict WB BMC and BMD and the mean square error of prediction was selected as a criterion to evaluate the ability of the models to detect these inadequately fed pigs. Using the selected models, pigs fed nutritionally deficient diets were detected due to 2- to 7-fold increase in MSE of predicted WBMD or WBMC compared with pigs fed adequate diets. These models can be used to assess bone development and strength in growing pigs and to infer the adequacy of avP level supplied in their diets.

Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study

BackgroundMonitoring elite athletes’ body composition (BC) is vital for health and optimizing performance in sports emphasizing leanness, such as athletics. This study aims to investigate and compare sex- and event-specific off-to in-season BC changes in endurance and power event athletics competitors.MethodsElite male and female endurance athletes (> 800 m runners; n = 21) and power event athletes (sprinters, jumpers; n = 32) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for whole and regional lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) during off-season (September-October) and in-season (April-May). Linear mixed models tested between-group off-season differences in BC, within-group off-season to in-season changes, and between-group differences in change. To assess meaningful or least significant changes (LSC) in BC, DXA precision errors were determined from two consecutive total body scans in a subsample of athletes (n = 30).ResultsMale athletes (n = 26) gained significantly (p < 0.05) more body mass (BM; mean difference 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI):0.5–2.4] kg), LM (843 [95% CI:-253:1459] g), and trunk LM (756 [-502:1156] g) than female athletes (n = 27). The proportion of changes in athlete’s BC exceeding the LSC threshold for LM and trunk LM were 70% and 65% in males, and 48% and 26% in females. Significant (p < 0.05) within-group off-season to in-season increases in LM were found for male endurance and power athletes, and female power athletes. All groups significantly increased BMD (p < 0.05). Only male and female power athletes had significant in- to-off-season increases in BMC. 80% of all athletes who had a meaningful increase in BMC belonged to the power event group. No significant within- or between group change in FM was observed.ConclusionsThe present study found that male athletes gained more BM, LM and trunk LM than females. Within-group increases in regional and whole-body LM and BMC were predominantly found among power event competitors. Incorporating individual meaningful changes alongside traditional statistics provided additional insights into sex and event-group differences. Future research on elite athletic event groups should include DXA measurements closer to major outdoor-season competitions, coupled with site-specific measures (ultrasound, MRI) for better detection of subtle changes in LM and FM.

The Effects of Dairy Product Supplementation on Bone Health Indices in Children Aged 3 to 18 Years: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for optimizing skeletal growth. Dairy products are valuable sources of bone-beneficial nutrients, particularly calcium and protein. A random-effects meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials was performed to quantitatively assess the effects of dairy supplementation on bone health indices in children and adolescents. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched. Dairy supplementation increased whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) (+25.37 g) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (+0.016 g/cm2), total hip BMC (+0.49 g) and aBMD (+0.013 g/cm2), femoral neck BMC (+0.06 g) and aBMD (+0.030 g/cm2), lumbar spine BMC (+0.85 g) and aBMD (+0.019 g/cm2), and height (0.21 cm). When expressed as a percentage difference, whole-body BMC was increased by 3.0%, total hip BMC by 3.3%, femoral neck BMC by 4.0%, lumbar spine BMC by 4.1%, whole-body aBMD by 1.8%, total hip aBMD by 1.2%, femoral neck aBMD by 1.5%, and lumbar spine aBMD by 2.6%. Dairy supplementation increased serum insulin-like growth factor I concentrations (19.89 nmol/L) and reduced concentrations of urinary deoxypyridinoline (-1.78 nmol/mmol creatinine) and serum parathyroid hormone (-10.46 pg/mL) but did not significantly affect the serum concentrations of osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (+4.98 ng/mL) increased with vitamin D-fortified dairy supplementation. The positive effects on bone mineral mass parameters and height were generally consistent across subgroups defined by sex, geographical region, baseline calcium intake, calcium from the supplementation, trial duration, and Tanner stages. In summary, dairy supplementation during growth leads to a small but significant increase in bone mineral mass parameters, and these findings are generally supported by the changes in several biochemical parameters related to bone health.

Follistatin Is Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Lean Adolescent Girls with Increased Physical Activity.

Follistatin is a member of the activin-follistatin-inhibin hormonal system and is proposed to affect bone metabolism. However, data regarding the effect of follistatin on bone are relatively scarce and contradictory in humans. The purpose of the current study was to investigate possible associations of serum follistatin concentration with bone mineral characteristics in lean and physically active adolescent girls. Bone mineral density, body composition, resting energy expenditure and different energy homeostasis hormones in serum including follistatin, leptin and insulin were investigated. Significant relationships (p < 0.05) between serum follistatin (1275.1 ± 263.1 pg/mL) and whole-body (WB) bone mineral content (r = 0.33), WB areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (r = 0.23) and lumbar spine (LS) aBMD (r = 0.29) values were observed. Serum follistatin remained associated with LS aBMD independent of body fat and lean masses (r = 0.21; p < 0.05). However, the follistatin concentration explained only 3% (R2 × 100; p = 0.049) of the total variance in LS aBMD values. In conclusion, serum follistatin concentrations were associated with bone mineral values in lean adolescent girls with increased physical activity. Follistatin was an independent predictor of lumbar spine areal bone mineral density, which predominantly consists of trabecular bone.

Phase angle as a key marker of muscular and bone quality in community-dwelling independent older adults: A cross-sectional exploratory pilot study

The aim of the present cross-sectional exploratory pilot study was to analyze the ability of the Phase Angle (PhA) to predict physical function, muscle strength and bone indicators, upon adjusting for potential confounders [age, sex, lean mass, and body mass index (BMI)]. This study included 56 physically independent older adults (age, 68.29 ± 3.01 years; BMI, 28.09 ± 4.37 kg/m2). A multi-frequency segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to measure PhA at 50 KHz. Additionally, physical function was assessed through four functional capacity tests [30-sec chair‐stand; seated medicine ball throw (SMBT); timed up & go; and 6-min walking test (6 MWT)], muscle strength through the handgrip test (dominant side) and maximal isokinetic strength of the dominant knee flexor and extensor. Moreover, bone indicators and body composition were assessed through the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.PhA was significantly associated with SMBT (r = 0.375, effect size (ES) = moderate); 6 MWT (r = 0.396, ES = moderate); 30-sec chair‐stand (rho = 0.314, ES = moderate); knee extension (rho = 0.566, ES = large) and flexion (r = 0.459, ES = moderate); handgrip (rho = 0.432, ES = moderate); whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) (r = 0.316, ES = moderate); femoral neck BMC (r = 0.469, ES = moderate); and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) (rho = 0.433, ES = moderate). Additionally, the results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that PhA is significantly associated with SMBT (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.629), 6 MWT (p = 0.004; R2 = 0.214), knee extension (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.697), knee flexion (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.355), handgrip test (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.774), whole-body BMC (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.524), femoral neck BMC (p = 0.001; R2 = 0.249), and femoral neck BMD (p = 0.020; R2 = 0.153). The results of the preliminary analysis suggested that PhA is linked to muscle strength and some factors related to physical function and bone quality in community-dwelling older adults.

The Effects of a 1-Year Recreational Kung Fu Protocol on Bone Health Parameters in a Group of Healthy Inactive Young Men

The main aim of the current study was to explore the effects of a 1-year recreational Kung Fu protocol on bone health parameters (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck geometry and composite indices of femoral neck strength) in a group of healthy inactive young men. 54 young inactive men voluntarily participated in this study, but only 51 of them completed it. The participants were assigned to 2 different groups: control group (n=31) and Kung Fu group (n=20). The Kung Fu group performed two sessions of recreational Kung Fu per week; the duration of each session was 45 minutes. The current study has demonstrated that whole body (WB) BMC, ultra-distal (UD) radius BMD, 1/3 radius BMD, total radius BMD, total forearm BMD, maximal strength, maximum oxygen consumption and jumping performance increased in the Kung Fu group but not in the control group. The percentages of variations in WB BMC, forearm BMD and physical performance parameters were significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that recreational Kung Fu is an effective method to improve WB BMC, forearm BMD and physical performance parameters in young inactive men.

A longitudinal observational study of skeletal development between ages 3 mo and 6 y in children fed human milk, milk formula, or soy formula

BackgroundEarly infant feeding can affect skeletal development. Most children are fed with breast milk, dairy-based infant formula, or soy-based infant formula during the first year of life. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2010 reports that 12% of the US infants consume soy-based infant formula. Despite potential effects of soy-associated isoflavones on skeletal development, studies investigating bone metabolism and structural and functional bone indices in children are lacking. ObjectiveThe aim of this observational study was to investigate early effects of soy-based infant formula (SF group) intake on bone metabolism and structure during the first 6 y of life comparing with those of infants fed with breast milk (BF group) and dairy-based infant formula (MF group). MethodsA total of 433 healthy infants were followed up from 3 mo to 6 y of age. Children’s skeletal development was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; N = 433) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT; n = 78). The urinary biomarkers of bone metabolism (N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [NTx] and osteocalcin) were evaluated using immunoassays at 6, 24, 60, and 72 mo. ResultsNo statistically significant group differences were observed in bone mineral density (BMD) between the BF, MF, and SF groups, assessed using DXA or pQCT. At 6 y of age, children in the SF group showed significantly greater whole-body bone mineral content measured using DXA than those in the MF group. Six-month-old boys in the SF group demonstrated significantly greater levels of NTx than those in the MF group and significantly greater osteocalcin levels than those in the BF group. ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that although infants at age 6 mo in the SF group showed some enhanced bone metabolism compared with those in the BF and MF groups, as indicated by the urinary biomarkers, no differences in bone metabolism or BMD were noted between ages 2 and 6 y.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00616395.

Reproductive hormones, bone mineral content, body composition and testosterone therapy in boys and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Adult patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are characterized by a highly variable phenotype including tall stature, obesity and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism as well as an increased risk of developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis. Most adults need testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), whereas the use of TRT during puberty has been debated. In this retrospective, observational study reproductive hormones and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived body composition and bone mineral content were standardized to age-related standard deviation scores (SDS) in 62 patients with KS aged 5.9 to 20.6 years. Serum concentrations of total testosterone and inhibin B were low, whereas LH and FSH were high in patients before TRT. Despite normal body mass index (BMI), body fat% and ratio between android fat% and gynoid fat% were significantly higher in the entire group irrespective of treatment status. In patients evaluated before and during TRT a tendency towards a more beneficial body composition with a significant reduction in ratio between android fat% and gynoid fat% during TRT was found. Bone mineral content (BMC) did not differ from the reference, but BMC corrected for bone area was significantly lower when compared to the reference. This study confirms that patients with KS have an unfavorable body composition and an impaired bone mineral status already during childhood and adolescence. Systematic studies are needed to evaluate whether TRT during puberty will improve these parameters.

A feasibility study of training in a local community aimed upon health promotion with special emphasis on musculoskeletal health effects

Background: To minimize fracture risk, multimodal training regimens are recommended. However, their effectiveness in community settings remains uncertain. This study evaluated the feasibility of 19-weeks of multimodal training in a local community center with emphasis on musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women. Methods: In a controlled trial, 28 postmenopausal women (53-68-years-old) were assigned to a multimodal training group (MMT, n=15) or a control group (CON, n=13). The training consisted of high- and odd-impact, resistance and balance-coordination training 1-2 hours weekly. The outcomes were attendance rate, regional and total bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone turnover markers (BTM), body composition, functional muscle strength and power, and dynamic balance. All were determined at baseline and after 19 weeks of training. BTM was assessed after three weeks. Results: Overall, 22(79%) participants (MMT, n=9; CON, n=13) completed the study, and the mean attendance rate for MMT was 65.5% of the maximum sessions (2) offered. Only right trochanter BMD increased (p&lt;0.05) by 1.0±1.1% in MMT, which was higher(p&lt;0.05) than CON. While whole-body BMC was not changed at 19 weeks from baseline in MMT, it decreased (p&lt;0.05) in CON resulting in a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in whole-body BMC delta values between the two groups. Compared to baseline, body fat percentage(%BF), fat mass(FM), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)-mass and -volume were decreased (p&lt;0.01) in MMT, and were larger (p&lt;0.05) than CON. No significant changes were observed in BTM, muscle strength and power, and dynamic balance after 19 weeks. Conclusions: Nineteen weeks of multimodal training 1-2 hours per week in a local community had a health-enhancing effect on %BF, FM, and VAT, whereas the musculoskeletal health impact was modest. We hypothesize that the reason might be too low training volume and frequency and supposedly too low musculoskeletal training intensity for some participants. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05164679 (21/12/2021).

Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mass in Infants With 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Less Than 50 nmol/L

The dose of supplemental vitamin D needed in infants born with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations less than 50 nmol/L (ie, 20 ng/mL) is unclear. To determine whether a higher dose (1000 IU vs 400 IU per day) is required in infants born with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L for bone mineral accretion across infancy. In this prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized clinical trial, conducted from March 2016 to March 2019 in a single center in Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada, a consecutive sample of 139 healthy term singletons were recruited from 866 infants screened for vitamin D status at birth. Data were analyzed from June 2021 to November 2022. Capillary blood was collected 24 to 36 hours after birth to measure serum total 25(OH)D concentrations. Infants with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L were randomized to receive either 1000 IU or 400 IU per day of oral vitamin D3 supplementation from age 1 to 12 months. Infants with 25(OH)D concentrations of 50 nmol/L or greater formed a reference group. Measures at age 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were preplanned and included whole-body bone mineral content, lumbar spine bone mineral content, and bone mineral density using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and serum 25(OH)D3 using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Of 139 included infants, 81 (58.3%) were male, and the median (IQR) gestational age at birth was 39.6 (38.9-40.6) weeks. A total of 49 infants were included in the 1000 IU per day group, 49 infants in the 400 IU per day group, and 41 in the reference group. Mean (SD) whole-body bone mineral content was not different between trial groups over time (1000 IU per day, 173.09 [2.36] g; 400 IU per day, 165.94 [66.08] g). Similarly, no differences were observed in lumbar spine bone mineral content or density. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly higher in the 1000 IU per day group from age 3 to 12 months (3 months, 115.2 [35.3] nmol/L; 6 months, 121.6 [34.4] nmol/L; 12 months, 99.6 [28.8] nmol/L) compared with the 400 IU per day trial group (3 months, 77.4 [23.3] nmol/L; 6 months, 85.1 [18.6] nmol/L; 12 months, 82.3 [14.3] nmol/L). In this study, a higher dose of vitamin D supplementation in infants born with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L did not present advantages to bone mass in infancy. This study supports a standard dose of 400 IU per day of vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants in Montreal. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02563015.

Bone Mineral Content and Density in Healthy Term Indian Infants at the Age of 1 and 2 Years Assessed by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.

There is a paucity of data on the bone mineral status of infants, with no data from India. This study was undertaken to assess the bone mineral content (BMC) of the healthy term Indian infants at 1 and 2 y of age, and the influence of factors such as birth weight, gender, current size, and vitamin D levels on BMC. Anthropometry, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the lumbar spine and whole-body BMC were performed at the ages of 1 and 2 y.Mean whole-body BMC was 214.1 ± 40.8g at 1 y (n = 131) and 327.6 ± 87.4g at 2 y (n = 73); lumbar spine BMC was 6.9 ± 1.8g at 1 y and 10.2 ± 3.8g at 2 y. The chief determinants of BMC were the weight and length/height of the infant, with no effect of vitamin D levels. The BMC of Indian infants at 1 y was similar to that reported previously for Caucasian infants.

External training load is associated with adaptation in bone and body composition over the course of a season in elite male footballers

This study examined the relationship between training load and changes in body composition and bone characteristics across a competitive season. Twenty senior male professional football players participated in this prospective longitudinal study. Participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans on four occasions across the study period, resulting in three phases of the season. Phase 1 (Scan 1-Scan 2: 6-weeks: pre-season), Phase 2 (Scan 2-Scan 3: 24-weeks: first part of the season), and Phase 3 (Scan 3-Scan 4: 13-weeks: second part of the season). External training load was quantified using GPS devices. In Phase 1 there was a significant increase (mean ± SE) in lean mass (from 66.0 ± 1.4 to 67.8 ± 1.4 kg) and a significant decrease in fat mass (from 11.5 ± 0.6 to 10.4 ± 0.6 kg). In Phase 2 there were significant increases in whole-body BMD (from 1.41 ± 0.02 to 1.43 ± 0.02 g/cm2), leg (from 1563 ± 43 to 1572 ± 43 g) and whole-body BMC (from 3807 ± 100 to 3860 ± 100 g), tibial mass (14 % site) (from 3.72 ± 0.08 to 3.74 ± 0.08 g), tibial strength (SSI(POL)14 % site) (from 2331 ± 78 to 2378 ± 78 mm3), and tibial density (4 % site) (from 382 ± 8 to 388 ± 8 mm3). In Phase 3, there was a significant decrease in tibial mass (14 % site) (from 3.74 ± 0.08 to 3.72 ± 0.08 g). Bootstrapped (BCa 95 % CI) Pearson correlations showed that in Phase 2 there were significant positive relationships between the increases in leg BMC and total distance (r = 0.44, 0.01–0.80), accelerations (r = 0.45, 0.08–0.75), and decelerations (r = 0.49, 0.07–0.83), and between the increase in tibial strength (SSI(POL)14 % site) and accelerations (r = 0.53, 0.19–0.80). High magnitude dynamic actions, such as accelerations and decelerations were positively correlated with changes in bone characteristics during a professional football season and should be considered by practitioners when prescribing exercise to induce bone adaptation.

A Comparative and Sex-Specific Study of Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Estimating Whole-Body and Segmental Body Composition in Healthy Young Adults

Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are methods to estimate human body composition. This study aimed to compare sex-specific outcomes for estimating segmental and whole-body composition in 83 healthy participants (21.9 ± 1.5 years, 56% men) using Inbody S10 BIA and Norland Elite DXA devices. One-way repeated measures ANOVAs showed significantly lower whole-body fat% and whole-body fat mass values alongside higher whole-body lean mass values resulting from BIA when compared to DXA (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001). In men, whole-body bone mineral content was significantly higher using BIA against DXA (p &lt; 0.001). Regardless of sex, no significant BIA versus DXA difference was found in arm fat mass (men: p = 0.180, women: p = 0.233), whereas significantly lower leg fat mass values were found with BIA versus DXA (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, significantly higher arm lean mass (both sexes: p &lt; 0.001) and leg lean mass (only women: p &lt; 0.001) were found in BIA versus DXA. Moderate to very strong positive associations (p &lt; 0.05) between BIA and DXA outcome measures were found, except for arm fat mass (men: p = 0.904, women: p = 0.130) and leg fat mass (only men: p = 0.845). This study highlights (sex-dependent) differences in corresponding test outcomes between BIA and DXA both at the segmental and whole-body level.

Recreational Football and Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Recreational football is an intense, versatile form of exercise with multiple high- and odd-impact actions. Recreational football is therefore hypothesized to be suitable for bone modeling and bone health. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of recreational football on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone turnover markers (BTM). Systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Google Scholar were searched prior to September 2021. A manual database search was also performed using the following key terms, either singly or in combination: recreational football/soccer, street football/soccer, recreational small-sided games, effect, influence, impact, bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, bone turnover marker, bone health, osteogenesis, CTX, osteocalcin, P1NP. Randomised and matched controlled trials with participants allocated to a recreational football group or any other type of training intervention or passive control group were included. The primary outcome measures were total BMD, lower limb BMD, total BMC, lower limb BMC, osteocalcin, procollagen type 1N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX). A total of 17 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. Comprehensive Meta-analysis V.2 software (Biostat, Englewood, New Jersey, USA) was used for the meta-analyses. Agreement between the two reviewers was assessed using RoB2 tool and k statistics for full-text screening and rating of relevance and risk of bias. The k agreement rate between reviewers was k = 0.92. The football interventions included were based on studies having a duration of 12-64weeks with one 5-year follow-up study and with a training frequency of 1-3 sessions/wk. Training sessions were 45-60min sessions of 3v3 - 7v7 small-sided games. The subjects covered an age span from 9 to 73years. Five studies examined recreational football effects in females, nine studies in males and three studies included both sexes. Recreational football training produced a statistically significant effect (mean difference = 0.02g/cm2, 95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.03, P = 0.02) on lower limb BMD and negligible effects for total BMD compared to no-exercise controls. The recreational football effects on total and lower limb BMC, when compared to both no-exercise controls and exercise controls, were negligible. A moderate to large significant increase in osteocalcin, P1NP and CTX was observed for recreational football compared to both no-exercise controls and exercise controls. In conclusion, recreational football training regimes lasting 12-64weeks have a large osteogenic impact on bone turnover markers in comparison with no-exercise controls as well as exercise controls, and beneficial effects on lower limb BMD compared to no-exercise controls. Short and medium duration recreational football interventions have negligible effects on whole-body BMD and BMC (total and lower limb), with magnitudes similar to those of other exercise modes.

The Impact of Hempseed Consumption on Bone Parameters and Body Composition in Growing Mice

ObjectivesThis study investigated the effect of a diet containing hempseeds (HS), which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, on body composition, bone mineral measurements and epiphyseal plate osteoblast density. MethodsGroups (n = 8 each) of female C57BL/6 mice were fed one of three AIN-93G-based diets (15% HS by weight; 5% HS; 0% HS) from age 5 to 30 weeks. Diets contained ∼16, 18, and 60% total kcals from fat, protein and carbohydrate, respectively. In-vivo whole-body composition and bone mineral density and content were measured every 4 weeks using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Ex-vivo humeri osteoblast density was determined by sectioning bone longitudinally, mounting the sections on slides and staining using alkaline phosphatase. Stain intensity at the epiphyseal plate was ranked independently by 5 evaluators. ANOVA was used to compare outcomes across groups. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship of end-point bone mineral measurements and osteoblast density. ResultsNo differences were seen in bone mineral measurements, lean mass or fat mass across diet groups. Body weight gain did not differ across groups yet mice fed the 15% HS diet consumed significantly more food than those fed the 0% and 5% HS diets (p = 0.0002). Humeri from both HS groups displayed significantly lower osteoblast densities compared to the control group (P < 0.0001). No relationship was seen between osteoblast density and body composition measurements. ConclusionsDiets enriched with 5% and 15% HS supported growth as well as the control diet without significant impacts on whole-body composition, including bone mineral density and content. At the cellular level, however, HS consumption resulted in reduced density of osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate. These data invite closer examination of bone cell activity and microarchitecture to determine the effect of habitual HS consumption on bone integrity. Funding SourcesInstitute of Cannabis Research at Colorado State University, Pueblo; Idaho State University.

The Impact of Hempseed Consumption on Bone Parameters and Body Composition in Growing Female C57BL/6 Mice.

Optimizing peak bone mass is critical to healthy aging. Beyond the established roles of dietary minerals and protein on bone integrity, fatty acids and polyphenols modify bone structure. This study investigated the effect of a diet containing hempseeds (HS), which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, on bone mineral density, bone cell populations and body composition. Groups (n = 8 each) of female C57BL/6 mice were fed one of three diets (15% HS by weight; 5% HS; 0% HS (control)) from age 5 to 30 weeks. In vivo whole-body composition and bone mineral density and content were measured every 4 weeks using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ex vivo humeri cell populations in the epiphyseal plate region were determined by sectioning the bone longitudinally, mounting the sections on slides and staining with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase stain to identify osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Mixed models with repeated measures across experimental weeks showed that neither body weight nor body weight gain across weeks differed among groups yet mice fed the 15% HS diet consumed significantly more food and more kilocalories per g body weight gained than those fed the 5% HS and control diets (p < 0.0001). Across weeks, fat mass was significantly higher in the 5% HS versus the control group (p = 0.02). At the end point, whole-body bone mineral content was significantly higher in the control compared to the 5% HS group (p = 0.02). Humeri from both HS groups displayed significantly lower osteoblast densities compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). No relationship was seen between osteoblast density and body composition measurements. These data invite closer examination of bone cell activity and microarchitecture to determine the effect of habitual HS consumption on bone integrity.

Modelling Changes in Bone and Body Composition Over a Season in Elite Male Footballers.

This study investigated the change in bone and body composition characteristics of elite football players and recreationally active control participants across the course of a season. Fortysix participants (20 footballers and 26 recreationally active controls) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography for a range of bone and body composition characteristics at four points over the course of a competitive season. Multilevel modelling was used to examine changes. Footballers had higher characteristics than controls for 24 out of 29 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography variables (all p<0.05). However, there was also significant random inter-individual variation in baseline values for all variables, for both footballers and controls (p < 0.05). Wholebody bone mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral content, tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased across the season in footballers (p < 0.05), and there was significant random inter-individual variation in the rate of increase of leg and whole-body bone mineral content (p<0.05). Whole-body bone mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral content, tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased over the course of the season in elite football players. The modelling information on expected changes in bone characteristics provides practitioners with a method of identifying those with abnormal bone response to football training and match-play.

The Influence of Body Composition on Bone Health in Long-term Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood and Adolescence: Analyses by Dual-energy Radiograph Absorptiometry and Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography.

The normal interrelationship of body composition with bone health is less clear in the context of disease. Survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exhibit sarcopenic obesity and osteopenia. The impact of body composition on bone health in such survivors was examined. Survivors of ALL (N=74), >10 years from diagnosis, underwent dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Whole-body bone mineral content (WB BMC) Z scores were greater in males than females, but WB BMC indices (WB BMC/height 2 ) were comparable (0.74±0.125 and 0.72±0.069, respectively). WB BMC index (I) and fat-free mass index correlated significantly with trabecular bone mineral density, only in males. Fat mass index and appendicular lean mass index showed no such correlations. WB BMCI and fat-free mass index also correlated, again predominantly in males, with measures of strength in both trabecular and cortical bone. WB BMCI also correlated strongly with trabecular number, thickness, and hole size, also only in males. The results point to the need for enhancing muscle mass, measured by appendicular lean mass index, while reducing fat mass and maintaining good bone mineralization in long-term survivors of ALL to ensure the integrity of healthy bones.