Whole-body Amino Acid Composition Research Articles

Histidine requirement of snubnose silver pompano Trachinotus blochii

Histidine is necessary for the formation and repair of tissues to mitigate the effects of cataract on some fish species. Although the requirements for dietary amino acids of several Trachinotus species have been reported, the quantitative histidine requirement for a cost-effective diet for snubnose pompano or Trachinotus blochii, a high value finfish species in the Philippines, has been limited. A 90-day growth experiment determined the dietary histidine requirement of juvenile snubnose pompano (0.19 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets consisted of a control diet with 0% histidine inclusion level (basal histidine level of 0.65%) and five diets with histidine inclusion levels of 0.15 (0.80%), 0.3 (1.1%), 0.45 (1.55%), 0.6 (2.15%), and 0.75% (2.9%). To simulate the pompano whole-body amino acid composition, essential amino acids were added in the diet. Fifteen pompano juveniles per tank in three replicates were stocked randomly in 250-L fiberglass tanks and were fed to satiation for 90 d. When the dietary histidine level and percent weight gain were analyzed via quadratic regression, a dietary histidine level of 1.61 g per 100 g diet or 0.357 g per 100 g protein is required for juvenile snubnose pompano. Moreover, the occurrence of cataracts was not observed in fish fed all dietary treatments.

Insect meals in feeds for juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Effects on growth, blood chemistry, hepatic metabolic enzymes, body composition and nutrient utilization

Alternative and sustainable fish diets are required by modern aquaculture. We investigated the possibility of using insect (Tenebrio molitor TM, Hermetia illucens HI or Musca domestica MD) larvae meals (as 19.5% of the feed formulation) to replace 30% of the in the fish meal (FM) in a gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feed formulated to contain 65% FM. The feeds were isonitrogenous (ca 57% crude protein of dry matter) isolipidic (ca 17% lipid dry matter) and isoenergetic (ca 22 MJ kg−1 dry matter). To achieve similar energy content among the experimental diets, the fish oil inclusion was adjusted. Fish (average initial weight of 29.5 g) were fed up to apparent satiation three times a day, 7 days per week in a 93-days trial. Each diet was assigned to three 500 L tanks with fish density 2 kg m−3. Five fish from the initial population and two fish per tank were taken for whole-body composition analysis. At the end of the experimental period, nine fish per treatment were taken for the analysis of plasma metabolites and liver enzyme activities. Growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion and somatic indices of fish fed the different insect meal diets were similar to the FM fish. However, among the insect meal fish groups, the feeding with the TM diet resulted in higher specific growth rate compared to the HI diet (1.57% and 1.51% per day, respectively). The whole-body proximate composition was similar among experimental groups. Fish fed HI had the lowest fat retention (57.0% compared to 69.3–74.2%). Additionally, the HI group had also lower dry matter and energy retention (30.5% and 36.6%, respectively) compared to the FM group (33.8% and 41.5%, respectively). The whole-body saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids content was similar to all the experimental groups. Fish fed diets higher in fish oil (FM and HI) had higher eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and total ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids content. Whole-body amino acid composition was similar among all experimental groups, while the amino acid retention exhibited significant differences. The plasma metabolites and enzyme activities as well as the hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity were not affected by the different diets. Fish fed the HI diet exhibited higher liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in comparison to the TM group. Overall, this study shows that FM can be successfully replaced by TM, HI or MD meals in 30% by weight in the diets of gilthead sea bream. Comparing insect meals, HI meal was inferior in terms of growth performance and dry matter-fat retention compared to TM and MD, respectively.

Performance of juvenile dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatusLowe, 1834) fed different practical diets in an indoor water‐recirculation system

Juvenile dusky groupers (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe, 1834; 143 g initial body weight) were reared over a 100-day experimental period in a water-recirculated tank system (28°C; 34 g L−1) and fed four different diets, namely a fresh fish diet (whole chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus), a semi-moist diet composed of a 60:40 mixture of a fishmeal-based formulated dry diet and fresh fish, and two fish meal-based dry pelleted diets, with or without supplemental taurine (5.0 g kg-1). Fish grew well on all diets with the exception of fish fed the diet without supplemental taurine (fish exhibiting a significantly lower body weight), with the highest growth response observed with fish fed the semi-moist diet, followed by the artificial diet with taurine and fresh fish respectively (although these differences were not statistically different: p < .05). The estimated essential individual amino acid requirement of juvenile dusky grouper as determined using whole-body amino acid composition was in the range previously reported for grouper species, with the possible exception of isoleucine and tryptophan (lower) and phenylalanine (higher). The present results serve as baseline for further nutritional studies on the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus.

Growth performance and whole-body composition of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidracoRichardson) under feeding restriction

Fish growth is an important index in aquaculture practice. However, the effect of growth under restricted feeding on quality of fish grown to the same size remains poorly unknown. In this study, yellow catfish were reared by feeding them at three different feeding rates such as low (FR-L group), medium (FR-M group) and high (apparent satiation) ration levels for 82, 58 and 34 days to reach the same size, respectively. After this period, the growth performance, whole-body amino acid composition and fatty acid profile of the fish were evaluated. Feeding restriction led to significant decreases in specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Significant increases in dry matter, protein and energy contents were observed in fish under both restricted feeding treatments. FR-L-treated fish had significantly lower whole-body essential amino acid contents, and significantly higher Ala and non-essential amino acid contents compared to fish fed to satiation. Fish in restricted feeding treatments had significantly higher n-3 PUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio compared to the fish fed to satiation. The present results indicate that from a quality perspective, there are certain advantages in improvement of whole-body composition and enrichment of n-3 PUFA associated with the restricted feeding of yellow catfish at slow growth rate.

Comparison of Free and Dipeptide Lysine Utilization in Diets for Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract We compared the utilization efficiency of free lysine (FL) and dipeptide lysine–glycine (LG) in terms of growth performance and whole-body amino acid composition in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . A basal experimental diet was formulated to con-tain 0.5% (basal) lysine from fish meal, and four other diets were prepared by supplementing 0.5% or 1.0% of either FL or LG. The experiment was performed in triplicate, and 20 randomly selected fish averaging 5.41 ± 0.16 g were fed one of the test diets at the rate of 3% BW/day twice daily for 6 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the basal diet showed significantly less weight gain than did the other groups. The results of a two-way ANOVA showed that both lysine level ( P = 0.001) and type ( P = 0.034) influenced growth rate; however, we found no significant interaction between lysine level and form ( P > 0.05). Our results revealed a significant improvement in protein efficiency ratio (PER) with each increment of dietary lysine, and the groups fed LG-supplemented diets showed higher PER than did those offered FL. Hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices were significantly in-fluenced by lysine level and form, and higher values were recorded in fish fed diets containing LG. Significantly higher whole-body arginine levels were found in LG-fed groups, and a significant interaction was observed between lysine level and form (

치어기 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus) 사료내 어분 대체원으로서 발효 대두박 이용성

This study evaluated fermented soybean meal (FSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement and determined the appropriate amount of FSM in juvenile olive flounder diet. Twenty-four aquaria with a flowing-water system were stocked with fish averaging 20.9 g at a density of 25 fish/tank. Five experimental diets were prepared replacing FM with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% FSM based on FM protein (designated FSM 0, FM 10, FSM 20 FSM 30, and FSM 40 , respectively). Two additional diets were prepared that replaced 30 or 40% of the FM with FSM with added amino acids (methionine and lysine) (designated FSM 30+AA , and FSM 40+AA , respectively). Fish (triplicates) were fed one of the eight experimental diets (50% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy g -1 diet) for 8 weeks. Survival did not differ among the treatments during the feeding experiment. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG) or specific growth rate (SGR) among the fish fed diets with up to 30% of the FM replaced. However, fish fed FSM 40 or FSM 40+AA had a reduced WG and SGR, as compared to FSM 0 (control) (P < 0.05). The feed efficiency and apparent digestibility showed a similar trend (P < 0.05). The proximate composition in the whole body of fish differed only between the control and FSM 40 for the crude protein level and between the control and FSM 30+AA for the crude lipid level. The whole-body amino acid composition did not differ among treatments. No significant differences were found between the diet groups with and without amino acid supplementation, indicating that amino acid supplementation had no effect. The major finding of this study is that fermented soybean meal may replace up to 30% of fish meal without amino acid supplementation for normal growth of juvenile olive flounder.

Comparative studies on lipid profiles and amino acid composition of wild and cultured Dojo loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus obtained from southern Japan

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the nutritional properties of wild and cultured loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus obtained from southern Japan. Major parameters, such as whole-body proximate composition, lipid classes, and fatty acid and amino acid composition, were investigated. The whole-body total lipid content of cultured loach was twofold higher than that of wild loach and the proportion of neutral lipids was significantly higher in cultured loach than in wild loach. However, the polar lipid content was two- to threefold lower in cultured loach than in wild loach. Compared to the wild loach, higher contents of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were detected in cultured loach, but much lower contents of 20:4n-6. In terms of whole-body amino acid composition, wild and cultured loach showed similar profiles. In conclusion, the consumption of cultured loach will contribute to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids intake, with a benefit to human health.

Comparison of Growth Performance and Whole-body Amino Acid Composition in Red Seabream (Pagrus major) Fed Free or Dipeptide Form of Phenylalanine.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the dipeptide form of phenylalanine as a new source of amino acid in terms of growth performance and whole-body amino acid composition in comparison to the free form for red seabream (Pagrus major). Fish (1.46±0.001 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets containing 0.7 or 1.4% phenylalanine either in free or dipeptide form. A feeding trial was carried out in three replicates and the fish were fed to apparent satiation for six weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, feed intake of fish was influenced by both phenylalanine form and level and significantly higher values were obtained at an inclusion level of 0.7% and by the use of dipeptide form. However, the other growth parameters did not significantly differ among treatments. Whole-body amino acid compositions revealed no significant changes in concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids regardless of the increase in phenylalanine levels or the use of its different forms. The finding in this study indicates that juvenile red seabream can utilize dipeptide phenylalanine as efficiently as free form without any undesirable effects on growth performance or whole-body amino acid composition.

Amino Acid Composition of Heterobranchus longifilis Fry, Fingerlings, and Broodstock

The whole-body amino acid composition of fry, fingerlings, and brood fish of Heterobranchus longifilis was determined using a Technicon Sequential Multisample Auto-Analyser, equipped with a pen recorder for drawing chromatograms. The fish samples consisted of nine essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threo- nine, valine) and eight nonessential amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine). There were no significant differences among the three stages and all are closely related to those of other fish species.

Dietary deficiencies of single amino acids: Whole-body amino acid composition of adult rats

To ascertain whether chronic amino acid deficiency alters the amino acid composition of the body, 44 adult female rats were randomly allocated to one of 11 treatments which included one control group, ingesting an adequate diet with balanced protein, and ten deficient groups in which one group received protein-deficient diets and the other groups consumed diets each deficient in a single essential amino acid. The degree of deficiency was adjusted to achieve a gradual decline in body weight to 85% of the initial weight and was then adjusted so that this weight was maintained until the end of the experiment at 93 days, when the rats were killed. Deficient rats had lower absolute weights of liver, gastrointestinal tract and muscle than animals given the adequate diet but greater relative weights (% of body weight) of heart and kidneys. There were no significant differences amongst groups in percentages of lipid, nitrogen, protein plus lipid or dry matter. Chronic marginal amino acid deficiencies did not selectively alter amino acid composition.

Arginine and phenylalanine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus and validation of the use of body amino acid composition for estimating individual amino acid requirements

An experiment was conducted in a closed system to quantify the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein with five graded levels of arginine. The diets contained casein and gelatine as protein sources supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to simulate the reference amino acid profile (except for arginine) of silver perch tissue protein. The experiment lasted 12 weeks and, based on growth data using broken-line analysis, the arginine requirement of juvenile silver perch was found to be 2.7 g 100 g−1 dry diet (or 6.8% of protein). Based on whole-body amino acid composition, A/E ratios (essential amino acid/total essential amino acids + (cystine + tyrosine) × 1000) were estimated. Using the experimentally determined requirement for arginine and A/E ratios, the phenylalanine requirement of silver perch was predicted to be 5.5 g 100 g−1 protein. Another feeding trial was conducted to determine the phenylalanine require-ment of silver perch using a series of diets with various amounts of phenylalanine and a protocol similar to the previous one. It was found that the experimentally determined phenylalanine requirement of juvenile perch was similar to that predicted. The A/E ratios have been hitherto utilized for the estimation of essential amino acid requirements in three salmonids, common carp and channel catfish: the present findings extend the validity of the method to other fish species.

A note on the effect of dietary protein concentration, sex, type and live weight on whole-body amino acid composition of the growing pig

Seventy-two Landrace pigs were used to study the effects of dietary crude protein concentration (197, 168 and 137 g/kg air dry meal), sex, type and live weight on the whole- body (gut content included) amino acid composition of growing pigs. Boars and gilts from two types (lean and obese) slaughtered at 20, 30 or 90 kg live weight were used. Mean whole-body amino acid concentrations were: lysine 63·4; methionine 21·8; cystine 15·8; threonine 35·1; leucine 67·7; isoleucine 28·0; valine 40·5; phenylalanine 35·5; tyrosine 24·6 and histidine 26·8 g/kg protein. Dietary protein concentration had no effect on body amino acid composition. Boar values tended to be higher than those of gilts but there were no significant differences. Pigs of the obese type also tended to have higher values than lean pigs, with significant differences obtained for methionine, cystine, leucine, and isoleucine. Apart from cystine, live weight had no effect on whole-body amino acid composition, Cystine content however, decreased highly significantly from 17·1 g/kg protein at 30 kg live weight to 14·3 g at 90 kg live weight P (P &lt; 0·001). When compared with the suggested ideal pattern for essential amino acids leucine and histidine values are higher and isoleucine slightly lower, with no conclusive indication on methionine and cystine.

Amino acid requirements of the growing meat rabbit 1. The amino acid composition of rabbit whole-body tissue — a theoretical estimate of ideal amino acid balance

ABSTRACTWhole-body amino acid composition was determined in six male and six female 53-day-old New Zealand White rabbits. There were no significant sex differences in whole-body amino acid compositition except for arginine and glycine where whole-body concentrations (g/16 g N) were significantly lower in the females (P&lt; 0·05). Overall mean whole-body essential amino acid levels (relative to lysine = 100 units) were methionine = 20; cystine = 41; histidine = 50; phenylalanine = 65; tyrosine = 50; threonine = 64; leucine = 112; isoleucine = 51; valine = 62; arginine = 109. The lysine concentration of rabbit whole-body tissue was 6·12 g/16 g N. There was close agreement between rabbit whole-body amino acid composition and corresponding published values for the rat and pig, although the rabbit whole-body cystine was high and methionine concentration low compared with the rat or pig. The rabbit whole-body amino acid pattern can be regarded as approximating an ideal balance of dietary amino acids and as such indicates discrepancies in current recommendations on the essential amino acid requirements for growth in the meat rabbit.

Whole-body amino acid composition of the growing pig

Abstract The whole-body amino acid composition of 20 Landrace × Large White entire male pigs was determined with equal numbers of pigs at 20 and 45 kg liveweight. Except for aspartic acid and alanine, amino acid levels (g/16 g N) were not statistically significantly different at the two liveweights. Overall mean whole-body essential amino acid levels were: lysine = 5.94; methionine = 1.85; cystine = 1.28; tryptophan = 0.68; histidine = 3.49; phenylalanine = 3.86; tyrosine = 2.79; threonine = 3.83; leucine = 7.54; isoleucine = 2.84; and valine = 4.06 g/16 g N. There was general agreement between a pattern of essential amino acids based on these and other published results for pig whole-body composition and recently published empirical estimates of the ideal amino acid balance for growth in the pig.

Whole-body amino acid composition and comparative aspects of amino acid nutrition of the goldfish, golden shiner and fathead minnow

Pond-raised fingerling goldfish ( Carassius auratus), golden shiners ( Notemigonus crysoleucas) and fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas) were analyzed for whole-body amino acid composition. All three species had similar amino acid patterns in whole-body tissue. These compositional data were also used to compute essential amino acid ratios ( A E ratios) which were compared with the quantified amino acid requirements of another cyprinid species, the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio). The whole-body A E ratios of the three baitfish species were very similar to the A E ratios of the carp requirement values. Since previous studies have established a high correlation between whole-body amino acid patterns and dietary amino acid requirement patterns of several fish species, the whole-body amino acid values determined in this study will provide indices for formulating diets for the goldfish, golden shiner and fathead minnow.

Effect of starvation on the tissue composition of the small intestine in the rat.

Effect of starvation on the tissue composition of the small intestine in the rat.