Whole Blood Agglutination Test Research Articles

Natural resistance of Sri Lankan village chicken to Salmonella gallinarum infection

ABSTRACT1. An experiment was conducted to compare the natural resistance of an indigenous breed of local village chickens to Salmonella gallinarum with two commercial breeds: ISA Brown and ISA White layers under experimental conditions.2. A total of 72 chickens from each of these breeds were randomly distributed to 4 pens to provide equal numbers of two replicate pens maintained as infected and control (uninfected). All chickens in infected groups were inoculated orally with 1 × 108 CFU (1 ml dose) of a field isolate of S. gallinarum, at the age of 8 and 16 weeks given over 5 consecutive days. Growth performance, clinical signs, gross pathological lesions and antibody responses were measured.3. A significantly higher mortality was observed in the brown layers compared with the white layers, and clinical signs and mortality were absent in village chickens. However, a large number of birds with gross lesions and high antibody titres were detected in village chickens, indicating that birds had the disease subclinically. Commercial breeds had a significantly higher body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency.4. There was a significantly lower proportion of positive reactors in village chickens in the whole-blood agglutination test (35%) compared to brown (100%) and white (90%) layers even after the second inoculation. Uninfected birds were negative in all groups. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed these observations.5. These results suggest that the indigenous breed had superior natural resistance to S. gallinarum than the commercial breeds.

Control of Poultry Salmonellosis - Detection of Carrier Status in Grandparent Farms in Sri Lanka -

In Sri Lanka, the control programme for Salmonellosis is carried out by Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH), in order to keep Salmonella carrier status at a less than 1% level in poultry breeder flocks. This study was aimed at serologically verifying the Salmonella carrier status in the two Grand Parent farms during the period of 2011- 2013, by performing whole blood agglutination test. In the present study, a total of 10 batches (nA=20915) from one farm and 9 batches (nB=4651) from the other were tested for antibody detection, once the age of the birds reached 20 weeks. The results revealed the Salmonella carrier status to be below 1%, in both farms during the study period as recommended by the DAPH.

SG 9R Vaccine to Control Salmonellosis in Poultry Breeder Flocks in Sri Lanka

The present study was conducted as a part of a larger project aimed at evaluating the immunity development of SG 9R vaccine. The experimental protocol included three breeder farms in Sri Lanka, where collection of blood was done before and after vaccination, following which serological tests were carried out. Whole Blood Agglutination Test (WBAT) revealed none of the birds to be sero positive while an indirect ELISA indicated statistically significant (p

Salmonella control in poultry breeder farms in Sri Lanka: Effects of oral antibiotic treatment on whole blood agglutination test with Salmonella pullorum antigen

Salmonella pullorum is a common disease in local poultry industry, which causes severe economic impact on the industry. Whole blood agglutination test (WBAT) is a screening test done to individual birds in a poultry breeder flock. It is compulsory to maintain a free status of this disease in line with the regulation declared by the Department of Animal Production and Health (2010). It is believed that of all the different methods used for reading whole blood agglutination tests, which can be misleading, prolonged treatment with antibiotics was the most. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of antibiotics on the results of whole blood agglutination tests in commercial chicken. This study was carried out with different antibiotics which are widely used in the field, such as Enrofloxacillin, Amoxycillin, Sulpa-Trimethoprim combination and Enro-Amoxycillin combination. The result indicated that antibiotics had no direct and significant effect on the reading of WBAT, although they were indirectly involved in the reading. In the field, antibiotics may flush out microflora, including Salmonella, from the GIT and prevent the development of high antibody titer in chicken. The study concluded that the isolation of S. Pullorum from the organs failed when the birds were infected at adult stage. Key words: Salmonella, antibiotic, agglutination test.

Application of microagglutination test for detection of antibodies to <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> in commercial layer chickens<BR><BR>Application du test de microagglutination pour la detection des anticorps a <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> chez les pondeuses commerciales

In this study a microagglutination test (MAT) was developed, evaluated and compared with a rapid whole-blood agglutination test (RWBAT) for detection of Salmonella gallinarum antibodies in commercial layer chickens in Morogoro, Tanzania. The results showed that at Kigurunyembe farm, 16 (32%) of chicken tested were RWBAT positive while 30 (60%) were MAT positive among the 50 sera tested. Results from Kilakala farm revealed 10 (20%) sera that were RWBAT positive whereas 5 (10%) were positive for MAT among the 50 sera tested. On both farms, S. gallinarum was isolated from 21 chickens. The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values for MAT were 57, 71, 34 and 86%, respectively, and 67, 85, 54 and 82 %, respectively for RWBAT. Although MAT was slightly less sensitive and less specific than RWBAT, it revealed a higher true seroprevalence (35%) of fowl typhoid than RWBAT (26%). When the test is optimized it may be preferred because it uses less time, space and antigen while permitting more objective evaluation of antibody titers. Higher growth and seroprevalence of S. gallinarum was observed in Rhode Island Red than Black Australop chickens. Keywords : chickens, microagglutination test, Salmonella gallinarum , seroprevalence, whole blood agglutination test Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54(2) 2006: 124-130

Comparison of a whole-blood agglutination test and an ELISA for the detection of the antigens ofDirofilaria immitisin dogs

To compare the usefulness of two commercial tests for detecting the antigens of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, one based on whole-blood agglutination (WBA) and the other on ELISA, 100 stray dogs from North Taiwan were tested before necropsy. Of the 53 dogs found to contain D. immitis at necropsy, which had a mean (S.D.) burden of 8.2 (10.6) worms/dog, 45 were found to be positive by WBA and 47 by ELISA. All the false negatives were dogs with very low worm burdens. Although the ELISA was more sensitive (83.9% v. 71.7%) and specific (100% v. 85.1%) than the WBA, the latter is simpler to use and less time-consuming. In terms of their general use for diagnosis of canine heartworm, there seems little to choose between the two tests. The false negatives observed with both tests are not likely to be a problem as they represent dogs with worm burdens which are probably too low to cause significant clinical manifestations or pathology. As the positive predictive value of the WBA test declines dramatically with prevalence of infection, this test may not be suitable for detecting D. immitis in canine populations in which heartworm infection is rare.

Some Studies of Fowl Cholera in Hong Kong

SUMMARY In Hong Kong, acute fowl cholera frequently becomes chronic and difficult to eradicate. This survey studies the development of the chronic disease on a farm originally affected by acute fowl cholera. Altogether 249 chickens, in nine groups, were examined over a period of 3 1 2 months. A blue-tetrazolium stained Pasteurella multocida whole-blood agglutination test was evaluated as an indication of infection. All birds were examined post mortem and tissues cultured for Past. multocida. Past, multocida isolates were examined for fermentation of xylose, arabinose and dulcitol. Although the majority of birds were macroscopically normal, 171 yielded Past. multocida. The lung was the most frequently infected organ. The isolates were of a number of biochemical types, and there appeared to be a constant change from type to type within the flock. The percentage of infected birds rose to 96 per cent by 9 weeks after the initial outbreak. Vaccination at this stage reduced the level of infection to 44 per cent. The whole-blood agglutination test was not accurate shortly after the initial outbreak or after vaccination. When greatest accuracy of the test was recorded so many birds were infected that the only satisfactory means of eradication would have been slaughter of the whole flock. Birds with Past. multocida bacteraemia gave falsely negative results to this test.

Comparison of Repeated Rapid Whole-Blood, Rapid Serum, and Tube Agglutination Tests for the Diagnosis of S. Pullorum Disease

Comparison of Repeated Rapid Whole-Blood, Rapid Serum, and Tube Agglutination Tests for the Diagnosis of S. Pullorum Disease