WHO BMI Research Articles

Exploring the association between individual, family, and program characteristics and change in health outcomes 12 months after enrollment into the CANadian Pediatric Weight management Registry (CANPWR).

To examine individual, family, and program characteristics associated with changes in anthropometric and cardiometabolic health indicators in children with overweight or obesity after participating in multidisciplinary obesity management for 12 months. Participants included children 2-17 years old with overweight or obesity enrolled in the CANadian Pediatric Weight Management Registry (CANPWR). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between individual, family, and program characteristics and changes in anthropometry (WHO BMI z-score) and cardiometabolic health indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressure; fasting and 2-h glucose post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); high density lipoprotein- (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol and fasting triglycerides). BMI z-score data were available from 1065/1286 (82.8%) at 6-months post-baseline and 893/1286 (69.4%) at 12-months post-baseline. At 6-months, BMI z-score decreased relative to baseline (mean difference (MD) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = -0.08 [-0.10 to -0.06]; p < 0.001). BMI z-score (MD [95% CI] = -0.08 [-0.13 to -0.04); p = 0.001) and fasting triglycerides (MD [95% CI] = -0.07 [-0.13 to -0.02); p = 0.011) decreased at 12 months from baseline. Older age at baseline (estimated β = 0.025; 95% CI [0.006, 0.042], p = 0.007) and female sex (estimated β = 0.241; 95% CI [0.108, 0.329], p < 0.001) were associated with a worsened Δ BMI z-score at 12 months, while total hours with mental health provider (estimated β = -0.015; 95% CI [-0.030, -0.001], p = 0.049) was associated with an improved Δ BMI z-score at 12 months. Hours with an exercise counselor (estimated β = 0.023; 95% CI [0.008, 0.039], p = 0.003) were associated with improved HDL, while hours with a registered dietitian (estimated β = -0.026; 95% CI [-0.051, -0.001], p = 0.044) were associated with improved non-HDL cholesterol. Male sex and hours spent with a mental health provider, exercise counselor, and registered dietitian were related to significant improvements in several anthropometric and cardiometabolic health indicators at 12 months post-baseline.

Intakes from healthy and unhealthy food groups and obesity among 5- to 9-year-old South African children

The global pandemic of paediatric overweight and obesity, along with undernutrition among children in low-income countries pose challenges for future health. Unhealthy dietary intake among children is of great concern(1). The aim of this study was to determine the association between intakes from healthy and unhealthy food groups and adiposity among 5- to 9-year-old South African children (n = 920). Conventional dietary intake assessment methods are burdensome; therefore, a short unquantified food frequency questionnaire was developed based on the WHO Global school-based student health survey, which focused on healthy and unhealthy food groups. The new questionnaire includes four healthy food groups (fruits, vegetables, milk, meats) and six unhealthy food groups (hot sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), cold SSBs, cookies, candies, salty snacks, fast foods) with five different responses of frequency of intake per week. The food groups reflect foods generally eaten by South African school children. The questionnaire was completed by the parents. Weight and height were measured and WHO BMI z-score (BAZ) was calculated(2). Descriptive statistics were reported using median and interquartile range. Frequency of intakes from food groups were compared across tertiles of BAZ using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between frequency of intakes from different food groups, and between the food groups and BAZ was calculated. The children reported similar daily intakes from the milk (35.3%), cold SSBs (33%) and hot SSBs groups (27%). Fruit (14%) and vegetables (9.6%) were consumed daily by a small percentage of children, while animal source protein foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs) were consumed daily by 39% of children. The most frequent daily consumed snacks were salty snacks, e.g. crisps (13.2%), candy (11.1%) and cookies (5.3%), while fast foods were consumed once per week by the largest proportion of children (60.7%). Based on the WHO BMI z-scores, 15.2% of children were overweight, 4.4% were obese and 3.8% were underweight. Children in the highest two tertile groups of BAZ had a higher median weekly frequency of SSB intake (5, IQR 1,7), compared to those in the lowest BAZ tertile (3, IQR 1,7). No other differences were found between frequency of food group intake across BAZ tertiles. There was a weak positive correlation between BAZ and the frequency of SSB intake (r = 0.08, = 0.015), as well as between frequency of milk intake and frequency of SSB intake (r = 0.13, P&lt;0.001), but a weak negative correlation between the frequency of vegetable intake and frequency of SSB intake (r = −0.08, P = 0.01). In conclusion, low fruit and vegetable intakes, combined with regular SSB intakes are evident in this group of children. The frequency of SSB intake was positively associated with adiposity, and SSB intake apparently replaced vegetable intake, but not milk intake among the children.

Rapid Increase of Female but not Male Obesity: Analysis of the 2023 Vanuatu Health Transition Project Survey on Aneityum

Globally, obesity rates are continuing to increase and countries in the midst of modernization are most vulnerable. Developing nations are undergoing a health transition alongside rapid economic modernization. The nation of Vanuatu, like other Pacific island countries, is experiencing such a transition marked by decreased cases of infectious disease and increased incidence of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Aneityum is a small and sparsely populated island in Vanuatu and is behind more developed islands in its transition. This present study is the latest in a multi-year project examining health in Vanuatu as it undergoes a health transition with an increased prevalence of chronic disease, namely cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we sought to continue tracking the population health on Aneityum, to analyze health differences between men and women, and to compare findings to previous data in Vanuatu. In July and August of 2023, adult males [n=41] and females [n=62] were surveyed and had their anthropometric measurements taken on Aneityum in Vanuatu. Mean anthropometric measurements (body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference) continued to be significantly greater among women than men (P-value &lt; 0.05). Women exhibited higher rates of obesity in all metrics than in previous studies while men remained relatively unchanged. While men still have lower obesity rates compared to those from Efate in 2011, the women of Aneityum have reached similar levels as their counterparts from a decade ago. There is debate whether Ni-Vanuatu populations are more accurately measured by WHO or Asian-Pacific BMI cutoffs. When Asian-Pacific BMI guidelines are applied, male obesity rate rises 4.87% and the female obesity rate rises 17.74%, indicating drastically worse population health than previously thought. Potential explanations for the disparity in obesity rates between males and females include sex-associated fat distribution patterns, social inequality, and cultural habits. This paper provides valuable insights into the state of Vanuatu's health in its transitional period and a greater understanding of the interplay between sex and health.

Risk Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity Among Females of Reproductive Age Residing in Damak Municipality

The study was intended to assess risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among females residing in Damak municipality. A cross-sectional quantitative study was performed on 202 females of reproductive age (15–49 years) with a structured questionnaire. Measurements like weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were used to determine indicators of overweight and obesity. General obesity was analyzed using the WHO BMI classification, while Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) analyzed abdominal obesity based on International Diabetes Federation – IDF, and WHO criteria, respectively. Microsoft Office 16 and SPSS Statistics version 20 were used to analyze data. The Chi-square test was used to establish an association between the variables under study.&#x0D; The study revealed that 31.7% of respondents were overweight, 8.4% were obese, 63.4% were abdominally obese by WC, and 71.8% by WHR. Here, the mean BMI was 25.36±4.56 kg/m2, and the mean WC was 89.69±12.47 cm, with a mean WHR of 0.91±0.09. Age, marital status, family size, parity, sleeping hours, eating pattern, protein intake, and consumption of dairy, eggs, and whole cereals were significantly associated (p&lt;0.05) with overweight and obesity; while age, marital status, education, occupation, family size, parity, and contraceptive use were common factors associated with abdominal obesity (WC and WHR). However, family history, protein intake, and consumption of wheat and eggs were associated (p&lt;0.05) only with WC. The study showed a high prevalence of increased weight among reproductive-aged females in Damak. Thus, being overweight or obese should be viewed as a critical issue. The population should be made aware of the risk factors of obesity.

Abstract 14767: Obesity is Associated With Greater Intensity of Guideline Recommended Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in the CHAMP-HF Registry

Introduction: Despite the importance of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), treatment disparities by sex, race and age have been described. We hypothesized obesity might also be associated with less aggressive GDMT, due to both the difficulty of assessing volume status in obese patients and the challenge of separating the symptoms of obesity from those of HFrEF. We recently developed an intuitive measure for quantifying GDMT, the Kansas City Medical Optimization (KCMO) score, which is the average of total daily to target dose percentages for eligible GDMT drug classes, reflecting the percent of optimal GDMT prescribed (range 0-100%). Aim: To examine the association between BMI and KCMO score, accounting for other factors influencing GDMT use. Methods: Using the CHAMP-HF registry, we applied the KCMO score as the dependent variable and BMI as the primary predictor in a hierarchical linear regression model with site-level random effects to account for clustering by site, and adjusting for age, sex, SBP, CKD, and KCCQ-12 scores. We also fit a separate model using WHO BMI classes in place of BMI. Non-linear associations were tested with restricted cubic splines. Results: Among 4,163 patients across 150 sites in the CHAMP-HF registry, we found a significant and positive association between BMI and KCMO score (β BMI = 0.40, SE = 0.06; p &lt; 0.001). Compared to those with normal BMI, those with Class I-III obesity had higher KCMO scores by 3.95 ± 1.16, 6.11 ± 1.44, and 8.68 ± 1.53, respectively ( p &lt; 0.001 for each). Conclusions: Patients with HFrEF and higher BMIs received more intense GDMT. It remains to be seen whether this may contribute to the known “obesity paradox” in HFrEF, where higher BMI is associated with lower mortality. Further study is also needed to examine whether obese patients with HFrEF receive similar intensity and extent of treatment in regard to decongestive strategies.

Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status: An Association Among the Elderly

Background: Old age and nutrition have become a Global challenge. Inadequate dietary intake arises mostly as a result of physiological changes which contribute to malnutrition. Studies conducted in India focused mainly on the Nutritional Status of Infants and Pregnant women, leaving out this important age group which is also vulnerable to malnutrition. The focus of this study was to find out the dietary diversity and its association with nutritional status among the rural elderly. Materials and Methods: This study was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 200 elderly participants from twelve selected villages in Chengalpattu district by multistage random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire obtained from the Food and Agricultural Organization was used to find out Dietary Diversity. Nutritional status was assessed by the Mini Nutrition Assessment tool and Anthropometric indices. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: The mean dietary diversity score was 7.2±1.8. 37% of respondents with dietary diversity scores below the mean value were considered to have Inadequate dietary diversity while 63 % consume diverse diets. Nutritional assessment based on WHO BMI standards revealed undernutrition among 21.5% of respondents while 60% were of normal weight. Chi-square revealed a statistically significant association between Dietary Diversity and Nutritional status (p value=0.000) Conclusion: The present study found that most study participants were consuming a diverse diet and those subjects with better dietary diversity scores had their Body Mass Index in the normal range. This indicates that adequate dietary diversity can contribute to the attainment of optimum nutritional status.

The Association of Maternal Weight Status throughout the Life-Course with the Development of Childhood Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of the Healthy Growth Study Data

Maternal weight-status at various time-points may influence child obesity development, however the most critical time-point remains unidentified. We used data from the Healthy Growth Study, a cross-sectional study of 2666 Greek schoolchildren aged 9–13 years, exploring associations between childhood obesity and maternal weight-status at pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy/gestational weight gain, and at the child’s pre-adolescence. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between maternal weight-status being “below” or “above” the recommended cut-off points (WHO BMI thresholds or IOM cut-off points), at the three time-points, individually or combined into weight-status trajectory groups to determine the strongest associations with child obesity in pre-adolescence. Adjusted models found significant associations and the highest odds ratios [95% Confidence Intervals] for mothers affected by obesity before pregnancy (4.16 [2.47, 7.02]), those with excessive gestational weight gain during pregnancy (1.50 [1.08, 2.08]), and those affected by obesity at their child’s pre-adolescence (3.3 [2.29, 4.87]). When combining these weight-status groups, mothers who were above–above–below (3.24 [1.10, 9.55]), and above–above–above (3.07 [1.95, 4.85]) the healthy weight recommendation-based thresholds in each time-point, had a three-fold higher likelihood of child obesity, compared to the below–below–below trajectory group. Maternal obesity across all examined time-points was significantly associated with childhood obesity. Effective childhood obesity preventive initiatives should commence at pre-conception, targeting maternal weight throughout the life-course and childhood developmental stages.

Impact of BMI in Patients With Early Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Receiving Endocrine Therapy With or Without Palbociclib in the PALLAS Trial.

BMI affects breast cancer risk and prognosis. In contrast to cytotoxic chemotherapy, CDK4/6 inhibitors are given at a fixed dose, irrespective of BMI or weight. This preplanned analysis of the global randomized PALLAS trial investigates the impact of BMI on the side-effect profile, treatment adherence, and efficacy of palbociclib. Patients were categorized at baseline according to WHO BMI categories. Neutropenia rates were assessed with univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Time to early discontinuation of palbociclib was analyzed with Fine and Gray competing risk models. Unstratified Cox models were used to investigate the association between BMI category and time to invasive disease-free survival (iDFS). 95% CIs were derived. Of 5,698 patients included in this analysis, 68 (1.2%) were underweight, 2,082 (36.5%) normal weight, 1,818 (31.9%) overweight, and 1,730 (30.4%) obese at baseline. In the palbociclib arm, higher BMI was associated with a significant decrease in neutropenia (unadjusted odds ratio for 1-unit change, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.94; adjusted for age, race ethnicity, region, chemotherapy use, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group at baseline, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92 to 0.95). This translated into a significant decrease in treatment discontinuation rate with higher BMI (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for 10-unit change, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.83). There was no significant improvement in iDFS with the addition of palbociclib to ET in any weight category (normal weight HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.12; overweight HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.49; and obese HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.30) in this analysis early in follow-up (31 months). This preplanned analysis of the PALLAS trial demonstrates a significant impact of BMI on side effects, dose reductions, early treatment discontinuation, and relative dose intensity. Additional long-term follow-up will further evaluate whether BMI ultimately affects outcome.

Are Patients With Morbid Obesity at Increased Risk of Pulmonary Embolism or Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis After Lower Limb Arthroplasty? A Large-database Study.

Whether increased BMI is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is controversial. Despite this, BMI > 40 kg/m 2 remains a common cutoff for lower limb arthroplasty eligibility. Current United Kingdom national guidelines list obesity as a risk factor for VTE, but these are based on evidence that has largely failed to differentiate between potentially minor (distal deep vein thrombosis [DVT]), and more harmful (pulmonary embolism [PE] and proximal DVT) diagnoses. Determining the association between BMI and the risk of clinically important VTE is needed to improve the utility of national risk stratification tools. (1) In patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty, is BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher (morbid obesity) associated with an increased risk of PE or proximal DVT within 90 days of surgery, compared with patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 ? (2) What proportion of investigations ordered for PE and proximal DVT were positive in patients with morbid obesity who underwent lower limb arthroplasty compared with those with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 ? Data were collected retrospectively from the Northern Ireland Electronic Care Record, a national database recording patient demographics, diagnoses, encounters, and clinical correspondence. Between January 2016 and December 2020, 10,217 primary joint arthroplasties were performed. Of those, 21% (2184 joints) were excluded; 2183 were in patients with multiple arthroplasties and one had no recorded BMI. All 8033 remaining joints were eligible for inclusion, 52% of which (4184) were THAs, 44% (3494) were TKAs, and 4% (355) were unicompartmental knee arthroplasties; all patients had 90 days of follow-up. The Wells score was used to guide the investigations. Indications for CT pulmonary angiography for suspected PE included pleuritic chest pain, reduced oxygen saturations, dyspnea, or hemoptysis. Indications for ultrasound scans for suspected proximal DVT included leg swelling, pain, warmth, or erythema. Distal DVTs were recorded as negative scans because we do not treat them with modified anticoagulation. The division of categories was set at BMI 40 kg/m 2 , a common clinical cutoff used in surgical eligibility algorithms. Patients were grouped according to WHO BMI categories to assess for the following confounding variables: sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, joint replaced, VTE prophylaxis, grade of operative surgeon, and implant cement status. We found no increase in the odds of PE or proximal DVT in any WHO BMI category. When comparing patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 with those with a BMI of 40 kg/m 2 or higher, there was no difference in the odds of PE (0.8% [58 of 7506] versus 0.8% [four of 527]; OR 1.0 [95% CI 0.4 to 2.8]; p > 0.99) or proximal DVT (0.4% [33 of 7506] versus 0.2% [one of 527]; OR 2.3 [95% CI 0.3 to 17.0]; p = 0.72). Of those who received diagnostic imaging, 21% (59 of 276) of CT pulmonary angiograms and 4% (34 of 718) of ultrasounds were positive for patients with BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 compared with 14% (four of 29; OR 1.6 [95% CI 0.6 to 4.5]; p = 0.47) and 2% (one of 57; OR 2.7 [95% CI 0.4 to 18.6]; p = 0.51) for patients with BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher. There was no difference in the percentage of CT pulmonary angiograms ordered (4% [276 of 7506] versus 5% [29 of 527]; OR 0.7 [95% CI 0.5 to 1.0]; p = 0.07) or ultrasounds ordered (10% [718 of 7506] versus 11% [57 of 527]; OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.7 to 1.2]; p = 0.49) for BMI less than 40 kg/m 2 and BMI 40 kg/m 2 or higher. Increased BMI should not preclude individuals from lower limb arthroplasty based on suspected risk of clinically important VTE. National VTE risk stratification tools should be based on evidence assessing clinically relevant VTE (specifically, proximal DVT, PE, or death of thromboembolism) only. Level III, therapeutic study.

Body image perception and self-esteem among undergraduate medical students in Nanded, Maharashtra

Abstract Introduction: Body image is the perception and attitude one holds toward one’s own body, especially, but not exclusively, one’s physical appearance. The promotion of positive body image improves people’s quality of life and behaviors related to health. Social factors, sociocultural influences, media pressure, and the pursuit of an ideal body, associated with accomplishments and happiness are among the causes of changes in the perception of body image, leading to dissatisfaction. There is very less literature on these topics among males and also medical students. Objectives: To assess body image perception and the influence of sociocultural factors on it and self-esteem among undergraduate students of a medical college. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 192 undergraduate medical students of a medical college from June 2021 to September 2021 using a predesigned pretested self-administered questionnaire in English. Results: Out of 200 students included in the study the mean age of study subjects was 19.78 ± 1.39 years, of which,107(56%) were males and 85(44%) were females. The 192 students were classified as Underweight (27(14%)), Normal weight (78(41%)), Overweight (43(22%)) and Obese I (44(23%)) according to Asian WHO BMI classification. BISS scores (which measure body image satisfaction) were the median of the six items after reverse-scoring the three positive-to-negative items which were found to be 5.5(4-7) and 53% of students showed body image dissatisfaction. 33% (63 students) of students have thin/low body fat internalization and about 77(40%) have muscular/athletic internalization.54(28%) students mostly agree about family pressure to attain the ideal appearance, 53(28%) feel pressure from peers and 75(39%) mostly agree with influence of media to attain ideal appearance. Out of the 192 students,124(64%) showed normal self-esteem, 63(33%) with low self-esteem, and 5(3%) with high self-esteem as per Rosenberg’s self-esteem score. A statistically significant association was found between BMI and body image perception and also between Body image perception with sociocultural attitudes toward the appearance and self-esteem of students. Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction affects young students. In this study, about 53% of the students showed body image dissatisfaction. This perception of self has mainly been influenced by media (39%), family pressure (28%), and peer pressure (28%). Also, 33% of the students have low esteem with a significant association between Body image perception and self-esteem.

Nutritional Status of School-Going Children Visiting Outdoor Patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Aim: To evaluate the nutritional status of school-going children visiting the outdoor patient department of a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration: Pediatric OPD of POF hospitalWah Cantt/ NUMS University from 1 June 2021 to 30 August 2021 Methodology: The age of each child was verified from the hospital HMIS data after which weight and height were recorded. Weight in kilograms (Kg) divided by the square of height in meters was used to determine body mass index. Using WHO AnthroCalc v 2.10, Z score values for weight for age, height for age, and BMI for age were determined. Results: In the present study, 51.6% were of male gender out of 519 children. Mean age was 9.2 (SD = ±2.2) years, 56.6% were of age less than 10 years old, mean height was 131.4 (SD=±14.8) cm and mean weight was 28.4 kg (SD=±10.9). 46.8% studied in government schools, 52.8% in private schools and just 0.4% in Madrasa. The majority i.e. 325 (62.5%) children were found with normal body mass index, 66(12.7%) were thin, 49 (9.4%) were of severe thinness, 48 (9.2%) were overweight and 31 (6%) were found obese according to the WHO BMI criteria for children. Conclusion: WHO BMI criteria is a valuable tool for the screening of malnutrition in children. Our study showed a double burden of malnutrition in school going children with high prevalence of obesity and severe thinness in boys. Keywords: Thinness, body mass index, double burden of malnutrition, obesity

Assessment of health risks caused by overweight in children depending on the FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism

In this study, we aimed to estimate the association between the rs9939609 FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) polymorphism and a risk of overweight in children living in the Baikal region. We performed a case – control study that included 113 schoolchildren living in industrial centers of the Baikal region (Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Ulan-Ude). Anthropometric parameters were measured and body mass index was calculated with its values being ranked in accordance with the WHO BMI curves depending on a sex and age. Genotyping of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism was performed by allele-specific amplification with real-time results detection. To assess likelihood of an association between the FTO gene allele and overweight and obesity, relative risk (RR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The assessment revealed the A allele of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism to be by 1.29 times more frequent in the examined children with overweight and obesity (48.44 %) than in the children form the reference group (37.65 %). The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was authentically associated with likelihood of elevated risks of overweight and obesity in children with the homozygous AA genotype (RR = 2.806, 95 % CI: 1.650–4.772; STD = 0.271). Our study confirms that the rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene is a risk factor of overweight and obesity for children from the Baikal region who have the A allele of the homozygous AA genotype. Prevailing frequency of the TT genotype (29.2 %) as compared with the AA genotype (10.62) is likely due to influence of assimilation processes on urbanized territories in the Baikal region.

Оценка риска избыточной массы тела у детей в зависимости от полиморфизма rs9939609 генa FTO

In this study, we aimed to estimate the association between the rs9939609 FTO (fat mass and obesity associated) polymorphism and a risk of overweight in children living in the Baikal region. We performed a case – control study that included 113 schoolchildren living in industrial centers of the Baikal region (Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Ulan-Ude). Anthropometric parameters were measured and body mass index was calculated with its values being ranked in accordance with the WHO BMI curves depending on a sex and age. Genotyping of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism was performed by allele-specific amplification with real-time results detection. To assess likelihood of an association between the FTO gene allele and overweight and obesity, relative risk (RR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The assessment revealed the A allele of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism to be by 1.29 times more frequent in the examined children with overweight and obesity (48.44 %) than in the children form the reference group (37.65 %). The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was authentically associated with likelihood of elevated risks of overweight and obesity in children with the homozygous AA genotype (RR = 2.806, 95 % CI: 1.650–4.772; STD = 0.271). Our study confirms that the rs9939609 polymorphism of the FTO gene is a risk factor of overweight and obesity for children from the Baikal region who have the A allele of the homozygous AA genotype. Prevailing frequency of the TT genotype (29.2 %) as compared with the AA genotype (10.62) is likely due to influence of assimilation processes on urbanized territories in the Baikal region.

Paternal BMI in the preconception period, and the association with child zBMI.

Rapid growth and excess weight in early childhood are associated with obesity risk. While maternal preconception BMI has been identified as a potential risk factor, the role of paternal preconception BMI is less clear. To examine the association between paternal preconception BMI and age- and sex-standardized WHO BMI z-score (zBMI) growth rates, zBMI, and weight status, in 0- to 10-year-old children. To determine whether these associations differed by child sex and maternal preconception weight status. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted through The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!). Children (n = 218) underwent repeated measures of height and weight from birth to 10 years old. Piecewise linear mixed models were used to assess the association between paternal preconception BMI and child zBMI growth rates (zBMI SD units/month) between 0, 4, 30, 48 and 120 months of age. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association with child zBMI, and logistic generalized estimation equations (GEE) were used to assess the association with child weight status. Child sex and maternal preconception weight status were tested as effect modifiers. Paternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate, mean zBMI and weight status in boys, but not girls. A 5 kg/m2 higher paternal preconception BMI was associated with approximately 0.01 zBMI SD unit/month higher growth rate for boys born to mothers with preconception overweight. Higher paternal BMI was associated with higher mean zBMI and increased odds of overweight and obesity in boys, with greater effects seen when mothers had preconception overweight compared to normal weight. Paternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate, zBMI and weight status in boys, with greater effects when the biological mother had preconception overweight or obesity. Further understanding of sex differences in paternal preconception weight effects in children is needed.

Effect of Body Mass Index on complications and success rates of percutaneous nephrolithotomy-A tertiary care hospital experience.

Urolithiasis is prevalent globally. Over time, innovation in endoscopic instruments and miniaturization has untangled the interventional strategy for carrying out remedial surgical procedures for renal stones. However, studies have been scarce as for sequelae of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in varying body mass index group patients in the developing world. We aimed to report success rates and complications in different BMI groups. This was a retrospective study wherein data of 359 patients was reviewed in charts. These patients went through PCNL at our department from July 2011 till September 2019. Three groups of patients were made in agreement with WHO BMI classification. Information concerning study variables was noted in designated and then processed in SPSS version 16 for the statistical computations. On the whole, the mean age of patients was 44.6± 14.4 years. While the mean calculus size was 3.1± 1.4 cm. Moreover, the majority of stones in all the three groups belonged to Guy's stone score 1 and 2 (see Table-I). The overall mean procedure time and inpatient stay were almost comparable in the obese group. The highest stone-free rate was observed in the normal weight group (77.69 %), however, stone-free status in overweight and obese groups was not comparatively too lower (p=0.74). Complication rates were being close among the three groups. PCNL can be ventured with safety and in an effectual manner for attaining stone treatment goals alike in obese and non-obese group patients.

Effect of Pilates Training on Core Muscles and BMI of Obese Children: A Pilot Study

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of six weeks pilates training on core muscles and BMI of obese children. Ten (10) male children aged 12 to 18 years from Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India have been selected and purposively divided into Pilates Training Group (PTG) (N=05) and Control Group (CG) (N=05) according to WHO BMI Index (Rush, 2004). Six weeks pilates training programme has been formulated to see the effectiveness of training programme on core muscles strength and BMI. The core muscles strength has been tested by ‘Bunkie Test’ through the performance of functional lines before the training starts and after completion of six weeks pilates training programme and BMI has been calculated by height and weight. Significant improvement in core muscles strength as well as on BMI has been found by analysing and comparing the pre-test and post-test score through descriptive analysis and ANCOVA among the obese children of PTG and CG. So it can be concluded that six weeks of pilates training programme is effective in the improvement of core muscles strength as well as in reduction of fatness and BMI among obese children.

Comparison of the Predictive Value of IAP 2015 and WHO Body Mass Index Criteria for Hypertension in Indian Children and Adolescents.

To compare the predictive value of the IAP and WHO criteria in identifying obesity complications in Indian children and adolescents. Blood pressure and body mass index was measured in 4434 children and adolescents [2539 boys; mean age 11.9 (3.0), 5.1-18 y] from affluent schools. The predictive accuracy of IAP 2015 and WHO BMI criteria in identifying hypertension was assessed. IAP 2015 BMI criteria labelled 203 more children obese than the WHO reference (649 as against 446). Hypertension was present in 75 (37%) of these. The difference in the prevalence of hypertension in subjects obese as per IAP 2015 criteria and their nonobese counterparts (50.2% as against 10.8%, p < 0.0001) was greater than that between subjects obese only by IAP 2015 or by both the criteria (36.9% as against 56.3%, p < 0.0001). The difference in the proportion of subjects with hypertension between two consecutive IAP 2015 BMI SDS category was highest for + 1.5 in boys (32.3% as against 49.8%, p < 0.0001) and + 2 in girls (25.9% as against 59.3%, p < 0.00012). IAP BMI criteria better predict hypertension in Indian children than WHO cutoffs and should be used in clinical practice to predict obesity complications.

Dual-scale single marker calibration for digital templating of total hip arthroplasty in standing radiographs: a prospective clinical study

PurposeAccuracy of calibration of radiographs significantly influences the quality of digital templating for total hip arthroplasty (THA). The standard of care is calibration with external calibration markers (ECM). This method is associated with significant errors. Dual-scale single marker (DSSM) calibration methods may improve accuracy. The present prospective observational study is the first to analyze the application of a DSSM method in standing pelvis radiographs.Methods100 patients with unilateral THA underwent antero-posterior pelvis radiographs with ECM and DSSM. The hip components were used as reference calibration factor (internal calibration factor; ICM). Absolute differences of calibration factors for ECM and DSSM from ICM were calculated. Absolute relative deviations (ARD) were calculated. Subgroup analysis for sex and WHO BMI category was performed. Furthermore, patients reported subjective comfort for each marker using a 10-point scale and choosing the preferred marker.ResultsMaximum magnification factor differences from the ICM were 23.3% and 9.5% and mean absolute differences were 12.5% and 2.1% for the ECM and DSSM, respectively. ARD from ICM was significantly lower for DSSM compared to ECM (p < 0.001). Absolute differences increased with BMI category using ECM; calibration by DSSM was consistent in all subgroups. Patients preferred DSSM over ECM (n = 53) or were indifferent (n = 20). Comfort was rated significantly higher for DSSM versus ECM (p < 0.001).ConclusionDSSM method showed superior results in comparison to the ECM method for calibration of digital radiographs. DSSM could be used to improve digital templating in standing radiographs.

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight or obesity among 2- to 6-year-old children in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study.

To compare the prevalence of overweight or obesity (ow/ob) with WHO BMI cut-off points, International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points and Chinese BMI criteria and examine its potential factors among preschool children in Hunan Province. A cross-sectional survey including anthropometric measurements and questionnaires about children's information, caregivers' socio-demographic characteristics and maternal characteristics. χ2 tests and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were performed to evaluate the possible factors of ow/ob. Hunan, China, from September to October 2019. In total, 7664 children 2 to 6 years of age. According to Chinese BMI criteria, about 1 in 7-8 children aged 2-6 years had ow/ob in Hunan, China. The overall estimated prevalence of ow/ob among 2- to 6-year-old children was significantly higher when based on the Chinese BMI criteria compared with the WHO BMI cut-off points and IOTF cut-off points. According to Chinese BMI criteria, ow/ob was associated with residing in urban areas, older age, male sex, eating snacking food more frequently, macrosomia delivery, caesarean birth, heavier maternal prepregnancy weight and pre-delivery weight. The prevalence of ow/ob in preschool children in Hunan Province remains high. More ow/ob children could be screened out according to Chinese BMI cut-offs compared with WHO and IOTF BMI criteria. In the future, targeted intervention studies with matched controls will be needed to assess the long-term effects of intervention measures to provide more information for childhood obesity prevention and treatment.

Dietary Patterns among Adolescents Are Associated with Growth, Socioeconomic Features, and Health-Related Behaviors.

Dietary patterns (DPs), usually established in adolescents, are important modifiable risk factors in the etiology of malnutrition and chronic diseases. This study aimed to identify DPs of adolescents and examine their associations with growth, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A nationally representative, school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Israeli adolescents aged 11–18 years during 2015–2016. A self-administered survey queried sociodemographics, health behaviors, and diet. Weight and height were measured, and WHO height z-scores and BMI cutoffs were calculated. Food frequency questionnaire data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify DPs. Associations between growth, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics and DPs were modeled using multivariable logistic regressions. A total of 3902 adolescents (46% males, mean age 15.2 ± 1.6 years) completed the survey. PCA identified five DPs, accounting for 38.3% of the total variance. The first two prominent DPs were the ‘plant-based food’ DP, which was associated with the female sex, higher socioeconomic status, overweight/obesity, and healthy lifestyle and the ‘junk food’ DP, which was associated with lower SES, unhealthy lifestyle, and lower height z-scores. Our results elucidate major DPs that strongly correlate with lifestyle risk behaviors and suboptimal growth among adolescents. Implementing screening for DPs should be further examined to identify higher risk health factors among youth.