White Top Research Articles

Comprehensive Review of Thin White Topping for Asphalt Road Enhancement

Comprehensive Review of Thin White Topping for Asphalt Road Enhancement

Growth yield performance of different hybrid cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis L.) cultivars in Dang, Nepal

Cauliflower is commonly grown in terai and mid-hills during the winter season (September to December), thus known as mid-season cole crop in the context of Nepal. As this cropping period possess favorable environmental condition to grow, and the production cost is comparatively lower and productivity is higher as compared to early and late seasons crop. Farmers are cultivating various hybrid (F1) cultivars to increase the yield and income. Every year, several hybrids are being imported in Nepal and there needs a varietal trial before being recommended at farmer’s field. Thus, this experiment was conducted at horticulture farm of Campus of Live Sciences. Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022 AD) to evaluate the growth and yield attributes of five hybrid cauliflower cultivars. Cultivars viz. Snow Best, Snow Crown, Super White Top, Rami and Damy were treated as treatment and replicated four times in Randomized Complete Block Design. The experiment showed that cultivar Super White Top and Snow Crown had desirable vegetative characteristics, better yield, and higher harvest index as compared to other cultivars. Hence, Super White Top and Snow Crown could be promoted for cultivation in the agro climatic zones related to that of Tulsipur, Dang. Considering the economically important growth and yield attributes Super White Top and Snow Crown were found to be the suitable mid-season hybrid cultivars in Dang condition.

Growth, yield, and yield-related response of mid-season cauliflower varieties due to different B levels in Chitwan, Nepal

Boron (B) is a vital micronutrient that many crops, including vegetables, require in small amounts. However, brassica vegetables need B in higher doses. Although Chitwan has the highest area under cauliflower production, the productivity is low as a result of inadequate B fertilization. Cauliflower is a B-sensitive crop, and low B in soil results in poor growth, yield, and yield-related parameters. So, to study the growth, yield, and yield-related response of cauliflower varieties due to different B levels, a field experiment was conducted at the horticulture farm of Agriculture and Forestry University of Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) having (B levels: 0.55 kg ha−1, 1.1 kg ha−1, 1.65 kg ha−1, and 2.2 kg ha−1) and (cauliflower varieties; Kathmandu Local, White Top, and Snow Crown), which were replicated thrice. The maximum values of growth parameters like the plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, plant canopy diameter, and the number of leaves were obtained from B 2.2 kg ha−1. Similarly, the White Top variety produced the tallest plant, the longest leaf, and the highest number of leaves, while the broadest leaf and canopy cover were observed in Snow Crown. The shortest days required for first, 50 % and 100 % curd initiation were observed in B 2.2 kg ha−1, and in the case of varieties, White Top took the least time for first, 50 %, and 100 % curd initiation. Similarly, the highest curd weight, curd diameter, and curd yield were obtained when B was applied at 2.2 kg ha−1. White Top produced the curd with the highest weight, diameter, and yield. A strong positive correlation was observed between curd diameter and leaf length (r = 0.89, p < 0.01) and curd diameter and leaf breadth (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Curd yield and diameter were also positively correlated with r = 0.78 at p < 0.01. Thus, according to the current findings, it can be recommended that in the mid-season condition at Chitwan, Nepal, application of B at the rate of 2.2 kg ha−1 and the use of the White Top variety should be made for better growth and yield of cauliflower.

Optimizing durability of the thin white topping applying Taguchi method using desirability function

White topping is a relatively new rehabilitation technology for giving strength to Asphalt pavement. Time to time resurfacing is necessary for bituminous pavement in hot climate region of India where heavy vehicles, operating under frequent start/stop conditions. So, we can apply white topping where recurring problem arises due to rutting of bituminous pavement. In India, endeavors to develop both traditional and ultra-thin white toppings as well as thin white toppings were built on an experimental basis, but their outcomes have not been specifically tracked. The performance and existence of pavement is affected by a range of things such as the load imposed by means of the site visitors plying on it, the weather, indigenous materials used and renovation standards. To examine their overall performance below Indian site visitors and climatic conditions road roughness test, compressive power by way of taking concrete cores and visible inspection survey has been executed.Moreover, the necessity for the new sorts of concrete with higher durability and higher overall performance for precise purposes, as compared to the available sorts, is sensed greater than ever. The concrete durability, laid low with one kind of variables consisting of compressive strength, resistance and permeability, has already attracted the attention of many researchers. In this research the effects of adding white topping concrete, changes in the humidity and temperature of the rehabilitated surrounding atmosphere are investigated to observe whether they will cause any growth in compressive strength and resistance of concrete and/or any decay in its permeability. For this, the Taguchi method is carried out as a method of design of experiment to get the most excellent level for every variable, accompanied by applying the regression approach to model the variables. finally, the final most desirable degrees for the sturdiness are offered primarily based on the desirability function.

MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING OF CAULIFLOWER FOR ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COOL BOT COLD STORAGE TO PRESERVE THE POSTHARVEST QUALITY IN NEPAL

In recent years, cool bot storage was introduced to smallholder farmers in Nepal as a low-cost alternative to cold storage. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different poly films in perforated modified atmosphere packaging on the postharvest life of cauliflower in cool bot-equipped cold rooms and ambient room conditions in the years 2019 and 2020 in the month of December. The cauliflower curds (hybrid variety White Top) were harvested from commercial vegetable growers at a fully mature stage. The compact and mature curds were harvested in the morning and brought to the National Horticulture Research Centre in Khumaltar. The curds were kept overnight for pre-cooling. Four different poly films (25 μ, 50 μ, 75 μ, and 100 low-density polyethylene with 16 perforations were used during storage in two different storage conditions. The study was conducted in a completely randomized block design. Curds were kept at ambient room conditions (15.5°C, 58% RH) for 10 days and at cool, bot devised, cold storage (11.25°C, 96% RH) for 15 days and analyzed for various postharvest quality parameters every 5 days of storage. The results modified atmosphere packaging i.e.50μ LDPE was found effective in cauliflower stored in ambient room conditions with quality perspective but the packaging didn’t provide additive effects in shelf life and quality of cauliflower in cool bot storage conditions.

Study on Comparision of Life Cycle Cost Between White Topping and Btiuminuos Overlays

Abstract: The focus of the present study is on construction of long-lasting and better performing pavements. Usually, with respect to the rehabilitation of the pavement, the construction agencies go with the bituminous overlays as their first priority without considering the condition of the existing pavement structure. But the advantages of cement concrete (CC) pavements that have proved to perform better and are considered to be long-lasting must be explored. The use of Thin White Topping (TWT), and Ultra-Thin White Topping (UTWT) pavements is currently gaining popularity in the area of pavement construction.. And hence it is the era where the Thin and Ultra-Thin White Topping methods are gaining their popularity. The present study provides details on the approaches adopted in measuring the performance of TWT and UTWT pavement surfaces built of plain cement concrete, cement in cement concrete replaced by 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag, cement in cement concrete replaced by an admixture called Conplast NC, and 50% of cement in cement concrete replaced by GGBS and Conplast NC. The study also includes comparison of strength of composite beams of various thicknesses when subjected to repeated wheel loads under Modified Immersion Wheel Tracking Equipment when supported by a 50mm thick bituminous layer below. The performance results on the tests on the specimens of 150mm thick admixture-added CC beam and the 100mm thick GGBS-cumAdmixture-added CC beam were almost the same. This indicated that the thickness of cement concrete slabs could be reduced by 50mm by replacing 50% of cement in cement concrete with GGBS-cum Admixture-added CC beam. Based on the study on cement concrete, and composite beams, and the study of life cycle costs, it was observed that a road surface with cement concrete overlay would be more appropriate when compared to a bituminous concrete (BC) overlay. Together, these findings suggest that the concrete overlay acts as the most economic method.

Design and development of methodology for construction of thin white topping for rural roads in India

A large proportion of villages in India have been connected with water bound macadam (WBM) or bituminous roads. Rural roads usually have a low volume of traffic, consisting mostly of light transport vehicles with less frequency of heavy traffic. Maintenance of these roads is neglected because of the paucity of funds and the created road asset is in deteriorated condition. The non-availability of suitable soil and aggregates has made projects unviable and cost prohibitive. This aggregate scarcity will increase further as a result of environmental conservation and restriction on mining. There is a need to develop alternative pavement designs to construct sustainable and durable rural roads. The stabilization of soil/aggregate is being used worldwide towards optimal usage of scarce resources. The concepts of soil/aggregate stabilization and Cold In Place Recycling technique provide a comprehensive solution for rehabilitation of existing road and greenfield road construction. Cold In Place Recycling process allows usage of locally available marginal materials. The stabilization process can use a wide range of stabilization agents such as soil-aggregate mix, lime, cement, fly ash, foamed bitumen, emulsion, polymers, and other proprietary chemical stabilizers. Two rural roads are identified under Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Research and Development Scheme. Pavements are designed considering cement treated base. These roads are constructed using the Cold In Place Recycling technique. The existing water bound macadam (WBM)/deteriorated bituminous surface is stabilized with cement. Bituminous concrete and Thin White Topping are provided as wearing course. The performance of pavement is evaluated after 2 years of construction. Also, the balance life of the pavement is checked and the results are satisfactory. The stabilized pavements offer superior strength and longevity, even in extreme climatic conditions, and provide better performance. The design charts for Thin White Topping for rural roads are not available, hence the design charts for Thin White Topping of M30/M35/M40 grade concrete on Cement Treated Base of varying thickness and different subgrade CBR are prepared based on IRC 62-2014 for traffic less than 50 CVPD, 51 to 150 CVPD, and less than 450 CVPD. These charts are ready to use and act as a guide to the Field Engineers. The optimum thickness of Thin White Topping can be selected from the chart for known subgrade CBR and Traffic. The effect of variation of CTB thickness on Thin White Topping thickness can be determined from the chart.

Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composite for Construction of Rigid Pavements

Reinforcement of cement concrete using a hybrid combination of fibers is one of the recent developments in the concrete composite. This study used a hybrid combination of micro polypropylene graded fiber (up to 6 mm in length) and macro hooked end steel fiber (60 mm in length). The polypropylene fiber was optimized targeting a 20-25% reduction in drying shrinkage and abrasion loss. The steel fiber dosage was optimized for an enhancement of 15-20% in the flexural strength in bending over a conventional pavement concrete. The hardened state properties relevant to pavement concrete such as strengths and durability in terms of abrasion loss and drying shrinkage were investigated. Additionally, flexural behaviour (toughness indices and residual strength factors) and impact resistance were also studied. A minimum improvement of 19% in flexural strength, and 12% in splitting tensile strength, but a reduction in compressive strength (≈ 10%) was noted. A significant reduction in drying shrinkage (53%) and abrasion loss (31%) were noticed for the hybrid fiber reinforced concrete composite (HyFRCC) mix in comparison with the control concrete. Further, a significant improvement up to 14 times in toughness indices, 66-74 units in residual strength factors, and up to 27 times in impact resistance for HyFRCC were encountered. The study finally suggests that a hybrid combination of polypropylene fiber (0.1%) and steel fiber (0.5%) can be used in the construction of a long-lasting, economical, and sustainable concrete pavement including concrete overlays such as bridge deck slabs and white topping pavements.

Carbon Emission and Cost Analysis of Using Hybrid Fibre White Topping Overlays—A Road Rehabilitation Feasibility Study

White topping is a popular road rehabilitation technique that uses Portland cement concrete overlay on top of any existing bituminous pavement. However, this often results in additional cost and carbon emission escalations which complicates market useability of the product. The current study aims at comparing carbon emission and manufacturing cost of concrete topping mixes with three different fibre types. The study optimises the benefits and promotes the use of effective materials in sustainable road rehabilitation. Samples with polyolefin-twisted (F2) fibres indicated least carbon emission escalation while the sample with polypropylene (F3) exhibited least cost escalation with 0.75% and 7.17% from the control sample respectively. A multi-objective genetic optimisation study was conducted to identify the mix designs with least carbon emission and production cost escalations. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that transport distance is a critical contributing factor for production cost while carbon emission is highly sensitive to emission factors for transport and cement production. These results indicate the importance of considering locally available materials and clean energy for production processes. Future research can be focused on exploring the long-term environmental and economic benefits including the durability characteristics to benchmark the sustainable benefits of using waste fibre materials in the mix.

Sustainable concrete pavements for low volume roads-Scientometric analysis of the literature

Developing countries like India invest huge amounts of money for the construction and maintenance of different roads which includes all types of roads. In this research paper a critical review of literature on sustainable pavements for low volume roads was made using sustainable materials for paving Ultra-thin white topping concrete overlays sustainable new pavements like Pervious concrete pavements, Roller compacted concrete pavements, Cell filled concrete pavements, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Pavement and additional discussion on energy harvesting pavements done. Ultra-thin white topping concrete overlay has better-proven performance but interface bond strength is very critical to resist shear stresses which cause debonding of composite concrete layers. The porous cement or bituminous concrete helps to recharge the groundwater reducing the heat islands and makes nature eco-friendly but on the other hand clogging effect can retain the water in the pavement and causes failure of the pavement. Roller compacted concrete pavement, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Pavement and cell-filled concrete pavements are good in terms of performance disadvantages are less. The Indian standard code should be developed to implement energy harvesting pavements that help to produce electrical energy which meets the need of society. Further Scientometric analysis of sustainable concrete pavements for low volume roads done using VOS viewer software and the database of research work from Dimensions software. From the research gap in keyword occurrences on this topic, it is observed that rice husk ash, recycled aggregate, aluminum dross and fatigue, modulus of elasticity has a wide gap indicating further research on the combination of these key words make sustainable concrete pavements further discussed regarding high impact research papers published, similarly countries were discussed in detail.

Analytical modelling of ultra-thin white topping cement concrete overlay on bituminous concrete pavement using ANSYS

PurposeThe ultra-thin white topping (UTW) is a cement concrete overlay of the thickness of 50–100 mm on bituminous concrete pavements with surface failures. This is a long-lasting solution without having short-term failures. This paper aims to design an ultra-thin cement concrete overlay using a developed critical stress model with sustainable concrete materials for low-volume roads.Design/methodology/approachIn this research paper, a parametric study was conducted using the ultra-thin concrete overlay finite element model developed with ANSYS software, considering the significant parameters affecting the performance and development. The non-linear regression equation was formed using a damped least-squares method to predict critical stress due to the corner load of 51 kN.FindingsThe parametric study results indicate that with a greater elastic modulus of bituminous concrete, granular layer along with 100 mm thickness of concrete layer reduces the critical corner stress, interface shear stress in a significant way responsible for debonding of concrete overlay, elastic strains in the pavement further the concrete overlay can bear infinite load repetitions. From validation, it is understood that the non-linear regression equation developed is acceptable with similar research work done.Originality/valueFrom the semi-scale experimental study, it is observed that the quaternary blended sustainable concrete overlay having a high modulus of rupture of 6.34 MPa is competent with conventional cement concrete overlay in terms of failure load. So, concrete overlay with sustainable materials of 100 mm thickness and higher elastic modulus of the layers can perform in a sustainable way meeting the environmental and long-term performance requirements.

EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZER (AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCUM) AT DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVEL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAULIFLOWER IN PALUNG, MAKWANPUR

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nitrogen-biofertilizer Azotobacter chroococcum on the growth and yield of Brassica oleracea var botrytis; White Top under open field conditions. The study was done by planting 480 cauliflower seedlings distributed into six treatments; T1-control (without treatment), T2- 25% N and Azotobacter, T3- 100 N only, T4- 100 Nitrogen with Azotobacter, T5- 75% Nitrogen with Azotobacter and T6- 50% nitrogen with Azotobacter. The treatments were replicated four times. After 75 days and through cauliflower growth parameters; plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and yield parameter; curd height, curd diameter, curd weight, and yield were measured. The result depicted that the growth parameter of cauliflower increased its productivity of cauliflower. Plant height (20.69 cm), leaf number (13.5), and total leaf area (1035 cm2) were observed highest in treatment full dose of nitrogen along with Azotobacter inoculation. The shortest plant height (14.49 cm), lowest leaf number (10.00), and total leaf area (602 cm2) were observed in the control. The curd weight was found to be maximum in treatment full dose of nitrogen with inoculation (1.12 kg) whereas minimum curd weight was observed in control. Furthermore, the highest yield (43.08 Mt/ha) was obtained with treatment; the full dose of nitrogen along with biofertilizer inoculation followed by 75% nitrogen with biofertilizer and 100 full doses of nitrogen without biofertilizer had statistically similar yields showing the inoculation of biofertilizer can reduce the need of nitrogen through inorganic source by about 25%. Biofertilizer has been identified as an alternative to chemical fertilizer to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming. The use of biofertilizers is steadily increased in agriculture and offers an attractive way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements.

A Comprehensive Study on Life Cycle Cost Examination for a Road (Preamser Hirnikheda Mundla) Project in Madhya Pradesh

Abstract: A Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is need to performed at the design period of the projects in order to be proficient to performed more profitable, to help take decision for type of pavement selection either flexible or rigid and also, to decide the comparative expense of different type of pavement. Specially for developing countries like India, due to insufficient funds for the project. However, now-a-days in India many infrastructure development projects like highways are being executed through loan from different external funding agencies like Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank, New Development Bank (NDB) etc. in case of a highway construction project, the major expenditure involves in construction of pavements. Therefore, before constructing a new road it is essential to check the life cycle cost analysis of different pavement options to select a most economical pavement option form techno-economic consideration. It is obvious that in our country most of the existing pavements are flexible pavement which has lower design life and higher maintenance requirements due to unpredictable traffic growth with heavy axel load as compared to the rigid pavements. Nowadays rainfall rate also generally found uncertain so at rainy seasons. So lots of case found that the highways are submersed during flood. These is the most common issue found in our developing country. For that bituminous pavements found damaged and cracked mostly. For that Rigid pavements are a good substitute on Flexible pavements, Rigid pavement have long life cycle (30 years as per IRC) with less maintenance cost, But the cost of construction of rigid pavement is higher than that of flexible pavement, but the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) including all maintenance are much less than of flexible pavements and its equally effective at submersible condition even in case of rehabilitation of existing bituminous pavements, concrete overlays or white topping can be good and beneficial alternative when compared to bituminous overlays. In the present study, an attempt is made to evaluate and compare the LCC of flexible and rigid pavements to be used for rehabilitation of an existing bituminous road. It provides results about the best suitable, economical and cost effective pavements. Net present value method of LCC is used for evaluating the pavements, this method takes into consideration initial construction cost and maintenance cost for design life period of both the pavements. With the help of this analysis a comparison of total life cycle cost of concrete pavements and bituminous pavements can be found out and best pavement alternative can be considered. Life cycle cost analysis: It is an important economic analysis used in the selection of alternatives that impact both initial and future cost. It evaluates the cost efficiency of alternatives based on the net present value (NPV) method which provides the total cost required during life cycle of the project. Keywords: Life Cycle Cost, Preamsar – Hirnikheda - Mundla Road, Rigid Pavement, Flexible Pavement, Traffic, Cost Estimates, MPRDC, Major District Roads.

Performance Studies on white topping layers over flexible pavement

The main focus of the present era is to construct a long-lasting and better performing pavement. Usually, with respect to the rehabilitation of the pavement, the construction agencies go with the bituminous overlays as their first priority without considering the condition of the existing pavement structure. But CC pavements have proved that they perform better and are long-lasting as new pavement as well as when used for rehabilitation of the existing pavement. And hence it is the era where the Thin and Ultra-Thin White Topping methods are gaining their popularity. Hence in this study, in order to arrive at the performance of the TWT and UTWT methods, various types of basic and the performance tests have been carried out with different combinations of concrete i). Plain Cement Concrete ii). Cement replaced by Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) (50%) iii). With admixture (Conplast NC) iv) 50% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag GGBS + Conplast NC. Later to understand the performance of these combinations, the composite beams with varying thickness are subjected to repeated wheel loads under Modified Immersion Wheel Tracking Equipment along with a bituminous layer of 50mm thick below the cement concrete layer. The performance results of 150mm thick admixture added CC beam and the 100mm thick GGBS & Admixture added CC beam has almost the same value. Hence, it can be concluded that the slab thickness can be reduced by 50mm by replacing 50% GGBS to the Admixture added CC beam.

A case study on maintenance of bituminous concrete pavement considering life cycle cost analysis and carbon footprint estimation

Transport infrastructure has a huge impact on the social and economic scenario of any nation across the world. The selection of pavement maintenance should be based on sustainable concept meeting the sustainability and Long-term performance requirements. Bituminous concrete pavement maintenance with a bituminous concrete overlay is not a better option whereas the concrete overlay is having better performance across the globe. In this paper, an case study was conducted on a bituminous concrete pavement including its design, life cycle cost analysis and greenhouse gas emissions using life cycle approach with maintenance options of bituminous concrete overlay and a Ultra-thin cement concrete overlay. It is observed when compared with bituminous concrete overlay, the Ultra-thin white topping concrete overlay with sustainable materials is the better option as the life cycle cost analysis using net present value method greenhouse gas emission are little bit higher when compared with the other using life cycle analysis. The study concludes maintenance of bituminous concrete pavement with Ultra-thin white topping concrete overlay the inclusion of sustainable materials is the better option since it improves long-term performance of the pavement and further considering the economic and environmental point of view.

A critical review of the PCA and IRC methods of thin white topping pavement design

The concept of Thin White Toppings (TWT) is gaining momentum across the nations as an economical and durable rehabilitation technique for the bituminous roads in distress compared to repairs or rehabilitations done with bituminous mixes. On the other hand, constructing a completely new cement concrete (CC) pavement in these stretches by removing the existing pavement structure is a very costly alternative. So, Portland Cement Association (PCA) constructed some test sections of TWT and developed the performance equations based on the performance of the test sections. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) adopted these equations and simplified them with minor changes for calculating the stresses. These changes lead to overestimation of stresses and subsequent reduction in cost saving for TWT compared to constructing a new concrete pavement. The present study examines the differences between IRC and PCA design methods for TWT by considering various parameters. Both methods consider 8 T single axle load and 16 T tandem axle load for estimating the stresses in CC layer. The stresses estimated with IRC equations are higher compared to the stresses estimated with PCA equations of the order of 40 to 50 percent for 8 T single axle load and of the order of 0 to 22 percent for 16 T tandem axle load.

David Sanders: worked with African liberation movements and governments in primary healthcare and child health and nutrition

Credit: Louis Reynold: International People’s Health Movement People’s Health University in Kisumu, Kenya In 2010 in Kisumu, Kenya, David Sanders was outside enjoying a break during the International People’s Health...

근대 한국 여성 운동복에 관한 연구

Women’s sports in Korea started with the introduction of gymnastics classes at Ewha School. Teachers from the West altered the students’ skirts and jeogori to make suitable clothes for physical education, while introducing western-style sportswear. After the introduction of gymnastics, women wore diverse sportswear until the Korean liberation; however, detailed studies regarding female sportswear in Korea have been lacking. This study examines the development of the sportswear in the West, the way sportswear spread in Japan, and the origin of the western-style sportswear that was introduced in Korea. Investigations of literature and photographs from the era of sportswear’s introduction have shown that female students, as their participation became more active, chose diverse sportswear according to their school affiliations or the sports. The most popular form of sportswear was the combination of bloomers and diverse blouse styles. The jumper skirt, called tunic, and blouse combination originated in England, and was then worn in Japan before being introduced in Korea. The jumper skirts were first introduced as gym suit, then were chosen as school uniforms for the summers of the 1930s. Some schools chose to have their students wear rompers, a one-piece combination of bloomers and a blouse, instead of two separate clothing pieces. Though students wore school-assigned sportswear or school uniforms for in-school exercises, they sometimes wore separate uniforms for public competitions. Students who participated in tennis tournaments wore uniforms based on their schools, and many of these school uniforms had white tops and bottoms. These white uniforms can be seen as a reflection of Western fashion. The widespread use of diverse sportswear allowed women to break free from the traditional views of gender, move more freely, and in turn, promote the participation of female students in sports.

Always Been a Rambler: G. B. Grayson and Henry Whitter, Country Music Pioneers of Southern Appalachia by Josh Beckworth

Reviewed by: Always Been a Rambler: G. B. Grayson and Henry Whitter, Country Music Pioneers of Southern Appalachia by Josh Beckworth Ron Pen Always Been a Rambler: G. B. Grayson and Henry Whitter, Country Music Pioneers of Southern Appalachia. By Josh Beckworth. Contributions to Southern Appalachian Studies. (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2018. Pp. x, 226. Paper, $25.00, ISBN 978-1-4766-6729-4.) My academic tenure has been guided by two beliefs: scholarship grounded in a personal connection to the subject yields the most passion and perspective; and [End Page 943] music that springs directly from the soil closest at hand has the greatest power to affect us. Josh Beckworth’s Always Been a Rambler: G. B. Grayson and Henry Whitter, Country Music Pioneers of Southern Appalachia hews to both of these principles, revealing insight informed by a personal subjective relationship tempered through objective research. With family connections in Crumpler, North Carolina, the author is intimately invested in the people and place of his investigation: William Henry Whitter, half of the celebrated hillbilly recording duo Grayson and Whitter, also resided in Crumpler. Consequently, Beckworth’s narrative sparkles with the immediacy of family interviews and is enlivened by original photographs, many of which were first published in this book. A striking example of Beckworth’s methodology is revealed in the chapter devoted to the sprightly fiddle tune “Nancy Blevins,” which was transmitted by the White Top, Virginia, musician Albert Hash, who played with Whitter. Beckworth doggedly searches for the tune’s origin through convoluted genealogies and eventually traces the music back to the colorful Nancy Baker, née Blevins, who smoked a clay pipe, was associated with witchcraft, and, in a twist of fate, was also the grandmother of Whitter’s fourth wife. The accompanying portrait and gravesite images of “Nannie” Blevins animate this history of the tune with vivid associations despite the intervening century and a half since it was created by the adolescent girl shortly after the Civil War. While the careers of pioneering country musicians Gilliam Banmon Grayson and Whitter were created nationally through commercial recordings made between 1927 and 1929, their lives and music were bound to the soil closest to hand in their southern Appalachia communities. Grayson’s life was rooted firmly in Laurel Bloomery, Tennessee, at the nexus of Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, while Whitter’s early life and career were circumscribed by the textile mill town of Fries, Virginia, perched on the New River. The partnership of these two musicians embodied the union of their respective cultural geographies. Grayson’s traditional mountain music felicitously married into Whitter’s entrepreneurial drive and the diversity of cultural influences nurtured by migrant labor lured to the company town. Country music could never have arisen without such urban society. Beckworth’s narrative of country music’s origins proceeds through his biographies of Whitter and Grayson and their associated historical and cultural contexts. Always Been a Rambler is very much a music history that devotes equal measure to the music and the history, fully examining the ways one informs the other. The author navigates this challenging balancing act by conceiving his book as two large divisions of collected essays designed to be read either independently or sequentially as a single narrative. Historians will profit from the personal details that contribute nuance to an overview of Appalachian regional history from the Civil War through industrialization in the early 1920s. Musicians will gain perspective on song repertoire and transmission, as well as the origins of hillbilly music. Beckworth’s installment in the Contributions to Southern Appalachian Studies series successfully illuminates and confirms the seminal role of Grayson and Whitter as original voices in one of the nation’s most enduring musical expressions. [End Page 944] Ron Pen University of Kentucky Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Gastric Metastasis of an Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor Diagnosed in a Patient with Worsening Reflux

CASE REPORT A 60-year-old woman with a 2-year history of T1a NX M0 ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) status post total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy presented with worsening reflux, abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed multiple gastric polyps with white tops and patches of necrotic appearing mucosa (Figure 1). Biopsy of the gastric polyps showed extensive surface ulceration and necrosis with associated atypical epithelioid and spindle cell proliferation (Figure 2). Although the immunohistochemical markers for sex cord-stromal tumors are negative, the histomorphology is similar to the patient's prior ovarian GCT (Figure 3). An extensive immunohistochemical marker panel performed to exclude the other common entities was negative. Thus, this most likely represents a metastasis from the ovarian GCT. Metastatic workup revealed bilateral metastatic pulmonary nodules, enlarged paraesophageal and paraaortic lymph nodes, and a brain metastasis. Patient was a poor surgical candidate and did not tolerate chemotherapy. Repeat imaging showed disease progression; she refused palliative chemoradiation and chose comfort measures.Figure 1.: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows multiple gastric polyps with white tops and patches of necrotic appearing mucosa.Figure 2.: Gastric polyp biopsy showing atypical epithelioid and spindle cell population.Figure 3.: Histomorphology of the gastric polyp showing (A) negative calretinin immunostain of prior tumor and (B) immunostain of present tumor.GCT is a rare sex cord-stromal tumor associated with low malignant potential.1 This tumor has a strong tendency for late recurrences, with an incidence of 25-30%, and is associated with a poor prognosis.1 Once the tumor recurs, it is fatal in 80% of cases. Most recurrences occur within 10 years after the initial diagnosis (median 4-5 years).1-4 Prognostic factors that affect the 5-year survival rate include tumor rupture, tumor stage, tumor mitotic rate, and residual disease. Common sites of metastasis are within the pelvis and the lower abdomen, with rare cases in the lung, liver, brain, bone, diaphragm, abdominal wall, and adrenal gland.1-3 Patients should be kept on a long-term follow-up protocol even if the primary tumor is occult.2 Patients with advanced metastatic GCTs are treated with aggressive surgical debulking and postoperative chemotherapy (platinum-based), especially in cases of widespread metastasis.4,5 DISCLOSURES Author contributions: J.S. Klair and K. Soota wrote the manuscript and reviewed the literature. A. Vidholia provided the pathology images and reviewed the literature. C.M. Berkowitz revised the manuscript. JS Klair is the article guarantor.