White Revolution Research Articles

Transforming Indian cattle industry for building sustainable future

India is one of the 17 global mega-biodiversity hotspots and harbours a rich diversity of flora and fauna with more than 212 breeds of various livestock species registered at the national level. Livestock sector contributes immensely to the national GDP of India with appreciable annual growth in dairying sector. The cattle population in India is mainly concentrated in its northern and western regions. Raising cattle is deeply ingrained into the social, cultural, and traditional fabric of many communities in India. It forms an important source of livelihood for rural masses. India faces a twin challenge of sustainable management of its huge cattle inventory while improving the productivity of animals and profitability of farmers within the minimum possible time. It is coupled with other challenges in terms of the limited resource base and changing agro-climatic trends along with the ever-looming threat of climate change. The profitability of rearing cattle has increased gradually since independence mainly due to staunch efforts made during the White Revolution and subsequently its carry-over effect. The adult female cattle population of India has increased 1.67 times from 54.4 million in 1951 to 145.12 million in 2019. There is an utmost need for improvement of productivity of cows using modern genetic approaches coupled with improvement in different facets of breeding, feeding and healthcare management. Streamlining the marketing channels, expanding the market network, and establishing a suitable farmers’ co-operative system across the country for dairy products offer opportunities for improved income of the dairy farmers besides providing nutritional security to rural masses. The present policy paper attempts to traverse through the important milestones and programmes in the cattle sector that led India to the stage of self-sustenance, besides analyzing the current threats and challenges faced by the industry along with possible solutions

“Our Attention to Iran, as a Neighboring Country, Should Certainly be Sharply Increased”: the Documents on the Visit of the Delegation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to Iran, January 1968

What follows here below is the publication of documents from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the visit of the delegation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to Iran, which took place from 15–25 January 1968. This delegation was headed by Dinmukhamed Kunaev. These archival materials are important in the context of studying Soviet-Iranian economic and political relations in the 1960s and 1970s, when interaction between the two countries became more intensive. The paper demonstrates that the visit of the Soviet delegation was not just a protocol event, but an important milestone in building specific areas of co-operation, primarily the construction of a metallurgical plant in Isfahan. The documents introduced into the academic circuit for the first time, above all, testify to the deep interest of the Soviet side in the “white revolution” in Iran. At the same time, they do not record the contradictions of the ongoing reforms and the presence in the country of significant opposition to the Shah, especially on the part of the Islamic clergy. The archival documents clearly demonstrate certain difficulties in the development of bilateral relations. The appendices to the report of Dinmukhamed Kunaev contain rather sharp criticism of Soviet practices of cooperation with Tehran. Moreover, the edge of this criticism is directed at the all-powerful sectoral ministries and organizations, at the slowness of the Soviet planned economy. In the reporting documents of 1968, Soviet-Iranian cooperation in certain areas was essentially called a failure. Moreover, this applies to such an important area as oil exploration, production, and refining.

The foreign policy of the United States of America towards Iran in the period from 1953 to 1974.

The article examines the foreign policy of the United States of America in the Greater Middle East region, which acquired strategic importance after the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The subject of the study is the American-Iranian relations of 1953-1974, within the framework of which the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi consistently built cooperation with D. Eisenhower, J. Kennedy, L. Johnson and R. Nikson. Despite the fact that their approaches to the implementation of American foreign policy in the Greater Middle East underwent significant changes, the desire to maintain influence in the country, consolidate control over cheap Iranian energy resources and prevent the return of Soviet influence on Iran remained the main directions of American activity. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The following methods were used in the work: historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic methods. The reviewed diplomatic documents of the United States of America "Foreign Relations of the United States" allow us to establish that the influence of the oil factor on American-Iranian relations in 1953-1974 remained high, despite changes in the approaches of the presidents to the implementation of foreign policy in the region. The return of Iranian oil to the global market allowed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to initiate the start of the "white revolution", supported by the United States, among others. Huge oil revenues allowed Iran in a short time not only to realize its claims in the region, but also to become an important ally of the United States, responsible for regional security during the presidency of R. Nixon. The work illustrates the changing role of the United States of America and Iran in the Greater Middle East, due, among other things, to the influence of the oil factor.

Towards white revolution 2.0: challenges and opportunities for the industry 4.0 technologies in Indian dairy industry

Towards white revolution 2.0: challenges and opportunities for the industry 4.0 technologies in Indian dairy industry

Milk Revolution: Stories of Indian Women from the Mountains of Garhwal

Stories gathered around the milk created the milk stories for women in India. White Revolution served as a means of financial independence and women created niche of their own. While the stories of women have always been an inspiration for the world, however, the main motivation remained the women of the rural background who have poor economic conditions and uncertain means of livelihood. In Uttarakhand, a hilly state of India, especially in Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal, there are numerous stories worth telling of the survival of women and the common factor among all of them has been the ‘milk’ and there is enough data which proves that how milk had been a boon for the downtrodden society of India since the great revolution started which was named: “Operation Milk.”

New Dimension in Higher Education in India

Higher Education has an important role in the task of rebuilding a nation and it paves the way for overall development of a nation. The twentieth century has witnessed several revolutions like Green revolution, White Revolution, I.T. Revolution, so on and so forth, taking human civilization to new heights. At the start of 21 st century, we gave a lot of importance given to higher education. Every country realized the value of higher education and the benefits that accrue from it. “The social demands for higher education continue to increase. The inability of the state to support this growing demand resulted in new financing arrangements for higher education. The recent reforms in this area could be broadly divided into two categories: the privatization of public institutions and the establishment of private institutions of higher education. Privatization implies the application of market principles in the operation of public institutions, while ownership rests within the public domain. Promotion of the private sector implies the growth and expansion of the non-state sector in higher education, and very often this sector does not rely on state funding for its growth and expansion. Both of these measures have paved the way for market operations in higher education

White Revolutionary Subjecthood in Percy B. Shelley’s “Laon and Cythna”

This essay reads Percy B. Shelley’s poem “Laon and Cythna” by focusing on the racial dynamics of the revolution it depicts. Placed at the center of a collective struggle as its self-appointed leaders, Laon and Cythna, the eponymous Greek protagonists of the narrative overshadow the agency of resisting multitudes. As such, the poem’s representation of revolutionary subjecthood foregrounds whiteness as a universal marker of political mobility. At the same time, “Laon and Cythna” confronts this problematic itself by concluding with a dramatic failure of its white revolution. The poem, thus, invites a critical interrogation of the racially determined universalism and the adjacent uneven distribution of sociopolitical capital that undergird its imaginary of revolution.

Economic and Political Factors Affecting the Rapprochement of Iran and the EAEU

Aim. Identify economic and political factors that are beneficial to Iran — EAEU relations.Tasks. Identify the prerequisites of the economic and political point of view, both in history and at the present stage, which would explain the prospects for rapprochement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union.Methods. The methods of scientific research in the work should include analysis (to understand the impact of historical events in Iran), as well as the deductive method and synthesis, which will allow to identify a set of factors affecting the improvement of relations between Iran and the EAEU.Results. The “White Revolution” promoted by the West in Iran was not viable and eventually pushed Iran to cho ose a more original way and ways of international cooperation, taking into account national specificity or following the policy of non-interference, which becomes the integration within the EAEU. Another favorable political aspect for Iran is cooperation with Russia , which strengthens confidence that the coun try will not be influenced by political activities and is based on mutual respect and equality. The current economic agreements demonstrate mutual willingness to develop the existing economic relations, as well as have a positive impact on foreign trade and allow taking into account each other’s mutual interests in economic terms, and contribute to the resolution of certain problems.Conclusion. In view of the considered political and economic factors, the rapprochement between Iran and the EAEU can indeed be considered a promising and relevant political trend, despite the existing obstacles. Both sides are positive about strengthening their relations, so it is important to continue working to remove the existing obstacles to the development of cooperation.

Development of Dairy Industry- An Identity of India’s Self-reliant: A Review

Dairy industry is a self-reliant India’s identity. The dairy sector in India has come a long way since the days of the White Revolution launched by late Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was established in 1965 to implement the Operation Flood program which aimed to make India self-sufficient in milk production. Today, India is the world’s largest milk producer, with milk production of about 221.06 million tonnes in 2021-2022. The dairy industry in India is not only an important source of income for millions of farmers and rural households, but it also plays a vital role in the country’s economy. It contributes to more than 4% of the country’s GDP and provides employment opportunities to millions of people, both directly and indirectly. The dairy sector in India also plays a critical role in ensuring food security for a large population and provides a source of animal protein for a large vegetarian population.

Status and direction of white revolution in cooperative sector

India is a country made up of villages. About 60-65 percent of the population of our country lives in villages. Majority of the population in rural areas is engaged in agriculture, farm labor and animal husbandry. Animal husbandry is a secondary occupation associated with agriculture. Farmers use bullocks and other milch animals for agricultural work to meet the requirement of milk and milk products. Animal husbandry provides organic manure. Farmers have been rearing and rearing animals for their living needs. By farming, fodder is available to the farmers with less effort and less cost so that the animal husbandry business becomes easier for sustenance.

US Leverage Tools in Iran in 1950s - 1960s

The study presents an analysis of American influence in Iran after the World War II. The author describes how American foreign policy concepts worked in Iran, and opened a window into the country for American oil industries. The importance and relevance of the article lie in the fact that the players have not changed significantly, nor have the rules of the game and the actions they evoke changed much. Although the foreign policy toolkit of the US has been modernized, very often old methods are still practiced in the region, thus the study and analysis of those are very valuable today. The author tries to identify the problems of Iran in the second half of the 20th century, to study them in parallel with American foreign policy concepts, to present and analyze how American concepts paved the way for the expansionist policy of the United States. The key finding of the research shows that every American foreign policy concept was basically implemented only in case of the continuity of the power of the same party. Thus, Republican D. Eisenhower promoted the concept of supporting American oil tycoons. After him, Democrat J.F. Kennedy did not continue this approach in full, but only retained some elements. J.F. Kennedy believed that if the Iranian government was headed by a skilled prime minister, an adherent of Western values, who could properly manage the Iranian economy, then Iran would become a regional ally for the United States rather than a dependent country. After J.F. Kennedy, L. Johnson continued the foreign policy approach regarding Iran by promoting the country’s reformation through the White revolution. However, as history proved, the White Revolution failed to solve all the socioeconomic problems of Iran in the short term. Instead, the monarchy faced new and already fatal problems. The sources for this paper were the archives of the US presidents, the archives of the US State Department, the memoirs of a number of politicians, the correspondence between the US presidents and the Shah, as well as the Iranian press of that time. The author has applied the historical-comparative method, using the principles of content analysis.

«Исламское пробуждение» имама Хомейни и «Белая революция» шахиншаха Мохаммада Реза-Пехлеви (к вопросу о взаимоотношениях с Западом)

The article attempts an analytical analysis of the views of Imam Khomeini on the need for an inevitable revision and rejection of the pro-Western policy of Shahinshah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, carried out within the framework of the «White Revolution». The article is based on the analysis of Imam Khomeini’s public speeches, which appeared during his forced stay in France before the revolution itself, when he had the opportunity to directly address the Western audience, trying to explain the real state of affairs in pre-revolutionary Iran. It was after this that the figure of Khomeini began to be perceived in the Western media as the leader of the anti-Shah movement. The article draws on the works of the imam included in the official multi-volume collections of his works «Kawthar» and «Sahifeh-ye Imam». The ideas expressed by the imam criticizing the consequences of the Shah’s reforms formed the basis of his concept of «Islamic Awakening», designed to become an alternative to the official course of the Shah’s Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The article analyzes the imam’s statements about the figure and reforms of the Shah, his foreign policy dependence on the United States, the inevitable failure of economic and social transformations, the deadlock of the pro-Western course in the education system and propaganda cliches imposed from the outside about the advantages of Western culture and Western values. The sources involved made it possible to clarify and clarify the ideological and theoretical approaches of Imam Khomeini in the interpretation of crisis phenomena in the life of Iranian society, which was undergoing a radical transformation. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion is made about the inevitability of the events that have gone down in history under the name of the «Islamic Revolution».

Influence of Daily Cow Population on Daily Cow Milk Production in Indonesia Period 2009-2019 and Government Policy to Realize White Revolution in Indonesia

Influence of Daily Cow Population on Daily Cow Milk Production in Indonesia Period 2009-2019 and Government Policy to Realize White Revolution in Indonesia

Doctor in circulation; A study on the historical background of the establishment and expansion of the Health Corps in Iran

After September 1931 and the end of World War II, the Pahlavi government turned its attention to the villages and the implementation of the second development plan, followed by rural health programs. With the formation of the Health Corps in 1954, as the seventh principle of the Shah and the Nation Revolution, all physicians and pharmacists in the service of the conscription system were asked to take charge of medical-health services in rural areas of the country.
 The present article uses archival documents and library resources in a descriptive-analytical manner to answer the question: Was the Health Corps in Iran a result of indigenous action or the result of the second Pahlavi government's development plans with US recommendations in support of Third World countries? The results of the research indicate that the historical nature and examples confirming the patient's defiance and their treatment were rooted in the historical past of Iran. The creation of the Health Corps and its acceptance by the villagers, due to its indigenous and Iranian nature, was acceptable in the historical memory of Iranians. However, the process of international interactions and the development policies of the country and the government's reform, along with taking advantage of US support opportunities, expanded within the framework of the principles of the White Revolution in Iran and led to extensive activity. This, as the present article claims, explains the indigenous practice of this measure.

Livestock Farming in Indian Agrarian Change: Does it Benefit the Poor?

Based on 13 field studies, this paper provides an integrated interpretation of India’s Green and White Revolutions. Livestock farming, which used to play a key role for cultivation, has been marginalized by irrigation. Large landowners with access to water have tended to abandon livestock and focus on irrigated crops for which they hire labourers. Smallholders and landless labourers are, for their part, massively involved in livestock farming. However, dairy farming generates income that is all the lower as access to resources is limited. Hence, the White Revolution has not proved an effective way out of poverty, but combined with the Green Revolution, it has allowed agricultural productivity to increase, thus limiting rural exodus, without deeply transforming land distribution.

Reasons for the Success Story of Amul: An Empirical Study of Customers' Opinions

Amul is derived from the Sanskrit word "Amulya," which means valuable or priceless. This paper examines how the dairy product company has reached the level of excellence as one of the leading corporate players. It all began 75 years ago when impoverished farmers with little cattle banded together to establish a rural dairy organization. The fundamental purpose has been emphasized with a quick summary of the practices responsible for the brand's extraordinary development and success (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). Implementation of solid marketing and ethical tactics will be the focus of this study about the management of this enormous endeavor to become Asia's biggest dairy products producer. The progressive work of Amul inspired India's "White Revolution" by improving the lives of rural people in order to increase output and meet the rising demand for healthy, nutritious food in society. This also focuses on the company's innovative advertising and the brief description of the high-quality standards mantras responsible for the company's phenomenal growth and success. The company was concerned with dairy farmers and product consumers as the nation battled to contain the covid virus-19 pandemic (Uddin et al., 2020). During the lockdown, most dairy product companies decided to reduce media spending, but Amul continued to promote its brand by educating the public about the importance of covid-19 guidelines. Amul chose to alter its marketing techniques by forming its cooperative organization, which became a turning point in the dairy growth program for the nation. Amul's establishment of eco-friendly operations to meet growing demand and achieve more success is contingent on the company's motivated and devoted employees in producing safe foods and goods. The dairy company's growth concerning other dairy products occurred despite its exposure to several difficulties and formidable market competition. The tenacity and labor of poor farmers and livestock owners enabled them to become entrepreneurs and sustain their way of life (Ferroni & Zhou, 2012). The endeavor demonstrated that Amul is invaluable in every way, and we must protect it. Therefore, it is not self-serving since it always assures that the profits gained are dispersed equitably for the benefit of farmers and socioeconomic advancement. A standard questionnaire with a five-point interval scale was used to gather data from 119 respondents.

یک قرن و دو خیزش به سوی جنبش آزادی زنان

The women’s movement in Iran, since the Constitutional era, has entered the field of struggle with three demands: the right to vote, the right to education, and the right to establish an association. In the past century, although women have had successes in establishing their proper legal recognition within the society, discriminatory laws have prevailed in every historical cycle, from the Constitutional era to the era of the National Oil Movement to the reform era known as the first Pahlavi White Revolution to the Islamic Revolution. Although women were the targets of various discrimination throughout these historical moments, they not only insisted on the recognition of their legal movement, but by the end of the century, they had stood up to reclaim their confiscated bodies and identities from government inequity. During the period from the mid-sixties to Homa Darabi’s self-immolation in the seventies, and with the phenomena of the girls of Revolution Street and White Wednesdays in the late nineties, the seeds were sown in women’s everyday struggles for the emergence of the women’s movement in a new way, leading up to the Iranian #MeToo movement. These successive moments, along with the protest of women, both secular and religious, to the ban on running screening tests during pregnancy, the ban on pregnancy prevention, and the plan to increase the population, have led to a physical stage of the women’s liberation movement in Iran. This article enumerates the characteristics of the present stage of women’s liberation in Iran and acknowledges the role and effect of those who prepared the women’s rights movement to advance in this way. With reference to a two-stage definition moving from legal movement to women’s freedom movement, this article examines the impact of individual and collective contributions towards the women’s freedom movement in Iran. Examples include: the first movement of Tahera Qurrat al-ʿAyn, the singing of Qamar al-Maluk Vaziri, the popularization of “white marriage”, women’s use of sperm donation banks, and the current wave of singing and dancing in public streets. These examples are used to demonstrate how, with the turn of the century, the women’s rights movement in Iran has clearly turned into the women’s freedom movement.

ІРАНСЬКИЙ ВЕКТОР В ЗОВНІШНЬОПОЛІТИЧНІЙ СТРАТЕГІЇ США У ПЕРІОД 1960-Х РР.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of the US foreign policy strategy in the Near and Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s. The authors consider the key aspects of the study to be the peculiarities of the cooperation between the United States of America and Iran in the period of the 1950s and 1960s. 20th century. The policy of the USA in the given period is defined as that which was aimed at maintaining stability and supporting the independence of the countries of the above-mentioned area. In addition, the American leadership predicted the possibility of an "Islamic problem". The production of minerals in the region, as well as the need to prevent interference in the plans of the USA by the USSR, caused the United States to make efforts to maintain the role of the main suppliers of weapons, since it was impossible to allow a weakening of the influence on strategic interests, on the course of Iran's domestic and foreign policy. Despite the transitional period of the 1960s, intensive cooperation between Washington and Tehran continued. The USA was provided with assistance in the economic sphere, there were changes in the provision of military support from subsidies to the possibility of selling on credit. The aggressive reform program called the "White Revolution" of the early 1960s was an attempt to westernize Iran and strengthen its global status, which was also carried out with the active support of the United States. The authors identify nuclear programs as another direction of direct interaction between Tehran and Washington, the development course of which in Iran began in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Iran has cooperated with a number of allies of the Washington administration and has successfully developed its nuclear program within existing international restrictions. In 1963, Iran joined the Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Tests in Air, Space and Submarines, and in 1968 signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. All this contributed to the country's integration into global world processes.

Tobacco Industry in India

Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. It also contributes a significant figure to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sustainable agriculture, in terms of food security, rural employment, and environmentally sustainable technologies such as soil conservation, sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity protection, are essential for holistic rural development. Indian agriculture and allied activities have witnessed a green revolution, a white revolution, a yellow revolution and a blue revolution. Tobacco is one of the most economically significant agricultural crops in the world. It is a drought tolerant, hardy and short duration crop which can be grown on soils where other crops cannot be cultivated profitably.

Popular fiction and white extremism: Neo‐Nazi ideology and medievalist crime fiction

Dystopian near-future fantasies of violent white revolution and genocide—most infamously, William L. Pierce's The Turner Diaries (1978)—are the most well-known and studied fictions by white extremists. They are, however, not the only genre through which the extreme far-right engage with popular culture. In this article, we explore how popular historical fictions can accomodate white extremist presence and propagandising. We analyse generic conventions in the medieval murder mystery The Black Flame (2001) by self-identified neo-Nazi Harold A. Covington (1953–2018), showing that the book shares trends and tropes with contemporary medievalisms, including in historical crime fiction and other popular genres and media. By focussing on these conventions, we seek common places in the popular that can, paradoxically, create space for the fringe extreme.