White Nylon Research Articles

Exploring Fungi-mediated Biodegradation Pathway of Polymers in Environmental Systems(Dump Sites)

Context: The growing presence of environmental plastic has garnered escalating attention and worry in recent decades. While ease of production, durability, cost-effectiveness, and resistance to corrosion are valued attributes for consumer goods, they contribute to the persistent environmental presence, leading to a widespread surge in plastic pollution.
 Aim: To find out various microbial- mediated biodegradation pathway of polymers (black nylon and white nylon).
 Settings and Design: The research was carried out by obtaining dump soil from a mechanic dump site and a hospital dump site in Ibadan, Oyo state.
 Materials and Methodology: Dump soil were obtained, diluted(serial) and Cultered and morphological and microscopic observation were carried out while polythene bags which are black nylon and white nylon were also degraded at Day 5, 10 ,15 and 20.
 Results: Biodegradation of polymers is influenced by both polymer characteristics and the presence of specific microorganisms in the environment. Fungi, with species like A. niger, A. flavus, and C. fungus were identified in a dump site. Weight analysis of polythene bags (black nylon and white nylon) over days revealed slight changes, indicating some degradation. PCR analysis confirmed genetic material from fungal isolates, highlighting the specificity and sensitivity of the chosen primers.
 Conclusion: The presence of Aspergillus species in the dump site suggests their potential for bioremediation efforts in challenging environments

Effectiveness of several commercial non-toxic antifouling technologies for aquaculture netting at reducing mussel biofouling

Biofouling causes a range of problems in aquaculture, and there is a need to validate the effectiveness of antifouling products marketed in the industry. We tested the antifouling performance of four commercial aquaculture netting options at a trout aquaculture operation in the Bras d'Or Lakes, Nova Scotia, Canada. This site has brackish water and a severe mussel (Mytilus edulis) biofouling problem – complete net occlusion can occur within four weeks of the onset of mussel larvae settlement. We tested white and black nylon netting as controls, and four products marketed as having non-toxic antifouling properties: white and black Finsulate®, white Netminder® coating on white nylon netting, and white Dyneema® netting. In 2017, using image analysis measurements of fouling, we found only Netminder® significantly delayed fouling by two weeks over controls. Nonetheless, biofouling on all netting treatments (a mixture of filamentous algae and mussels) reached saturation (i.e. complete net occlusion in the images) within six weeks. After 17 weeks, the Netminder® coated netting supported significantly greater mussel biomass (measured by shell masses). In 2018, a follow-up experiment found that Netminder® caused a one-week delay in exclusively mussel biofouling compared to the white nylon control netting. We conclude that none of the options tested are likely to reduce severe mussel biofouling substantially. However, the benefits of a one-to-two week delay in biofouling caused by Netminder® (including reduced cleaning costs and diminished influence of mussels on water properties and the benthos under the net pens) should be weighed against the cost of application and maintenance for the coating.

Study on traces left on a mechanical lock picked by a 3D printed key in toolmarks examination

The three-dimensional (3D) printed key is a key that can be manufactured from its virtual model by means of a 3D printer. This research focuses on the picking feasibilities and traces that can be observed and exploited from a forensic point of view after the picking of such type of keys.In this paper, 40 printed keys were manufactured using three different polymer materials (white resin, white nylon powder and black ABS). All the experiments were carried out under controlled conditions to allow the collections of data and traces produced by the picking. Of the 40 prints, only 38 picked the locks and the total picking ratio was 95 percent, meaning that a 3D printed key using polymer materials can be used to pick a lock. Elements of lock – pins and keyways – appeared to carry polymer materials (flakes or pieces) transferred from the prints during picking process. Additional, characteristic marks of a 3D printed key on the surface of pins was identical to those of an original key, but not similar to those of other picking tools. Indeed, this method could not create more marks on the bits of an original key while striations were left by the picking method using a duplicated key. Besides, FT-IR was a useful method of analyzing the type of polymer material used.When receiving original keys and a lock suspected to be picked in a crime scene, the toolmark examiners can quickly determine whether or not the lock was picked by a 3D printed key based on the examination results of these traces.

Bacteria Counts and Fungal Loads on Eggshells Collected from Isa-Brown Hens Raised under Different Systems

Aims: To assess bacteria and fungi loads on eggs collected from laying birds under three different rearing systems.
 Study Design: Completely Randomized Design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement.
 Place and Duration of Study: Field trial was done at Oluade Farms, Ilara-Mokin, while Laboratory assessment of eggs was done at Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure. The whole study lasted for 90 days.
 Methodology: Collection of eggs for assessments was done at the end of each phase and was collected three times a day for the different housing systems. The eggs collected were labelled and sealed up in transparent white polythene nylon before assessments. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance. 
 Results: Highest bacteria count (43.56± 7.48×10-3cfu/ml) was observed in egg collected from deep litter system, while the lowest bacteria count (13.11±7.4×10-3cfu/ml) was observed in egg collected from the outdoor system. Highest bacteria count (75.00±12.95×10-3cfu/ml) was recorded in egg collected from deep litter system in the morning while lowest bacteria count (2.67±12.95×10-3cfu/ml) was recorded in egg collected from battery cage system in the evening. Highest fungi count (10.89±4.77×10-3cfu/ml) was observed in egg collected from battery cage system, while lowest fungi count (2.56±4.77×10-3cfu/ml) was observed in egg collected from deep litter system. Escherichia coli was isolated in all eggs collected from the rearing systems and collection periods except battery cage system in the morning and outdoor system in the morning. Staphilococcus aureus was isolated in eggs collected from all the housing systems and collection periods except in outdoor system in the afternoon. Aspergillus niger was isolated across all the housing systems and collection periods.
 Conclusion: From the results, it shows that the different eggshells from the three rearing systems were contaminated with bacteria and fungi loads at varying levels.

The Influence of Colour and Thickness of Nylon Mulch on Soil Temperature, Moisture, Percent Germination and Some Growth Parameters of Cucumber (cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings

Heat, moisture and oxygen are important factors that has controlled seed germination, thus A 2 ×4 factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of colour and thickness of nylon mulch on soil temperature, moisture, percent germination and selected growth indicators of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in a completely randomized design (CRD), where the treatments; nylon colour (white and black) and thicknesses (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mm) were replicated three times. The analysis of variance showed that the white nylon thickness had positive significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on soil temperature, soil moisture, plant height and number of leaves, while black nylon thickness had positive significant (P ≤ 0.05) influence on soil moisture and plant height and a negative significant (P ≤ 0.01) influence on percent germination, it was also discovered that 1.5 mm thickness of the white nylon contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to the parameters measured, therefore, white nylon of 1.5 mm thickness could be recommended as mulch material for cucumber production in a sandy clay soil.

Long-term storability of potato tubers in aspect of biochemical changes and overall quality index affected by different packaging materials in refrigerated and non-refrigerated storage

Long-term storage of tubers in refrigerated and non-refrigerated storage induces sprouting and other degradative quality changes, thus making them unacceptable for consumption. There are already known effects of packaging materials on storability of fresh produce while optimization of package with respect to temperature for shelf life enhancement of tubers is still needed in the case of deficient storage conditions. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect on post-harvest quality parameters of various packaging materials, viz. polypropylene (PP), perforated polypropylene (PP(P)), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE(P)), brown gunny sacks (BS) and white nylon gunny sacks (WS), in refrigerated storage temperature of 8 °C and non-refrigerated storage temperature of 25 °C. Sprout and spoilage appearance, weight loss, firmness, colour difference, sucrose, reducing sugars, vitamin C, total phenolic content and DPPH-antioxidant activity and overall quality index were evaluated in stored potato tubers. Lower weight loss in LDPE and PP bags was observed along with the higher retention of total phenolics and antioxidant activity of tubers. The presence of perforations resulted in higher firmness of potatoes at both the temperatures. Colour changes were determined by the temperature effects rather than packaging. The study also established some physicochemical quality indicators based on the cut-off points produced from overall quality index evaluated using the sensory attributes of stored potatoes. Overall, PP(P), LDPE(P), BS and WS can be recommended for long-term storage, while PP and LDPE can be used as an option for short-term storage.

Dry matter production and radiation use efficiency of pulses grown under different light conditions

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying light conditions on growth, morphology and seed yield of pulses. Treatments consisted of 50, 75 and 100% of the full sunlight tested in pigeonpea, cowpea, lablab and blackgram species. Under field condition, artificial shade was created by erecting white nylon nets at 30 days and maintained until final harvest. Results showed that shading at both 50 and 75% of the full sunlight had significant (p < 0.05) negative effect on leaf area index (16 - 35%), total dry matter production (11 - 18%), grain yield (19 - 32%) of pulses over full sunlight. However, radiation use efficiency (RUE) of pulses based on either grain or biomass production was higher in shade plants. Pigeonpea and lablab were relatively shade tolerant compared to cowpea and blackgram with potential crops for growth under reduced light environment conditions.

Assessment of Fluorescent Dye Brilliant Sulfaflavine Deposition on Stainless Steel Screens as Spray Droplet Collectors

Abstract. The fluorescent dye Brilliant Sulfaflavine (BSF, CAS 2391-30-2) was investigated to determine its photo-stability and recovery on five spray deposition collectors: white plastic plate, nylon screen, and stainless steel (SS) screens of three mesh sizes (40, 60, and 80). The photo-stability of the deposited dye was determined by measuring the variance in fluorescence intensity after daylight exposure. The recovery rates were investigated with statically dispensed droplets and dynamically discharged droplets. In addition, droplet penetration through the screen collectors and the amount of unrecovered dye on reprocessed collectors were assessed to better understand the differences in dye recovery rates among different collector types. Photo-degradation tests verified that all collector types were insignificant in fluorescence degradation (<3.1%) after 120 min of solar exposure. Nylon screens had the lowest dye recovery rate (87.0%) for statically dispensed droplets, whereas plastic plates and SS screens recovered more than 90% of deposited dye. For dynamically discharged droplets, the 60-mesh and 80-mesh SS screens recovered more than 70% of the deposited dye, whereas nylon screens showed less than 50% recovery rate. These results were substantiated visually with a high-speed imaging system that detected droplets penetrating more frequently through screens with larger mesh openings. Throughout ten continuous reprocessing cycles of the fluorimetry test, the fluorescence intensity on reprocessed nylon and 80-mesh SS screen collectors increased by 16.8% and 12.7%, respectively, while there was less than 1% change in fluorescence intensity on the 40-mesh and 60-mesh SS screens. These results were clarified through dye residue verification using digital image analysis. Keywords: Fluorescence intensity, Photo-degradation, Recovery rate, Spray deposition assessment, Stainless steel screen.

Microfluidic thread‐based electrode system to detect glucose and acetylthiocholine

A reusable and simple to fabricate electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose and acetylthiocholine using thread-based electrodes and nylon thread is described. The fabrication of the device consisted of two steps. First, three nylon-based electrodes (reference, working, and counter) were painted with one layer of conductive inks (silver and carbon ink, or silver/silver chloride ink). The electrodes were taped onto parafilm, and a piece of white nylon thread was wrapped around each electrode connecting the three electrodes. For the glucose system, a PBS solution containing glucose oxidase (GOx) (10 mg/mL), and potassium ferricyanide (K3 [Fe(CN)6 ]) (10 mg/mL) as mediator, was dried onto the thread, and increasing concentrations of glucose (0-15 mM) was added to the thread and measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The current output from the glucose oxidation was proportional to the concentration of glucose. For the second system, a solution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (0.08 U/mL) in PBS was added to the nylon thread, and increasing concentrations of acetylthiocholine (ATC) (0-9.84 mg/mL) was added and measured by CV. The current output from the oxidation of thiocholine (produced by AChE reacting with ATC) was proportional to the concentrations of ATC added to the thread. From both systems, a graph of current output versus substrate concentration was produced and fitted with a linear regression line that gave R2 values of 0.985 (GOX /glucose) and 0.995 (AChE/ATC).

Comparative Assessment of different degree of retention of ERA attachment on the supporting structures of implant supported mandibular overdenture

Objectives: This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different degree of resiliency of ERA attachment; white and grey nylon male components in mini-implant retained mandibular overdenture on the peri-implant crestal bone level.Materials and Methods: Twenty completely edentulous patients with maladaptive experience of wearing mandibular dentures were selected to participate in this study. Patients participating in this study were rehabilitated by maxillary complete denture and implant retained mandibular overdenture by four mini-implants with ERA head abutments. For all selected patients four mini implants 2.2 mm in diameter and 14 mm in length (ZIMMER ERA) were inserted in the inter-foraminal area following the non-submerged flapless surgical approach with the help of a modified transparent acrylic template. Standard clinical and laboratory techniques were followed for denture construction for all patients. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups according to the resiliency of the male nylon insert. A white replacement insert was seated into the metal housing for group I, while a grey replacement insert was used for group II. Mesial, distal, buccal and lingual marginal bone height around the mini implants were evaluated, using the linear measurement system of the software (Ondemand 3D) with flat panel detector supplied by the cone beam CT. The measurements were carried out at the end of each follow-up appointment (at overdenture insertion, 6, 12 and 18 months post insertion). The marginal bone loss at different intervals was obtained by calculating the difference in bone height at that interval from the base line measurement and statistically analyzed.Results: The results of this study showed that there was statistically significant increase in the marginal bone height loss around the mini implants in both groups at the end of 18 months follow up. Comparing the two studied retentive elements of ERA attachment; statistically significant difference between the two groups was found at the end of 18 months follow up period, where group I showed less bone resorption in comparison to group II. There was also significant difference between both groups concerning the distal and the labial surfaces after 18 months. Conclusion: ERA attachments in mini-implant retained mandibular overdenture fulfil the criteria of implant success as indicated by the measured amount of marginal bone loss. ERA attachments provide adequate retention and have the ability to control the amount of bone loss by changing the retentive elements. The lesser the retention the less significant bone loss around the implants

Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Benang dengan Lot Sizing Economic Order Quantity

<p>The object of this study is the inventory system of manufacturing companies with sock products in Tangerang, Banten. Types of socks produced are plain white socks, black socks, and small socks. This study aims to determine the description of the planning and control of raw material inventory and find out how much raw materials to be prepared as well as the total cost of production produced by applying the method of Material Requirement Planning from the production process. In its production activities, the company uses 4 main raw materials making white socks namely Polyester White yarn, Spandex, Nylon, and Rubber. In one day, production produces 3 dozen socks. The raw materials used are 1 cone yarn for 2.5 dozen. So to produce 3 dozen socks a day, it takes 1.2 cone threads. From the analysis, it is known that the booking fee is Rp.28000 per message and the storage fee is Rp.2000 per unit per year. Thus the value of economic needs or Economic Order Quantity generated is 157 units. Thus, for Polyester White yarn material (75%) requires 47.1 cones, Spandex yarn (15%) requires 9,42 cones, nylon yarn (5%) and rubber yarn (5%) equally require 3.14 cone. Set up fee Rp.156586 while the storage fee Rp.157000 so the total cost Rp.313586.</p><p>Keywords: Socks, Material Requirement Planning, Economic Quantity</p>

Longevity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia on the soil surface under field conditions

ABSTRACT The longevity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia was quantified in an experiment carried out in the field. Sclerotia naturally formed in soybean plants in an infested commercial field were collected in a grain-cleaning machine and those present in the stem pith, with c.a. 8 mm in length and 1.9 mm in diameter were selected. Fifty sclerotia were kept inside a white nylon mesh (0.25mm) screen bag (25 x 25cm). Eighty bags were laid on the soil surface-simulating no till farming. At monthly intervals, four bags were taken and brought to the laboratory. Sclerotia were washed with tap water and surface desinfested with sodium hypochlorite and exposed to germinate on sterilized moist river sand in a growth chamber at 15oC and 12h photoperiod. After 12 months, sclerotia kept on the soil surface, lost their viability. It may be concluded that under no till, crop rotation with nonsusceptible crops, can reduce the sclerotia bank in the soil.

Abstract 17875: Translating 3D Printing into Clinical Practice: Do Patient-Specific Models Aid in Communicating with Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease?

Introduction: Communication in medical consultations is recognised as an important factor in optimising patient satisfaction and health outcomes. Patient-specific (PS) plastic models of congenital heart lesions may offer benefits for education and communication purposes. This study aimed to quantitatively test the translational potential of PS models in a systematic manner. Methods: Parents of children with congenital heart defects (n=97), matched for age, sex and level of education, were divided into Group I (n=52) for normal consultations/follow-up visits, and Group II (n=45) where PS models generated from magnetic resonance imaging and printed in white nylon with rapid prototyping machine model were additionally used. Participants and cardiologists completed rating scales (scored from 0-10) to assess parents’ knowledge of their child’s condition before and after the consultation and to provide feedback on any tools used, including the 3D model. Results: Clinicians reported that the models were very useful (8.8±1.1/10), encouraged parent interaction (9.1±1.4/10), and did not lengthen consultation (93% cases), although these lasted 5 minutes longer (p=0.02). Parents rated PS models as very useful (9.5±0.7/10) and more informative than medical images, with 73% explicitly asking to keep their model. Parents in both groups equally felt their understanding improved following their visit, although when their questionnaires were rated blindly by two cardiologists only 5 participants per group were actually found to demonstrate improved understanding. In 40% of cases the cardiologists were not able to gather even the primary diagnosis based on the information provided by parents after their consultation. Conclusions: Patients’ parents and clinicians found PS models to be useful communication tools, although parents’ understanding appears to be mainly related to their prior level of knowledge. Clinicians found PS models useful in explaining congenital heart defects and encouraging parent interaction. Use of such a modality during the first interactions with parents may have benefits for improving parents’ participation in their child’s management.

Columnar-thin-film-assisted visualization of depleted sebaceous fingermarks on nonporous metals and hard plastics.

A fingermark on a nonporous substrate can be developed by depositing a columnar thin film (CTF) on it, but the CTF technique's sensitivity for low-quality fingermarks is unknown. The optimized CTF and traditional development of several depletion series of sebaceous-loaded fingermarks were compared using a split-print methodology as well as subjective and objective grading schemes, in a limited laboratory trial. CTF development was superior to development with selected traditional techniques on brass, anodized aluminum, black acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and white nylon. On white ABS and black nylon, the CTF technique performed poorly but still as well as the best-performing traditional development technique. The CTF technique was more sensitive on brass and anodized aluminum than, and as sensitive on the four hard plastics and stainless steel as, the best-performing traditional technique. Thus, the CTF technique is useful to develop friction-ridge detail from limited fingermark residue on some smooth substrates.

The Descent [Ethically Speaking

My first jump out of an airplane was exhilarating, and is still etched in my memory. I remember staring at the ground beneath my boots and praying for the chute to open. I had a spare chute, but I really didn't want to have to use it. When my chute fully unfurled, I looked up to check that it had properly deployed. Our parachutes had white and orange nylon panels. One of the training sergeants told us that if we saw a blue panel when checking our deployed parachute, then we should worry. Once I knew the chute was okay, I then enjoyed a peaceful float to the ground.

Balanced Plication of Müller Muscle Tendon Through Conjunctiva for Blepharoptosis Correction

We developed a method for plication of the Müller muscle tendon through the conjunctiva for the correction of blepharoptosis.The locations of 5 skin slits were marked according to the double-fold shape requested by patients. The skin at points marked on the eyelid was penetrated for creation of slits measuring 2 to 3 mm in length. After turning the upper eyelid inside out, a 5-0 nylon suture was applied at the upper margin of the central part of the tarsal plate and pulled in the anterioresuperior direction for exposure of the vascular arcades of the superior conjunctiva. A 7-0 white nylon suture was introduced from the most medial slit (first slit) of the upper eyelid to the conjunctiva of the upper tarsal border, then back to the original slit, and tied. The needle was moved to the second slit through the intramuscular plane tunnel and pierced to the conjunctiva of the upper tarsal border. From the upper tarsal border, the needle was inserted into the same opening, involving the Müller muscle, and extracted from the conjunctiva. From here, the needle was inserted in the reverse direction via the upper tarsal border to the second skin slit. Again, the needle was moved to the third slit and the forth slit through the subcutaneous tunnel, and the same procedures were repeated. The needle was then extracted at the fifth slit (the most lateral slit). From here, the needle pierced the conjunctiva of the upper tarsal border, then back to the original slit, like at the first slit. Thereafter, the needle was moved to the forth slit through the subcutaneous tunnel, plicating the Müller muscle, as before. The same procedures were performed at the third and second slit, and the needle finally appeared at the first slit. Thereafter, the 6-0 nylon was tightened.From March 2011 to March 2012, 147 patients underwent an operation (14 males, 133 females; age range, 15-68 years). The mean (SD) width of the palpebral fissure showed an increase from 1.7 (0.5) mm (range, 1.0-2.5 mm). The mean (SD) amount of plication was 8.1 (2.8) mm (range, 4.0-14.0 mm). No significant correlation was observed between the amount of plication and increasing amount of width of the palpebral fissure (P = 0.496, Pearson correlation). Among the 147 patients who underwent an operation, 50 patients (34%) were very satisfied, 61 (41%) were satisfied, 26 (18%) found the results acceptable, and 10 were dissatisfied with the results.We think that our method is a simple and minimally invasive method for the correction of blepharoptosis.

Laparoscopic relief of meralgia paraesthetica

The positioning of patients for optimal access in thyroid surgery is paramount. We describe a technique whereby the angle of the neck can be greatly increased during the operation and then released to ensure a tension free closure using a common anaesthetic item. By positioning an Infusable® white nylon intravenous pressure bag (Vital Signs Inc, Totowa, NJ, US), or similar, underneath the patient's shoulder blades, the neck can be maximally extended by inflating the bag. It is easily and quickly deflated by the anaesthetist for closure. Benefits include improving access, elevating slightly retrosternal goitres from the thorax and removing the struggle with saline bags or other supports.

Infusable® pressure bag support for thyroid surgery

The positioning of patients for optimal access in thyroid surgery is paramount. We describe a technique whereby the angle of the neck can be greatly increased during the operation and then released to ensure a tension free closure using a common anaesthetic item. By positioning an Infusable® white nylon intravenous pressure bag (Vital Signs Inc, Totowa, NJ, US), or similar, underneath the patient's shoulder blades, the neck can be maximally extended by inflating the bag. It is easily and quickly deflated by the anaesthetist for closure. Benefits include improving access, elevating slightly retrosternal goitres from the thorax and removing the struggle with saline bags or other supports.

Lateral Brow Fixation in Endoscopic Forehead Lift: Long-Term Results with Braided Nylon Percutaneous Sutures

Since the introduction of endoscopic forehead surgery, several fixation techniques have been described to remediate the fall of the lateral portion of the brow. Unfortunately, few studies demonstrate good long-term results with these methods. This study evaluates long-term results of a lateral brow fixation technique that uses two points in the lateral eyebrow: one in the distal extremity and another corresponding to the midpoint between the pupil and the lateral canthus of the eye. Transcutaneous fixation was performed using the Casagrande needle. Braided white nylon 2-0 suture was passed through the needle and retroceded without exiting the skin, catching the supraorbital adhesions. These sutures were fixed to the deep temporal fascia. A total of 44 patients underwent endoscopic forehead lift between March 2000 and March 2006. Pre- and postoperative forehead position was documented using photos and the Mirror (Canfield, NJ, USA) program. Through a line perpendicular to the interpupillary line, the following measurements were taken between the vertical center of the eyebrow and the (1) lateral canthus (2) midpoint between the lateral canthus and the pupil, and (3) pupillary midpoint. Three groups were studied: Group 1 (n = 32), evaluated at 1-1.5 years after surgery, Group 2 (n = 20), evaluated at 3+ years after surgery, and Group 3 (n = 8), evaluated at both 1-1.5 years and 3+ years after surgery. A student t test for Groups 1 and 2 and a Wilcoxon test for Group 3 indicated statistical significance. Through a solid evaluation method, our technique has demonstrated significantly good near- and longer-term results.

A Comparison of Retention Characteristics in Prefabricated and Custom‐Cast Dental Attachments

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the retention characteristics of attachments fabricated by machine milling or by custom casting. In addition, the retention of reduced dimension attachments was also evaluated. Three types of ERA matrices, one prefabricated and two cast, were used. Ten specimens were made for each type, and white nylon patrices were transferred to denture bases. Tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 0.2 in/min with an Instron machine. The dislodging force at baseline, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and subsequently after every 500 pulls up to 2500 pulls were measured. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used to analyze the measurements. All three groups showed no difference at the baseline, but the cast groups showed greater variation within group. The prefabricated group showed higher retention after 200 pulls. Decreased-dimension attachments have no significant difference when compared to the cast regular dimension group after 400 pulls. The prefabricated attachments had superior retention than the cast groups over time. Reduced dimension did not reduce the retention when compared to the cast group.