White Muscle Fibres Research Articles

Biophysical and mechanical properties of red and white muscle fibres in fish.

1. The electrical properties of red muscle fibres of the silver carp (Carassius auratus (Linné)) were investigated and compared with those of white fibres. The resting membrane potential of red muscle was -73.1 mV, and of white muscle -82.4 mV. The effective resistance of fibre, time constant and space constant were 1.43 MOmega, 26.6 msec and 2.1 mm for red muscle and 1.0 MOmega, 48.4 msec and 1.9 mm for white muscle.2. The membrane capacitance in red muscle was 2.55 muF/cm(2) and in white muscle was 7.23 muF/cm(2), though the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubular system were developed equally in both tissues.3. No rectification could be observed in the current-voltage relation in both the muscles. However, in excess potassium solutions, both types of muscle showed anomalous rectification.4. In red muscle it was rare to trigger a spike by nerve stimulation or by field stimulation of the tissue. However, in white muscle, there appeared graded responses and occasionally spikes were generated with overshoot potentials.5. Excess potassium concentration produced contracture in the red muscle, but even forty times of normal potassium never produced contracture in the white muscle.

Fine structure of red and white muscle fibers and their neuromuscular junctions in the snake fish ( Ophiocephalus argus)

The snake fish red muscle fiber, consisting of only polygonal myofibrils, has a smaller diameter and more abundant mitochondria and glycogen granules than the white fiber, which consists of ribbon-like and polygonal myofibrils. M bands, ordered Z bands, well developed triads, and multiple neuromuscular junctions of 'en grappe' type, which lack postsynaptic infoldings, occur in both types of fiber. The density of neuromuscular junctions is greater in the red fiber than in the white fiber. These results indicate that the both types of fiber of the snake fish are morphologically different from the slow and twitch fibers of the frog.

Organization and fine structure of extraocular muscles in Carassius and Rana.

1. Two types of muscle fibers, red (-slow) and white (-twitch), have been described in the extraocular muscles of Carassius and Rana, respectively. 2. Red and white muscle fibers occupy a definite position in particular eye muscles and occur in almost constant numerical relation. 3. The red fibers in the fish extraocular muscles are supposedly slow. The position of the triads is at the level of the A/I junction, whereas that of the white muscle fibers is at the Z line level. 4. In the frog the extraocular muscles consist of two types of muscle fibers, which have morphological features of slow and fast fibers, respectively, the triads being localized at the Z line level.

Fine structure of motor endplate in red, white and intermediate fibers of mammalian fast muscle.

The fine structural differences of motor endplate among the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of the rat fast limb muscle, M. extensor digitorum longus, were observed by the electron microscope. The motor endplate of the red fiber was small. The junctional folds were poorly developed and their number was small. In the white fiber, the motor endplate was large and the junctional folds were well developed and their number was far more numerous than those in the red fiber. In the intermediate fiber, the development of junctional folds of motor endplate was rather similar to that of the white fiber although the number of the junctional folds was a little less than that of the white fiber.

The ultrastructure of neuromuscular junctions of human red, white and intermediate striated muscle fibers.

The ultrastructure of neuromuscular junctions of human red, white and intermediate striated muscle fibers.

The foetal development of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from human striated muscle.

1. Human foetal skeletal muscles involved in support and in periodic contractility were studied for their content of total extractable lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities as well as for the relative distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. 2. During foetal development a linear steady increase in total lactate dehydrogenase activity as well as a linear decrease in the H/M sub-unit ratio of the isoenzymes was found. 3. No significant changes were found in the activities of the enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt (C-6 oxidation). 4. The changes found suggest a steady increased synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase M-sub-units in human skeletal muscles during foetal development. 5. The weekly changes in the total lactate dehydrogenase activity and in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes are lower in muscles involved in support than in those involved in periodic contractility. 6. These findings, together with the literature available, are consistent with the morphological fact that foetal development of skeletal muscles mostly concerns the white muscle fibres and not the red muscle fibres.

Histochemical changes in upper motor lesions, parkinsonism and diuse. Differential effect on white and red muscle fibres

Muskelbiopsiematerial aus Patienten mit motorischen Storungen bei Verletzung der Pyramidenbahn, Parkinsonismus und Kreuzbandverletzung wurde mit histochemischer Technik analysiert. Eine Atrophie der weissen Fasern wurde bei Pyramidenbahnverletzung und Parkinsonismus beobachtet. Kreuzbandverletzung ergab hauptsachlich Atrophie der roten Fasern, wahrend diese bei dauernder Spastizitat und Rigiditat Hypertrophietendenzen zeigen.

Histochemical differentiation of red and white muscle fibers.

Histochemical differentiation of red and white muscle fibers.

Resting and action potentials in red and white muscles of the rat.

The resting and acting potentials of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscle fibers were measured with a glass-capillary microelectrode, EDL muscle fibers show, on the average, a greater resting potential magnitude and a larger action potential amplitude than those in SOL muscle fibers. The max. rates of rise and of fall is greater in the former than in the latter. The differences in the electrical properties between the EDL and SOL were found to be correlated with a greater [K] i and a smaller [Na] i in the former than in the latter.Electrical parameters in individual muscle fibers showed an overlap between the EDL and SOL, suggesting that no clear demarcation can be made between the red and white muscle fibers. It is concluded that the red and white muscles are not essentially different from each other and that the difference is only quantitative.

Autoradiographische Untersuchung der Protein-Syntheserate in roten und weissen Muskelfasern

The size of the protein synthetic rate was studied in red and white skeletal muscle fibers and in heart as well as tongue muscle from mice and rats by means of autoradiography with eight different 3H-amino acids. It was found that the red fibers from the skeletal muscle have a 2–5 times greater protein turnover rate than the white ones. The size of protein synthesis in heart and tongue muscle is about as large as in red fibers. The predominantly oxydative metabolism in the red fibers from skeletal muscle as well as in heart and tongue muscle is, thus, connected with a 2–5 times greater protein turnover rate compared to the predominantly glycolytic metabolism in the white fibers.

Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase in red and white muscle of rat and rhesus monkey.

Homogenates of red and white muscles from rats and monkeys were assayed for total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a and for the total and independent forms of glycogen synthetase. Total and phosphorylase a activities were higher in the supernatant fraction of homogenates of white as compared with red muscle from both rats and monkeys. Both forms of phosphorylase were higher in white muscle from rats when assayed on whole homogenates. The total and d form of glycogen synthetase activities were higher in red muscle from both species of animals. The ratio of I/total synthetase was 2- to 3-fold higher in muscle from monkeys as compared with that from rats. These results support histochemical evidence that phosphorylase is higher in white muscle fibers and glycogen synthetase is higher in red muscle fibers.

Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes.

Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes.

SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE IN PIGEON PECTORALIS DURING DISUSE ATROPHY.

Quantitative and histochemical changes in succinic dehydrogenase activity in pigeon breast muscle was studied during one to sixty days of disuse after immobilization of the wings. Muscle enzyme activity was found to decrease from the first day, reaching its lowest level after seven days. Histochemical observations on red and white muscle fibers showed that after seven days atrophy, the majority of red fibers had lower enzyme activity; a few others showed higher activity. In white fibers on the other hand, a uniform increase over normal in enzyme activity and mitochondrial number was seen. These changes in the two types of fibers were less conspicuous during the later stages of atrophy. Thus the general level of oxidative metabolism in muscle as a whole was lowered in spite of the slight increase in level of SDH in white fibers. It is suggested that in both red and white fibers there was a shift, of aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, or vice versa.

Histochemical Reinvestigation of the Phosphorylase Activity in the Muscle

It was morphologically known that there are two types of the skeletal muscle fibers, the large white muscle fiber and small red fiber. On the histochemical observation of phosphorylase activity in muscle fiber, it used to be demonstrated more intensely in large white fibers than in small red fibers, while UDPG-glycogen synthetase used to be revealed more strongly in the small red fibers than in the large (Pearse & Hass, Takeuchi et al). Total phosphorylase activity activated by the kinase is intensely demonstrated also in the small fibers (Takeuchi et al). There are, however, some differences in the ratio of two types mixed in the muscle of various regions in an animal body according to the physiological function in situ. The present study is concerned with the experiments to determine a relationship of those muscle fibers and the enzyme activities.

HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN VERTEBRATE MUSCLES.

A histochemical study was carried out on oxidative enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN)-dependent dehydrogenases (lactic, malic, α-glycerophosphate, glutamic, and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases), DPNH-diaphorase, triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN)-dependent dehydrogenases (isocitrate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and TPNH-diaphorase on various kinds of vertebrate muscles. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Most of the mammalian striated muscle fibers fell into three types following a histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzyme reaction: Small red muscle fibers showed higher activities of oxidative enzymes, while large white fibers lower activities and the third type of fibers, "medium fiber" which were intermediate in size showed activities between red and white muscle fibers. 2. The intrafusal fibers of mammalian muscle spindles are classified into three types by oxidative enzyme reactions, i.e., red intrafusal fibers, medium intrafusal fibers and white intrafusal fibers. 3. Regarding birds, chicken muscle was composed of three types of fibers, while pigeon and lovebird muscles displayed two types of fibers. 4. Reptile and amphibian muscle fibers were classed as small red fibers showing higher activities, medium fibers moderate activities and white fibers lower activities. 5. Fish red muscle was composed only of red fibers, and the white muscle of white fibers. The transitional part of red and white muscles, revealed three types of fibers. 6. Generally, succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase showed a higher activity, DPNH-diaphorase, TPNH-diaphorase a moderate activity, glutamic dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase a lower activity and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase a trace or nonactivity in most vertebrate striated muscles.

細胞内微小電極法による赤筋線維並びに白筋線維の機能分化による興奮伝導速度の差に関する研究

The conduction velocity of red and white muscle fibers were measured by intracellular microelectrode techiuigue and the differences of conduction velocities between these two fibers were demonstrated.Materials were used the M. soleus of rat as a red fiber preparation and the outer surface part of M. rectus femoris as a white muscle fiber preparation.1. Conduction velocities of red muscle fibers were slower than thase of white muscle fibers.(1) Conduction velocity of red muscle fiber.The first case; 1.81±0.52 m/sec.The second case; 2.61±0.68 m/sec.The third case: 2.25±0.48 m/sec.(2) Conduction velocity of white muscle fiber.The first case; 3.43±0.95 m/sec.The second case: 5.57±0.88 m/sec.The third ease: 4.74±0.73 m/sec.2. It was widely known that the conduction velocity of muscle fider was in the proportion to the root of fiber diameter. There was no obvious difference of fiber diameters between the white fibers in surface part of M. rectus femoris and the red fibers in M. soleus.3. So it may be reasonably concladed the difference of conduction velocity between the red and white muscle fiber was not depend upon the differences of their diameter.

細胞内微小電極法による赤筋線維並びに白筋線維の機能分化による興奮伝導速度の差に関する研究

細胞内微小電極法による赤筋線維並びに白筋線維の機能分化による興奮伝導速度の差に関する研究

細胞内微小電極法による赤筋線維並びに白筋線維の機能分化による興奮伝導速度の差に関する研究

細胞内微小電極法による赤筋線維並びに白筋線維の機能分化による興奮伝導速度の差に関する研究

EFFECT OF GLUCAGON ON INCORPORATION OF GLYCINE-C14 INTO PROTEIN OF VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE.

The incorporation of the C14 label from glycine-C14 into muscle protein was investigated. In vivo, 3 and 24 hr after administration of labeled glycine, the C14 incorporation was greater in diaphragm as compared to voluntary skeletal muscle. In vitro, glycine-1- C14 incorporation was higher in predominantly red than in predominantly white muscle fiber groups at the end of 2 hr of incubation. The addition of glucagon to the incubation medium caused a 20 % decrease in the incorporation of C14 label into protein of both red and white muscle. These results are interpreted as additional evidence for an “over-all” catabolic effect of glucagon on protein metabolism of voluntary skeletal muscle.

A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES IN MUSCLE FIBERS OF VARIOUS ANIMALS

A histochemical study of hydrolytic enzymes was carried out by azo coupling methods. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, esterase, aminopeptidase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, sulfatase and phosphorylase were histochemically demonstrated in muscles of various kinds of animals. Mammalian, bird, reptile and amphibian muscles contained esterase but no other enzymes, and a difference was observed in esterase activity in red, white and medium muscle fibers. Muscle fibers in mammals and birds showed the reciprocal proportion between phosphorylase and oxidative enzymes. Fish white muscle fibers showed a strong reaction of esterase, while the red muscle fiber a weak reaction. In the fish white muscle showed a slightly positive reaction of alkaline and acid phosphatase; aminopeptidase, β-glucuronidase and β-galaetosidase were slight positive in white fiber. Invertebrate muscles showed hydrolytic enzymes. These findings suggest that there is a difference in the metabolism in the muscle depending upon each species.