White Immigrants Research Articles

Discrimination and Racial Inequities in Self-reported Mental Health Among Immigrants and Canadian-Born Individuals in a Large, Nationally Representative Canadian Survey.

We examined the link between discrimination and self-rated mental health (SRMH) among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals, stratified according to an individual's identification as racialized or white. Using data from Canada's General Social Survey (2014) (weighted N = 27,575,000) with a novel oversample of immigrants, we estimated the association of perceived discrimination with SRMH separately among immigrants and Canadian-born individuals and stratified by racialized status. Among immigrants, we also investigated whether age-at-arrival attenuated or strengthened associations. The prevalence of discrimination was higher among racialized compared to white immigrants (18.9% versus 11.8%), and among racialized compared to white non-immigrants (20.0% versus 10.5%). In the adjusted model with immigrants, where white immigrants not reporting discrimination were the referent group, both white (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] 6.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.08, 12.12) and racialized immigrants (aPOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.29, 4.04) who experienced discrimination reported poorer SRMH. The associations were weaker among immigrants who immigrated in adulthood. In the adjusted model with non-immigrants, compared to unexposed white respondents, Canadian-born white respondents who experienced discrimination reported poorer SRMH (aPOR 3.62, 95% CI 2.99, 4.40) while no statistically significant association was detected among racialized respondents (aPOR 2.24, 95% CI 0.90, 5.58). Racialized respondents experienced significant levels of discrimination compared to white respondents irrespective of immigrant status. Discrimination was associated with poor SRMH among all immigrants, with some evidence of a stronger association for white immigrants and immigrants who migrated at a younger age. For Canadian-born individuals, discrimination was associated with poor SRMH among white respondents only.

Does an Immigrant Health Advantage Exist Among US Whites? Evidence from a Nationally-Representative Examination of Mental and Physical Well-Being

This study examines whether an immigrant health advantage exists among US Whites, a group often used as a reference category in research on racial and ethnic health disparities. Using recent data from the National Health Interview Survey (2019–2022), I disaggregate non-Hispanic White adults (n = 41,752) by nativity status and use logistic regression models to assess differences in six measures of mental and physical health. The analysis includes self-reported conditions (depression, anxiety, fair/poor self-rated health) and diagnosed conditions that require interaction with the healthcare system (hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD). Foreign-born Whites have a significantly lower prevalence of each health outcome relative to US-born Whites. The immigrant health advantage remains significant for depression, anxiety, fair/poor health (i.e., self-reported conditions) and diagnosed hypertension, after adjusting for sociodemographic and healthcare characteristics. In contrast, the inclusion of these explanatory factors reduces the nativity gap in diagnosed diabetes and COPD to non-significance. Overall, the results indicate important variation in health among Whites that is missed in studies that focus on US-born Whites, alone. Scholars must continue to monitor the health of White immigrants, who are projected to grow to 20% of the US immigrant population in the years to come.

Heterogeneities in sleep duration and quality among U.S. immigrants from different racial and ethnic backgrounds

ObjectivesSleep plays an essential role in well-being. Although U.S. immigrants are considerably growing, few studies have examined sleep in this diverse population, particularly those from Asian backgrounds. It is also unclear how sleep differs by the length of residence across immigrant groups. In this study, we examined the relationships among race/ethnicity, length of residence, and sleep using a nationally representative cohort of U.S. immigrants. MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2013-2018 National Health Interview Survey. The sample (N = 27,761; 14% ≥65 years old) included foreign-born adults from the following racial/ethnic backgrounds: non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Asian (Chinese, Filipino, Asian Indian), and Hispanic/Latino. Length of residence was categorized as <5, 5-9, 10-14, and ≥15years. Sleep was assessed with self-reported sleep duration (normal, short, and long) and poor sleep quality (trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and waking up unrested). ResultsFilipino and Hispanic/Latino immigrants reported the highest prevalence of short (41.8%) and long (7.0%) sleep, respectively. Non-Hispanic White immigrants had the highest prevalence rate across all three poor sleep quality measures (range 17.7-41.5%). Length of residence ≥15years was significantly associated with worse sleep, and it moderated White-Asian differences in sleep quality. Immigrants from different racial/ethnic groups showed variations in sleep patterns as they resided longer in the US. ConclusionsImmigrants exhibited substantial heterogeneities in sleep. Future research should investigate the contributing factors to the variations in their sleep patterns, both between groups and within the same group of immigrants, in order to inform tailored interventions.

Racialized and Immigrant Status and the Pursuit of Living Donor Kidney Transplant - a Canadian Cohort Study

Both immigrant and racialized status may be associated with the pursuit of living donor kidney transplant (LDKT). This study was a secondary analysis of a convenience cross-sectional sample of patients with kidney failure in Toronto, obtained from our "Comprehensive Psychosocial Research Data System" research database. The exposures included racialized, immigrant, and combined immigrant and racialized status (White nonimmigrant, racialized nonimmigrant, White immigrant and racialized immigrant). Outcomes include the following: (i) having spoken about LDKT with others, (ii) having a potential living donor (LD) identified, (iii) having allowed others to share the need for LDKT, (iv) having directly asked a potential donor to be tested, and (v) accept a hypothetical LDKT offer. We assessed the association between exposure and outcomes using univariable, and multivariable binary or multinominal logistic regression (reference: White or White nonimmigrant participants). Of the 498 participants, 281 (56%) were immigrants; 142 (28%) were African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB); 123 (25%) were Asian; and 233 (47%) were White. Compared to White nonimmigrants, racialized immigrants (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.76-5.03) and racialized nonimmigrants (RRR: 2.84; 95% CI: 1.22-6.65) were more likely not to have spoken about LDKT with others (vs. having spoken or planning to do so). Both racialized immigrant (odds ratio [OR]: 4.07; 95% CI: 2.50-6.34), racialized nonimmigrants (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.31-5.51) and White immigrants (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.43-5.05) were more likely not to have a potential LD identified. Both racialized and immigrant status are associated with less readiness to pursue LDKT. Supporting patients to communicate their need for LDKT may improve equitable access to LDKT.

Syrian, Armenian, and Lebanese Claims to Whiteness in Post-War Canadian Immigration Policy

Abstract This article asks how, in early post-World War II Canada, Syrian, Armenian, and Lebanese communities claimed whiteness in the context of Canada’s racially restrictive immigration regulations that defined them as “Asiatics,” and hence inadmissible. But, it also examines how Canadian politicians and immigration bureaucrats responded to those claims. Using so-far untapped archival records, this article shows that immigration authorities were unwilling to redefine the racial status of these groups out of fear that doing so would provide a wedge for other groups of “Asiatics” to press for the ability to migrate to Canada. In this case, Syrians, Armenians, and Lebanese could be regarded as experiencing collateral damage in the politics of whiteness. While Canadian immigration authorities seemed to privately accept the white/European identity claims of these groups, they were nonetheless unwilling to publicly grant them one of the privileges of whiteness – namely the ability to migrate to Canada on a basis equal to that of other white immigrants. Instead, the government used “merit-based” orders-in-council as an under the radar administrative mechanism to admit members of these groups. This allowed the government and the immigration department to avoid a larger public debate about racial discrimination against “Asiatic” immigrants.

“What's your accent, where are you from?”: Language and belonging among older immigrants

Researchers have identified immigration and marginalization as two processes that impact older immigrants' experience of aging in the U.S. Our paper draws on 42 interviews with a diverse group of older American immigrants to center issues of language, accent, and Othering. We argue that the importance of language extends beyond communication for older immigrants, as English proficiency and accent are important boundaries determining inclusion and recognition as an American. Accents are a racialized characteristic that can prompt microaggressions and exclusion. We identified a racial pattern in reported reactions to accents among the participants in our study. White immigrants generally described positive appraisals of their accent, and typically had a choice whether to emphasize their national origins. While white immigrants were viewed as “Acceptable Outsiders,” many immigrants of color described microaggressions, ridicule, and discrimination related to their accented speech. We contend that these experiences of Othering can have a profound impact on sense of belonging, as many of the older immigrants of color in our study expressed a persistent sense of exclusion and even alienation. We advance the concept of “aging off center” to describe how repeated experiences of Othering and exclusion shape aging experiences for immigrants of color who are long-term residents of the United States.

Healthy Immigrant Effect or Under-Detection? Examining Undiagnosed and Unrecognized Late-Life Depression for Racialized Immigrants and Nonimmigrants in Canada.

Immigrants to Canada tend to have a lower incidence of diagnosed depression than nonimmigrants. One theory suggests that this "healthy immigrant effect (HIE)" is due to positive selection. Another school of thought argues that the medical underuse of immigrants may be the underlying reason. This unclear "immigrant paradox" is further confounded by the intersecting race-migration nexus. This population-based study analyzed data of participants (n = 28,951, age ≥45) from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-2018). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to examine associations between race-migration nexus and mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] score ≥10). Compared to Canadian-born (CB) Whites, immigrants, regardless of race, were less likely to receive a mood/anxiety disorder diagnosis (M/A-Dx) by health providers in their lifetime. Racialized immigrants were mentally disadvantaged with increased odds of undiagnosed depression (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.76, 99% Confidence interval [CI]:1.30-2.37), whereas White immigrants were mentally healthier with decreased odds of PHQ depression (AOR=0.75, 99%CI: 0.58, 0.96) and poor self-rated mental health (AOR=0.56, 99% CI=0.33, 0.95). Among the subpopulation without a previous M/A-Dx (N = 25,203), racialized immigrants had increased odds of PHQ depression (AOR = 1.45, 99% CI: 1.15-1.82) and unrecognized depression (AOR = 1.47, 99% CI: 1.08-2.00) than CB Whites. Other risk factors for undiagnosed depression include the lack of regular care providers, emergency room as the usual source of care, and being home renters. Despite Canadian universal health coverage, the burden of undiagnosed depression disproportionately affects racialized (but not White) immigrants in mid to late life. Contingent on race-migration nexus, the HIE in mental health may be mainly driven by the healthier profile of White immigrants and partly attributable to the under-detection (by health professionals) and under-recognition of mental health conditions among racialized immigrants. A paradigm shift is needed to estimate late-life depression for medically underserved populations.

Still a Nation of White Immigrants? Notes on the Present Debate

Abstract Recent years have generated an unprecedented popular decision about US racial identity. Before this, popular sentiment and legal policy clearly and congruently promoted immigration of white noncitizens, while severely restricting others. Until the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965, the US law reflected Justice Grier's statement in Smith v. Turner, 48 U.S. 283, 461 (1849): “It is the cherished policy of the general government to encourage and invite Christian foreigners of our own race to seek an asylum within our borders, and to . . . add to the wealth, population, and power of the nation.” However, the 1965 reform and its successors diversified the immigrant stream and the nation, and current polls indicate that the majority of the US population now supports a generous and non-discriminatory immigration policy.

Gray Racialization of White Immigrants: The Polish Worker in Norway

The literature on racialization has typically focused on the situation of people of color in the Western world. In this article, we explore the analytical value of extending the concept of racialization to analyze symbolic boundaries that rely on and fortify the ascription of the specific skills and identities of white immigrants. The discussion builds on a review of the emerging literature on Polish immigrants in Norway since 2004. It reveals other everyday experiences of Poles and how they see themselves &ndash; and how others see them &ndash; differently compared to Norwegians and other immigrants and minorities. We examine how these processes of identity ascription are rooted in the Poles&rsquo; position as &lsquo;labor migrants&rsquo; in predominantly low-waged and low-skilled segments of the Norwegian labor market. We also demonstrate how their location in the productive structure has far-reaching implications that work to construct symbolic boundaries, setting the Polish migrant apart from mainstream Norwegian society. The conclusion suggests a modified racialization concept, &lsquo;gray racialization&rsquo;, to conceptualize the discriminatory situation of the Poles as an immigrant and minority population, which we find to better allow for an understanding of power relations and social inequalities than its conceptual alternatives.

White Immigrant Merchants, the U.S. Mexican Population, and Middleman Entrepreneurship in the Early Twentieth-Century American West

ABSTRACT Studies applying middleman minority theory to white immigrants’ retail enterprise in the United States overlook the possibility that, in the early twentieth-century American West, white immigrants were attracted into merchandizing by opportunities to exploit a sizable and colonized Mexican population. The present study investigates this possibility. Regression analyses of 1930 Census data show that foreign-born whites were most likely to become merchants in those western locations that once belonged to Mexico and had the largest Mexican populations, consistent with the proposition that white immigrants’ middleman retail entrepreneurship was supported by the U.S. Mexican population’s size and colonized status. The results extend internal colonization scholarship by inferring that Mexican populations in the West, similar to black populations in non-western cities, provided white immigrants with a minority consumer market that was leveraged into retail enterprise in the early twentieth century. Thus, white immigrants, like native “Anglos,” benefited from the Mexican population’s subordination.

Russian entrepreneurs in exile: Manchuria, 1920s.

The article examines the main directions and problems of the development of Russian entrepreneurship in Northeast China in the 1920s. Based on the analysis of the emigrant press and reference literature of the 1920s, documents of Soviet foreign policy, as well as the results of scientific research, the author assesses the activities of entrepreneurs and the difficulties that complicated it. The question describes the activities of the white emigrant industries established before the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War on the territory of the former Russian Empire (1917–1922); the impact of European and North American business on the development of the economy of Manchuria in general and on Russian business in particular; the impact of the multinational composition of the Russian diaspora on the specifics of the development of white immigrant entrepreneurship; the activities of charitable organizations that actively supported emigrants in difficult life situations; the growing needs of the population in connection with the improvement of the quality of work and the growth of production activity. Summing up the research, the author notes the following points that caused difficulties in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity of Russians: unstable financial market; the presence of competition in the face of European merchants; restrictions on the part of local authorities caused by the growth of Chinese nationalism; the Soviet-Chinese conflict over the status of the CER, which not only brought regular income to white immigrants, but also provided many jobs; as well as an increase in the number of Hunghuz gangs due to weak protection of the North-eastern suburbs. Despite all the existing problems, the Russian diaspora in the 1920s made a significant contribution to the economy of the region, engaging in trade, the development of new industries, the creation of the banking system, participation in charity events.

Divergent responses to local diversity: Outgroup differences and the impact of personality

Research has shown that differences in personality can help explain attitudes towards immigration. Personality may also moderate the impact of local immigrant levels. Using attitudinal measures from the British Election Study, this research confirms the importance of all Big Five personality traits in predicting immigration attitudes in the UK and finds consistent evidence of an interaction between extraversion and local immigrant concentrations. In areas with high levels of immigrants, extraverted individuals are associated with more supportive immigration attitudes. Moreover, this study shows that the response to local immigrant levels varies by immigrant group. Levels of nonwhite immigrants and immigrants from predominantly Muslim countries are associated with greater levels of immigration hostility, whereas this is not the case for white immigrants or immigrants from Western and Eastern Europe. These findings demonstrate that an individual's response to local immigration levels depends on both their personality and the immigrant group in question.

Bureaucratic and Organizational Amenability to Racial Diversification: How Points Systems Replaced White-Only Immigration Policies

After Australia and Canada adopted policies to admit immigrants of any nationality or race, the racial composition of immigrants did not immediately diversify. It only diversified after their governments adopted points systems to recruit immigrants with the education, language ability, and skills that would increase the national income of the migrant-receiving country. Why? I draw on archival documents to reveal how the organization of consular institutions and practices of bureaucrats limited how much immigrant sources diversified. However, the more human capital-rich people in White-majority countries lost interest in immigrating and the more non-White people in migrant-sending societies increased their human capital, the more frequently bureaucrats became amenable to admitting more racially diverse immigrants who could contribute more to national income and productivity than human capital-poor White immigrants. This emerging preference later stimulated the immigration department to geographically expand their organizational infrastructure to facilitate further non-White immigration. This study illustrates how scholars through a more intersectional lens can better potentially understand changes in institutions and norms along one dimension of identity (race) due to policies to admit a minority of non-White immigrants along another dimension (human capital).

Digital Ethnic Enclaves: Mate Preferences and Platform Choices Among Chinese Immigrant Online Daters in Vancouver

In light of the growing racialized immigrant population in Canada and advances in dating technologies, this study examines Chinese immigrants' partner preferences and mate selection processes through the lens of online dating. We draw on in-depth interviews with 31 Chinese immigrants who have used online dating services in Metro Vancouver to search for different-sex partners. Chinese immigrant online daters show strong preferences for dating Chinese. They emphasize permanent residency status and similarity in age at arrival when evaluating potential partners. Given their preferences, Chinese immigrants strategically choose the dating platforms they primarily use. Men exhibit higher selectivity in their preferences and choices of platforms. Notably, platforms catering to Chinese users create "digital ethnic enclaves" where Chinese immigrant daters congregate. The findings illuminate the intersection of race, gender, immigrant status, and age at arrival in shaping divergent experiences of mate selection and immigrant assimilation in the digital era.

Chronic Care for All? The Intersecting Roles of Race and Immigration in Shaping Multimorbidity, Primary Care Coordination, and Unmet Health Care Needs Among Older Canadians.

Despite the predominance of chronic disease clustering, primary care delivery for multimorbid patients tends to be less effective and often uncoordinated. This study aims to quantify racial-nativity inequalities in multimorbidity prevalence ≥3 chronic conditions), access to primary care, and relations to past-year subjective unmet health care needs (SUN) among older Canadians. Population-based data were drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-2018). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the likelihood of multimorbidity, sites of usual source of primary care (USOC), primary care coordination, and multidimensional aspects of SUN. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) was applied to identify intersecting determinants of SUN. The overall sample (n = 19,020) were predominantly (69.4%) Canadian-born (CB) Whites (1% CB non-Whites, 18.1% White immigrants, and 11.5% racialized immigrants). Compared with CB Whites, racialized immigrants were more likely to have multimorbidity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.35, 99% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.61), lack a USOC (AOR = 1.41, 99% CI: 1.07-1.84), and report higher SUN (AOR = 1.47, 99% CI: 1.02-2.11). Racialized immigrants' greater SUN was driven by heightened affordability barriers (AOR = 4.31, 99% CI: 2.02-9.16), acceptability barriers (AOR = 3.11, 99% CI: 1.90-5.10), and unmet needs for chronic care (AOR = 2.71, 99% CI: 1.53-4.80) than CB Whites. The CART analysis found that the racial-nativity gap in SUN perception was still evident even among those who had access to nonpoorly coordinated care. To achieve an equitable chronic care system, efforts need to tackle affordability barriers, improve service acceptability, minimize service fragmentation, and reallocate treatment resources to underserved older racialized immigrants in Canada.

Psychosocial Distress in Patients With Advanced CKD by Racial Group and Immigrant Status: A Canadian Cross-sectional Study

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported to experience profound psychosocial distress. Other work has established that patientswith CKD from marginalized populations (including individuals who on the basis of race often face racism and related discrimination, termed "racialization") experience health care inequities. Given limited information on the intersection of these 2 phenomena, we assessed the association of psychosocial distress with racialized status and immigrant status in Canadians with advanced CKD. Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. 536 patients with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate<30mL/min/1.73m2, with or without kidney replacement therapy) from multiple clinical centers in Toronto. Racialized status (individuals who identify as Asian or as African, Caribbean, or Black Canadian), immigrant status, and combined immigrant-racialized status. Psychosocial distress, defined as the presence of depression, anxiety, or social difficulties (ie, a score of≥10 points on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, or Social Distress 16 scales, respectively). The independent associations of racialized status and immigrant status with psychosocial distress, depression, anxiety, and social difficulties were examined using univariable- and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. Mean age of the 536 participants was 57±16 (SD) years, 62% were male, and 45% were immigrants. Of the sample, 58% were White, 22% were African, Caribbean, or Black Canadian, and 20% were Asian. Psychosocial distress was present in 36% of participants (depression in 19%, anxiety in 12%, and social difficulties in 31%). To assess the combined impact of racialized and immigrant status, we created a variable with mutually exclusive categories: White nonimmigrant, racialized nonimmigrant, White immigrant, and racialized immigrant participants. In our final multivariable-adjusted model, compared with White nonimmigrant participants, racialized immigrant participants were more likely to have psychosocial distress (OR, 2.96 [95% CI, 1.81-4.81]), depression (OR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.05-3.34]), and social difficulties (OR, 3.36 [95% CI, 2.03-5.57]). Overall similar associations were seen for racialized nonimmigrants and for White immigrants. Convenience sample; small subgroups; combined exposure variable grouping Asian and African, Caribbean, and Black participants together; lack of data about mechanisms. Both racialized and immigrant status based on self-report of demographic characteristics were associated with psychosocial distress among patients with advanced CKD. These patients may benefit from culturally competent psychosocial support. Psychosocial distress is frequent in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and impacts quality of life and clinical outcomes. Psychosocial distress may be especially scarring in people who are racialized (marginalized on account of their membership in a particular racial group) and/or who are immigrants. We assessed the association of psychosocial distress with racialized and immigrant status in Canadians with advanced chronic kidney disease. Among 536 participants from multiple medical centers in Toronto, we found that racialized and immigrant participants were more likely to have psychosocial distress, depression, and social difficulties compared with White nonimmigrant participants. This is likely related to the multiple intersectional challenges, including experience with racism and discrimination that racialized immigrant patients may face. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific factors that contribute to more distress. The potential impact of culturally competent and safe support for these patients will also need to be studied.

The Missing Mortality Advantage for European Immigrants to the United States in the Early Twentieth Century.

Immigrant populations typically have lower mortality rates and longer life expectancies than their nonimmigrant counterparts. This immigrant mortality advantage has been a recurrent finding in demographic and population health research focused on contemporary waves of immigration. However, historical data suggest that European immigrants to the United States in the early twentieth century had worse health and higher rates of mortality, yet it remains unclear why a mortality advantage was absent for immigrants during this period. This article combines Vital Statistics records and Lee-Carter mortality models to analyze mortality by nativity status for the U.S. White population from 1900 to 1960, examining variation by age, sex, time, and place. Contrary to contemporary expectations of a foreign-born mortality advantage, White immigrants had higher mortality rates in the early 1900s, with the largest foreign-born disadvantage among the youngest and oldest populations. Although foreign-born and U.S.-born White mortality rates trended toward convergence over time, the foreign-born mortality penalty remained into the 1950s. A decomposition analysis finds that immigrants' concentration in cities, which had higher rates of infectious disease mortality, accounted for nearly half of the nativity difference in 1900, and this place effect declined in subsequent decades. Additional evidence, such as a spike in mortality inequalities during the 1918 influenza pandemic, suggests that common explanations for the immigrant mortality advantage may be less influential in a context of high risk from infectious disease.

Rethinking the Postwar International Migration Regime from the Global South: Venezuela in a Global History of White Immigration

AbstractBetween 1947 and early 1952, the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which was established within the framework of the United Nations to “solve” the so-called European refugee problem after the end of the Second World War, resettled one million European refugees—victims of Nazism as well as East European refugees who escaped the Red Army—all over the world. The IRO's resettlement project is regarded as a blueprint for the establishment of the postwar international migration regime, and it was the predecessor of later initiatives such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).In this article I argue that the IRO's history as well as the history of the migration regime after the Second World War has, thus far, mainly been written from the perspective of U.S. American and European history. Northern nations are considered agents in this history, while southern countries are considered as passive “destinations.” In the case of Venezuela, the article argues that the Global South's active role in the migration regime must be taken into consideration to understand postwar migration. From the perspective of a connective approach to global history, it shows how Venezuela, as a political agent, was involved in shaping the migration regime; how it perceived itself as an agent within that regime; and how it intervened on a small scale to shape its form and function.

IDF21-0578 Association between immigration-status and diabetes-related adverse outcomes in Canada

Background: Canada has a large and growing population of immigrants from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Recent immigrants tend to be healthier than the non-immigrant population, a phenomenon known as the ‘healthy immigrant effect’. However, the prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetes is higher amongst immigrants, with non-White immigrants having the highest burden when compared to White immigrants and Canadian-born residents. Despite evidence of higher diabetes prevalence amongst non-white immigrants, no studies have examined whether rates of diabetes-related adverse outcomes of immigrants differs from non-immigrants by race/ethnicity.

Until Justice Be Done: America's First Civil Rights Movement, from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Until Justice Be Done: America's First Civil Rights Movement, from the Revolution to Reconstruction