White Imagery Research Articles

Teaching Whiteness in Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 18’

Abstract This article will outline several strategies which can be used to teach Shakespeare’s poem ‘Sonnet 18’ in the pre-University classroom. Although one of the most famous texts in the canon, and regularly read in non-educational contexts, ‘Sonnet 18’ is rarely discussed in relation to its racial politics and its normalizing treatment of metaphorical whiteness. Being able to detect the operative invisibility of white imagery is a crucial critical skill, as it empowers students to assess the significance of the racialized effects of the poetic evidence placed before them. I touch on the five Assessment Objectives at Key Stage 5 at various stages to meld current critical methodologies with A-Level pedagogical structures. The focus on ‘Sonnet 18’ will also help to sharpen awareness of the coercive properties of canonical texts which are often presented to the reader as ideologically neutral, particularly those on bucolic or ‘English’ themes.

Performative Memories

Performative Memories

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ КИТАЙСКОЙ ЖИВОПИСИ В СТИЛЕ СЕ-И

The core of Chinese painting in the Xieyi style is to convey an idea in a free form, Xieyi paintings have the beauty of poetry, calligraphy and prints. It uses a colour method based on black and white imagery and the concept of linear modelling with brush and ink. It differs from Western painting in its methods of perspective, which transcend the limitations of time and space. The spirit of Xieyi is a reflection of real life, but refined and sublimated through imagination, ultimately completing the process of creating artistic images. Having great innovative and creative force and inheriting the tradition of Chinese culture and art, Xieyi condenses the inner ideological characters of Chinese nation. Moreover, Xieyi is a unique form of free emotional expression stimulating the continuous development and advancement of the art of Chinese landscape painting. The artistic characteristics of Chinese Xieyi landscape painting are unique and embody the oriental aesthetic thought and Chinese philosophy. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are the spiritual basis that shape and nurture the artistic features of Chinese painting, at the same time, the XXth century European painting also influenced them.

시조(時調)에 나타난 백색 이미지 연구-구름, 눈, 새를 중심으로-

이 논문은 자연물 중 구름, 눈(雪), 새(鳥)를 소재로 한 시조를 대상으로 백색 이미지의 양상을 살펴보고, 작품 내용의 총체적인 의미와 미의식을 파악하였다. 즉, 시조(時調) 9편을 대상으로 백색 소재의 색채 이미지를 분석하고, 미적 감각과 상징성을 고찰하였다. 작품의 텍스트는 고려대 민족문화연구원에서 편찬한 「고시조대전」으로 하였다. 구름 소재로는 김수장의 「초암이 적료한데」, 김장생의 「대 심거 울을 삼고」, 정철의 「믈아래 그림자 디니」 3편, 눈(雪) 소재 작품은 성삼문의 「이몸이 죽고 죽어」, 이색의 「백설이 잦아진 골에」, 신흠의 「산촌에 눈이 오니」 3편, 새(鳥) 소재 작품은 이직의 「가마귀 검다하고」, 이시의 「가마귀 디디는 곧에」, 홍장의 「한송정 달 밝은 밤에」 3편을 합하여 9편의 작품을 대상으로 하였다. 구름, 눈, 새 소재와 백색 이미지의 관련 양상을 통해 실제작품을 분석한 결과, 그 상징성과 작품 내용의 총체적 의미를 파악하는데 도움이 되었다. 같은 백색 소재를 사용했지만, 각 작품에 따라 순수, 결백, 숭고, 깨끗함, 검정과 대조적인 입장 등의 이미지로 형상화되었으며, 작가의 정서와 감성, 내면세계를 표현하는데 중요한 요소로 작용하였다. 특히, 작가가 처한 외적, 내적 환경에 따라 독창적인 미의식으로 인식할 수 있는 근거가 되었다. 백색 이미지는 일반적인 상징성을 갖고 있으면서, 자연 소재와 만나 시적 공간 속에서 다양한 이미지로 형상화되었다. 따라서 색채 이미지와 관련된 소재들은 작품의 의미와 미의식을 부각시키는데 기여하고 있었다. 즉, 작품 속의 색채 이미지는 작가의 의식세계와 미적 감각을 효과적으로 전달하는데 중요한 몫을 차지하고 있었다.

A Topsy-Turvy Novel: “Coloring Gestures” in Tender Is the Night

AbstractThis essay addresses the black presence in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender Is the Night (1934) not simply as an episode but as the very backbone of the plot. Inserting Fitzgerald into an unexpected lineage that originates with James Weldon Johnson and moves to Ishmael Reed and Toni Morrison, it argues that Fitzgerald shares with these writers a complex fusion of racial disorder, musical contagion, and intergenerational rivalry. Like Johnson and Reed, Fitzgerald also uses the figure of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Topsy to announce the various permutations of race in the novel and to uncover the white characters’ fear of miscegenation and incest. Tender Is the Night is a “topsy-turvy” novel because of the dynamic patterning of black and white imagery Fitzgerald employs to reveal the slippery racial surface of the 1920s.

The Impact of European Christian Imagery on Contemporary Orthodox Tewahedo Iconography in Eritrea

Abstract This article addresses the impact of modern European Christian imagery on the visual culture of the Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea, which has a long history of using illuminated manuscripts, paintings, and crosses as essential elements of worship and prayer. Tewahedo icons are characterized by brown- and black-skinned Christian figures and indigenized settings that narrate Evangelical and monastic scripture for devotees. This study highlights the domination of European white imagery in liturgical spheres in Eritrea and assesses the impact on the semiotic composition of locally produced paintings. Further, nuanced codes of race and skin color are analyzed in relation to connotations of good and evil. The semiotic analysis in this article also shows that European influences are more prevalent in religious paintings that depict recognized saints in Catholic Europe, in comparison to images of local monastic saints, whose depiction continues to mirror the visual metaphors and local myths of the Tigrinya people.

Incorporating Black Images and References to Increase African American Student Performance in Introductory Psychology: A Pilot Study

Psychology educators report time constraints and a lack of relevance to course material as barriers to the incorporation of diversity content into their courses. This pilot study demonstrates an approach to teaching introductory psychology that infuses images of and references to Black people in a way that requires no additional time and is relevant to course content. “Black Imagery” sections contained slide-embedded images of people appearing to be or of African descent, as well as textbook-relevant examples that referenced African Americans for 33% of the chapters covered. “White Imagery” sections, with images and references to people of European descent, provided a comparison. An independent-samples t test found a statistically significant difference in final course grades for African American students enrolled in Black ( M = 78.65; SD = 19.85) versus White Imagery ( M = 69.65, SD = 14.75) sections, t(58) = 2.01, p = .049, d = 0.77. Incorporating diversity into psychology courses can be time-efficient and instructionally relevant, and this benefits African American students, and potentially students of other heritage, as well.

Oppressive Faces of Whiteness in Walter Mosley’s Devil in a Blue Dress

Walter Mosley’s Devil in a Blue Dress contributes significantly to the literary debate on the definition of whiteness. The socio-historical construction of whiteness emerging from the novel is amplified by white imagery dovetailing with the claims made about white people directly. For the African American first person narrator, Easy Rawlins, living in post-World War II Los Angeles, whiteness mostly spells terror. The oppressive faces of whiteness consist in the following trajectories: property relations, economic exploitation, labour relations, the legal system, different miens of oppressive white masculinity denigrating blackness, spatial dynamics of post-World War II Los Angeles and the white apparatus of power that the narrator needs to confront throughout the novel. White imagery carried to the extreme magnifies the terrorizing aspect of whiteness in the narrative. Like many authors of colour, Mosley associates whiteness with death. Whiteness inundates Easy Rawlins from all sides, entailing insincerity, dishonesty, interestedness and hypocrisy.

A simple method for detection and counting of oil palm trees using high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery

ABSTRACTIn the past, oil palm density has been determined by manually counting trees every year in oil palm plantations. The measurement of density provides important data related to palm productivity, fertilizer needed, weed control costs in a circle around each tree, labourers needed, and needs for other activities. Manual counting requires many workers and has potential problems related to accuracy. Remote sensing provides a potential approach for counting oil palm trees. The main objective of this study is to build a robust and user-friendly method that will allow oil palm managers to count oil palm trees using a remote sensing technique. The oil palm trees analysed in this study have different ages and densities. QuickBird imagery was applied with the six pansharpening methods and was compared with panchromatic QuickBird imagery. The black and white imagery from a false colour composite of pansharpening imagery was processed in three ways: (1) oil palm tree detection, (2) delineation of the oil palm area using the red band, and (3) counting oil palm trees and accuracy assessment. For oil palm detection, we used several filters that contained a Sobel edge detector; texture analysis co-occurrence; and dilate, erode, high-pass, and opening filters. The results of this study improved upon the accuracy of several previous research studies that had an accuracy of about 90–95%. The results in this study show (1) modified intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) resolution merge is suitable for 16-year-old oil palm trees and have rather high density with 100% accuracy; (2) colour normalized (Brovey) is suitable for 21-year-old oil palm trees and have low density with 99.5% accuracy; (3) subtractive resolution merge is suitable for 15- and 18-year-old oil palm trees and have a rather high density with 99.8% accuracy; (4) PC spectral sharpening with 99.3% accuracy is suitable for 10-year-old oil palm trees and have low density; and (5) for all study object conditions, colour normalized (Brovey) and wavelet resolution merge are two pansharpening methods that are suitable for oil palm tree extraction and counting with 98.9% and 98.4% accuracy, respectively.

Fens as whole-ecosystem gauges of groundwater recharge under climate change

Summary Currently, little is known about the impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range of California or other mountainous regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to determine whether small alpine peatlands called fens can be used as whole-ecosystem gauges of groundwater recharge through time. Fens are sustained by groundwater discharge and are highly sensitive to changes in groundwater flow due to hydrologic disturbance including climate change. Seven fens in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range were studied over a 50–80 year period using historic aerial photography. In each aerial photograph, fen areas were identified as open lawn and partially treed areas that exhibited (1) dark brownish-green coloring or various shades of gray and black in black and white imagery and (2) mottling of colors and clustering of vegetation, which signified a distinct moss canopy with overlying clumped sedge vegetation. In addition to the aerial photography study, a climate analysis for the study sites was carried out using both measured data (U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service SNOwpack TELemetry system) and modeled data (a downscaled version of the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) for the period from 1951 to 2010. Over the study period, the five fens in the Sierra Nevada were found to be decreasing between 10% and 16% in delineated area. The climate analysis revealed significant increases through time in annual mean minimum temperature (Tmin) between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010. In addition, April 1 snow water equivalent and snowpack longevity also decreased between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010. For the fens in the Cascade Range, there were no discernible changes in delineated area. At these sites, increases in Tmin occurred only within the past 20–25 years and decreases in snowpack longevity were more subtle. A conceptual model is presented, which illustrates that basic differences in hydrogeology of the Sierra Nevada vs. the Cascade Range may control the threshold at which changes in delineated fen areas are discernible. Overall, the results from this study show that fens in the Sierra Nevada have strong potential as whole-ecosystem gauges for determining long-term changes in groundwater recharge under climate change. Due to either more moderate climate change and/or hydrogeological differences, fens in the southern Cascade Range currently do not appear to have the same utility. A greater sample size of fens in the Sierra Nevada is needed to confirm the general applicability of this method. In addition, future work needs to focus on integrating fen monitoring with geochemical and/or isotopic process-level studies in order to quantify changes in groundwater recharge identified using this new approach.

Colorization algorithm using probabilistic relaxation

This paper presents a method of colorizing a black and white imagery based on the probabilistic relaxation algorithm. Since the colorization is an ill-posed problem, a user specifies a suitable color on each isolated pixel of an image as prior information in this paper. Then other pixels in the image are colorized automatically. The colorizing process is done by assuming local Markov property on the images. By minimizing a total of RGB pixel-wise differences, the problem can be considered as a combinatorial optimization problem and it is solved by using the probabilistic relaxation. The proposed algorithm works very well when a few percent color pixels are known with confidence.

Artifacts in wavelet image merging

Intensity modulation (IM), intensity-hue-saturation (IHS), and multiresolution wavelet decomposition (MWD) are {ital ad} {ital hoc} image merging techniques that enhance low-spatial-resolution color imagery with high-resolution black and white imagery. While the MWD is a relatively new technique, both IM and IHS can be found in commercial software. These three merging techniques are compared to find which best retains spectral fidelity while adding spatial information. With this criterion, merging artifacts are identified and characterized. Specifically, the three techniques were tested with respect to resampling, misregistration, intensity variance, and complexity problems that arise in multiresolution image merging. Test images were used allowing the mean difference, standard deviation difference, entropy difference, and affected area to be calculated. {copyright} {ital 1996 Society of Photo{minus}Optical Instrumentation Engineers.}

White-light directional false color coding in discrete imagery

A white-light optical signal-processing technique is presented to color encode directional edges present in discrete-tone black and white imagery in real time with colors that are available in the white-light source.

"The White Peace of the Altar": White Imagery in James Joyce's "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man"

"The White Peace of the Altar": White Imagery in James Joyce's "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man"

Wombats detected from space

The hairy-nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus latifrons) is a large marsupial that occurs in great numbers on the Nullarbor Plain, South Australia. Because of the animal's burrowing and mound building, which creates areas of bare ground and freshly dug soil, its approximate distribution can be mapped from digitally enhanced color LANDSAT imagery and even to some degree from good quality band-7 black and white imagery. The wombats also seem to destroy large areas of shrubland and they appear to have increased greatly in recent years. Monitoring of their spread by satellite imagery could provide a valuable and effective management tool.

First heat maps of Earth's surface available

Data from NASA's Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), an Explorer applications satellite used to acquire thermal imagery of the earth's surface, are now available to the public. The data consist of black‐and white imagery (prints and transparencies with a scale of 1:4,000,000) and computer compatible tapes of the United States, southern Canada, western Europe, and eastern Australia.

The Structure and Function of the Cundrie Episodes in Wolfram's Parzival

The need for balance implies the existence of an unharmonized duality, which Wolfram has made explicit in the Parzival prologue. He explains that both heaven and hell have a share in man (1, 8f),' and that man must put these opposing forces within himself in proper balance. Such is the thrust of the first section of the prologue, which deals with the dual nature of men. The exposition proceeds on an ontological, even metaphysical level. A black and white imagery is carried through to a heaven and hell dichotomy. The precepts of loyalty, honest friendship and intellectual awareness of the vicissitudes of life as well as an

IBP High Arctic Ecosystem Study, Devon Island

The research in 1971 continued to emphasize the physical environment and the biological response of organisms on meadows (c. 49 per cent of the lowland) and raised beach ridges (c. 15 percent of the lowland) in the Truelove Lowland. The lakes (22 percent) were not included in the studies and all data are expressed on the basis of a 3,300 ha land area. As in 1970, the research was concentrated on a typical mesic meadow (soils, meteorology, primary production, nitrogen fixation, invertebrates, decomposition) with additional data gathered in 2 to 5 other meadows (extensive sites), depending upon the research unit. The intensive beach ridge site, approximately 7,500 years old, was studied with the same components of research as the master meadow site. In addition, 2 to 11 other beach ridges (extensive sites), and a site on the plateau (c. 300 m. above sea level) were studied in varying detail (soils, meteorology, primary production, and invertebrates). In all, 22 separate research projects were conducted in 1971. Two flights for aerial photography of the Truelove Lowland were made. The Atmospheric Environmental Service of the Department of Transport photographed black and white and an infrared scan in late July, and the Inland Waters Branch photographed black and white imagery at 3,330 and 830 m and infrared false colour at 1,660 m in mid-August. ...