White Grease Research Articles

PSVI-28 Interactive effects of different fiber and lipid sources on amino acid digestibility in growing pigs

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of different fiber and lipid sources on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in growing pigs. Five diets were fed in this study. The diets were corn-soybean meal-based diet with either soybean hulls (SBH) or sugar beet pulp (SBP) as fiber source and either soybean oil (SBO) or choice white grease (CWG) as lipid source in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement; and a N-free diet. The diets were formulated to be similar in content of AA, calcium, available phosphorus, and total dietary fiber. The SBH and SBP were each included in their respective diets at 15%, whereas the SBO and CWG were each included in their respective diets at 4.5%. The 5 diets were fed to 10 ileal-cannulated pigs [5 barrows and 5 gilts; initial average body weight (BW) = 54.8 ± 5.6 kg)]in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to give 10 replicates per diet. On an as fed basis, SBH and SBP contained 11.3 and 8.8% crude protein, 66.1 and 49.8% total non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP), 54.3 and 29.5% insoluble NSP, and 11.8 and 20.3% soluble NSP, respectively. The SBO and CWG contained >98.5 and >98.5% crude fat, 14.7 and 35.6% saturated fatty acids, and 76.6 and 62.5% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Dietary fiber source and lipid sources did not interact on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. The SBH- and SBP-containing diets did not differ regarding SID of all AA except Met and Trp. Pigs fed SBP-containing diets had lower (P < 0.05) SID of Met and greater (P < 0.05) SID of Trp than those fed SBH-containing diets by 2.5 and 4.7%, respectively. The SBO- and CWG-containing diets did not differ regarding SID of all AA except Trp. The SID of Trp for SBO-containing diets was greater (P < 0.05) than that for CWG-containing diets by 2.6%. In conclusion, the lack of interaction between dietary fiber and lipid sources on the SID of AA implies that these two factors (fiber and lipid sources) may exert their effects on ileal digestibility of AA independently if the fiber and lipid sources are included in diets for growing pigs at same levels included in the diets fed in the current study. The dietary fiber source and dietary lipid source had limited effects on the digestibility of most AA, implying that replacement of one fiber source with one another fiber source or of one lipid source with another lipid source in diets for growing pigs may have limited effect on digestibility of AA if the fiber and lipid sources are included in diets for growing pigs at same levels included in the diets fed in the current study.

254 Effect of feeding high oleic soybean oil to finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Finishing pigs [n = 450; 21 wk of age; initial body weight (BW) = 113.7 ± 8 kg] were housed in 90 pens and assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design. Dietary treatments consisted of two fat sources (CWG: 4% inclusion of choice white grease and HOSO: 4% inclusion of high oleic soybean oil) each provided 2 or 4 wk before marketing. The “+1” diet was a corn-based diet without fat inclusion (CON). Observations included pig growth performance (on d 14 and d 28 of feeding), carcass characteristics (12 pigs per treatment at marketing), fatty acid profile in the loins and bellies, and a consumer sensory evaluation. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect, feeding duration, and their interactions. Contrast tests were used to compare dietary treatments with control group. From d 14 to 28 and overall experimental period (d 0–28), pigs fed fat-supplemented diets had a greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain and gain to feed ratio than CON fed pigs. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth performance when comparing fat sources or feeding periods. Pigs supplemented with either CWG or HOSO showed a tendency to have a greater (P < 0.1) belly weight and belly yield, and a lesser (P < 0.1) loin yield and loin muscle area when compared with CON pigs. Loins from the 2-wk period of fat supplementation had darker (Coloration l, P < 0.05) meat coloration when compared with 4 wk. The loin from pigs fed fat sources had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid when compared with CON. This improvement was mainly from HOSO. When CWG was compared with HOSO, pigs fed CWG had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while the HOSO pigs had a greater concentration of oleic acid and linolenic acid in the loin. In the belly, CON had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while pigs fed fat sources had a greater concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid. Bellies from HOSO had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid methyl ester while CWG had greater concentration of g-linolenic acid. As for the sensory evaluation, the palatability and acceptability of pork were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatments. In conclusion, supplementation with HOSO not only improved performance but tended to improve some carcass characteristics and increased the concentration of oleic acid and some other unsaturated FAs with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of some saturated FAs in pork.

251 Effects of Fat Source and Level on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Commercial Finishing Pigs

Abstract Two experiments evaluated different fat sources and levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics in commercial finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 2,160 337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW 37.3 ± 0.93 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Three of the treatments included: 0, 1, and 3% choice white grease fed throughout the trial. The final treatment contained no added fat until pigs were approximately 100 kg, and then the diet containing 3% fat was fed. Experimental diets were fed over 4 phases and were corn-soybean meal-based with 40% dried distillers grains with solubles. There were 27 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Overall, increasing choice white grease decreased (linear, P = 0.006) ADFI and increased (linear, P = 0.006) G:F without influencing ADG (Table 1). Pigs fed 3% fat only during the late finishing phase (approximately 100 to 129 kg) had similar G:F compared with pigs fed 3% fat for the entire study. Increasing fat tended to increase (linear, P = 0.068) HCW. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 2,011 PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 28.3 ± 0.53 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of fat source (choice white grease or corn oil) and level (1 or 3% of the diet) and a control diet with no added fat. There were 16 replications per treatment with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Overall, increasing fat, regardless of source, increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, decreased (linear, P = 0.013) ADFI, and increased (linear, P < 0.001) G:F. Increasing fat increased (linear, P ≤ 0.016) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth (Table 2). There was a fat source × level interaction (P < 0.001) in belly fat iodine value (IV), where IV increased to a greater extent in pigs fed diets containing corn oil with only a small increase in IV in pigs fed diets with choice white grease. In conclusion, the results from these experiments suggest that increasing fat from 0 to 3%, regardless of source, produced variable responses in ADG but consistently improved G:F. Increasing fat increased HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth, but feeding diets containing corn oil increased belly fat IV to a greater magnitude than choice white grease.

132 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 11- to 133-kg Late-Nursery-to-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late-nursery-to-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. Barrows and gilts [n = 1,00; PIC800×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 10.9 ± 0.39 kg] were used in a 142-d growth trial with 40 mixed sex pens, 10 pens per treatment, and 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of four treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 87, 95, 102, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease. Diets were fed in 7 phases (11-17, 17-34, 34-44, 44-57, 57-77, 77-95, and 95-133 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatments for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the least and greatest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and marginally significant at P < 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced overall average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.045) and increased overall gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P = 0.002), but there was no evidence for a difference across treatments for overall average daily gain (P > 0.10) or overall removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P >0.10). Pigs fed overall SID Lys level as 102% of PIC recommendation had significantly greater carcass yield compared with those fed 95 or 110% (P < 0.05), with the pigs fed 87% being intermediate. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced backfat depth (linear, P< 0.001) and increased lean yield (linear, P = 0.012), but there was no evidence for a difference among treatments for loin depth (P > 0.10). In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level beyond PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency, backfat depth, and lean yield of 11 to 133 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars.

133 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 24- to 130-kg Grow-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing overall standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. A total of 1,715 barrows and gilts (PIC800×Camborough, initially 23.7±0.58 kg) were used in a 117-d growth trial with 70 mixed sex pens in two rooms (35 pens per room), 14 pens per treatment, and 23 to 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens within each room were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of five treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 80, 88, 94, 100, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease inclusion rates. Diets were fed in 6 phases (24-47, 47-63, 63-75, 75-95, 95-113, and 113-130 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatment for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the lowest and highest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and marginally significant at P < 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.108) and increased gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P < 0.001), but there was no evidence for difference among treatments for average daily gain (P >0.10) or removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P > 0.10). There was no evidence for increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels affect hot carcass weight, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or lean yield. In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level over PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency of 24 to 130 kg pigs sired with PIC 800 boars, but there was no evidence for difference in the carcass characteristics.

PSV-19 Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Inclusion on Body Weight, Body Condition, Fecal Score, and Metabolic Indicators in Mature AI Boars

Abstract This experiment was conducted at the Purdue University swine research and education center. The objective of this study was to determine if the inclusion of fiber (8.48% vs 14.85% NDF) in the diet influenced boar body weight, backfat depth, loin depth, Knauer sow caliper measurement, flank to flank distance, and visual body condition score (BCS). Twenty-seven boars from two age groups (7 months and 18 months) and two genetic lines (maternal and terminal) were utilized over a 12-week period with 1 week before the study data serving as baseline for statistical analysis. Fecal samples were also taken and scored using the Bristol stool scoring system. Timepoints for sample collection were on weeks -1,3,7, and 11. Boars were blocked by age and breed and randomly allotted to receive 2.72 kg/d of corn-soybean meal diet (CON, n = 13) formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements or an isocaloric (estimated ME = 3,285 Kcal/kg) corn-soybean meal diet with 14.3% soyhulls and supplemental choice white grease (4.65%) inclusions (FIBER, n = 14). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina) with boar serving as the experimental unit. Weeks were analyzed individually and changes in body weight, backfat depth, loin depth, caliper measurements, flank to flank distance, and BCS were evaluated from week -1 to week 12. Significance was determined at P < 0.05 and a trend was observed at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. FIBER boars gained 8.4 kg more than CON boars during the 12-week study (P = 0.0221). On weeks 3 and 11, FIBER boars tended to have increased backfat depth compared with CON boars (P < 0.0950), resulting in FIBER boars gaining 2.9 mm more backfat compared with CON (P = 0.0053) over the 12-week study. No difference in loin muscle depth was observed between treatments. On weeks 7 (3.7 vs 3.4, P = 0.0923) and 11(3.9 vs 3.5, P = 0.0615) FIBER boars tended to have greater BCS score compared with Con boars. FIBER boars on week 11 tended to have larger tape measurements (105.9 cm vs 103.9 cm, P = 0.0945) and larger caliper score (19.4 vs 17.6, P = 0.0029) than CON boars, but no difference in overall 12 week change for both measurements. FIBER boars tended to have softer stools during week 3 of the trial compared with CON boars (P = 0.0535), but the fecal scores were not different at any other week. Overall, boars fed a high fiber diet had increased body weight, backfat depth and BCS indicating an underestimation of the net energy value of soyhulls in limit fed boars. Future research is needed with varying levels and types of fiber inclusion in the diet to understand how to correctly implement fiber into the boar diet and to refine the net energy values of fibrous feedstuffs like soyhulls for boars.

247 Hybrid Rye in Commercial Grow-Finish Production Diets: A Case Study

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs would not affect growth performance. A total of 1,177 pigs (initial body weight: 25.75 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 40 experimental pens, 30 pigs per pen, sex split evenly within pen, and pen as the experimental unit. There were 2 experimental phases with a control diet containing corn (CON) and three diets containing increasing levels of hybrid rye replacing corn (LOW, MOD, or HIGH) formulated within each phase: 10%, 20%, or 30% in phase 1 and 20%, 40% or 50% in phase 2, respectively. Prediction equations were used to calculate net energy values of hybrid rye and diets were formulated to be isocaloric, with the addition of choice white grease (CWG) as hybrid rye was increased in the diet to compensate for predicted energy values. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Pig body weights and feed consumption were recorded on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 90, 100, and 118. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were calculated. Data were analyzed with R using linear and quadratic contrast statements to evaluate effects of increasing levels of hybrid rye in the diet, and another contrast statement to compare the control diet with the combined rye dietary treatments. Average daily feed intake was linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) if hybrid rye was added to the diet on d 56, 70, 84 and 90, and in the overall experimental period. Average daily gain linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05, d 90, d 100; P ≤ 0.10, d 28) or was not affected by dietary treatment throughout the experiment. Consequently, addition of hybrid rye resulted in a linear increase (P ≤ 0.05) in gain:feed on d 28 and d 90, with a tendency for a linear increase (P ≤ 0.10) also observed on d 70 and d 100. The hybrid rye treatment groups had a greater (P ≤ 0.05; overall; P ≤ 0.10; d 56) gain:feed compared with the corn-based control group, indicating improved efficiency. There were also no differences (P ≥ 0.21) among treatments in the average selling body weight on d 90, d 100, or d 118. However, it is possible that the energy value of hybrid rye was greater than predicted, and that the inclusion of CWG in the diet resulted in improvements in growth performance due to the greater energy content. Therefore, it may be concluded that hybrid rye is a suitable ingredient in swine rations with or without the addition of CWG to improve or maintain feed efficiency and market weight during the growing-finishing phase of production.

PSV-20 Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Inclusion on Semen Production and Semen Characteristics in Mature AI Boars

Abstract This experiment was conducted at Purdue University swine research and education center. The objective of this study was to determine if the inclusion of fiber (8.48% vs 14.85% NDF) in the diet of boars influenced semen characteristics, concentration, motility, and morphology. Twenty-seven boars from two age groups (7 months and 18 months) and two genetic lines (maternal and terminal) were utilized in this study over a 12-week period with one week before the study data serving as a baseline for statistical analysis. Boars were blocked by age and breed and randomly allotted to receive 2.72 kg/d of corn-soybean meal diet (CON, n=13) formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements or an isocaloric (estimated ME = 3,285 Kcal/kg) corn-soybean meal diet with 14.3% soyhulls and supplemental choice white grease (4.65%) inclusions (FIBER, n = 14). Semen was collected once per week per boar using the gloved hand method. While at the farm 3 mL of semen was mixed with 27 mL of extender (Androhep Plus, Minitube) to make a 1:10 dilution. The semen was then driven approximately 19 km to Purdue University where concentration (Nucleocounter SP-100), motility (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis, CASA, CEROS II), and sperm cell morphology were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC), with the main effects of diet, age, and breed with week as a repeated measure. Significance was determined at P < 0.05 and a trend was observed at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Fiber in the diet did not affect any semen characteristics throughout the study. However, the percent morphologically normal sperm was greater in young boars compared with the older boars (80.6% vs 74.1%, P = 0.0143) resulting from fewer head/tail abnormalities (1.8% vs 2.4%, P = 0.0249) and distal droplets (7.2% vs 9.6%, P = 0.0508). Maternal boars had fewer proximal droplets (6.9% vs 9.9%, P = 0.0325) and tended to have fewer head/tail abnormalities (1.8% vs 2.3%, P = 0.0800). Terminal boars tended to have fewer distal midpiece reflex abnormalities than maternal boars (3.3% vs 4.8%, P = 0.0948). Overall feeding boars a high fiber diet had no effect on semen characteristics; however there were effects of age and breed of boar on semen characteristics. Future research is needed with varying levels and types of fiber inclusion in the diet along with differing ages and breeds of boars to better understand how fiber may impact semen characteristics.

Effects of fat source and level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of commercial finishing pigs.

Two experiments evaluated different fat sources and levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic impact in commercial finishing pigs. In experiment 1, 2,160 pigs (337 × 1,050, PIC; initially 37.3 ± 0.93 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Three of the four dietary treatments included: 0%, 1%, and 3% choice white grease. The final treatment contained no added fat until pigs were approximately 100 kg, and then a diet containing 3% fat was fed until marketing. Experimental diets were fed over four phases and were corn-soybean meal based with 40% distillers dried grains with solubles. Overall, increasing choice white grease decreased (linear, P = 0.006) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and increased (linear, P = 0.006) G:F. Pigs fed 3% fat only during the late-finishing phase (~100 to 129 kg) had similar G:F compared to pigs fed 3% for the entire study during the late-finishing phase, and intermediate G:F overall. Increasing fat tended to increase (linear, P = 0.068) hot carcass weight (HCW). Feed cost increased (linear, P ≤ 0.005) and income over feed cost decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.041) as choice white grease increased. In Experiment 2, 2,011 pigs (PIC 1,050 × DNA 600; initially 28.3 ± 0.53 kg) were used. Pens of pigs were blocked by location in the barn and randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with main effects of fat source (choice white grease or corn oil) and level (1% or 3% of the diet) and a control diet with no added fat. Overall, increasing fat, regardless of source, increased (linear, P < 0.001) average daily gain (ADG), decreased (linear, P = 0.013) ADFI, and increased (linear, P < 0.001) G:F. Increasing fat increased (linear, P ≤ 0.016) HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth. There was a fat source × level interaction (P < 0.001) in carcass fat iodine value (IV), where IV increased to a greater extent in pigs fed corn oil with only a small increase in IV in pigs fed diets with choice white grease. In conclusion, these experiments suggest that increasing fat from 0% to 3%, regardless of source, produced variable responses in ADG but consistently improved G:F. Increasing fat increased HCW, carcass yield, and backfat depth, but feeding diets containing corn oil increased carcass IV. With the ingredient prices used, the improvement in growth performance did not justify the extra diet cost from increasing fat from 0% to 3% in most situations.

The impact of essential fatty acid ratios and unsaturated to saturated fat ratio on growth performance of grow-finish pigs and estrus detection of gilts.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary unsaturated and saturated fat ratio (U:S) and the ratio of linoleic and linolenic acid (LA:ALA) on the growth performance of grow-finish pigs and estrus detection of gilts. A total of 240 pigs with initial body weight (BW) 54.4 ± 5.5 kg were randomly assigned to a high (>1.8; HUS) or low (<1.0; LUS) U:S in combination with a high (20:1), moderate (12:1), or low (4:1) LA:ALA in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary ratios were achieved using blends of choice white grease, beef tallow, corn oil, flaxseed oil, or palm kernel oil. Diets were fed across three phases and balanced for energy and LA. Pigs were housed across 60 pens with either four gilts or four barrows per pen. On day 49, 1 gilt per pen was moved to individual housing at approximately 154 d of age for evaluation of reproductive characteristics. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED (SAS 9.4; SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and U:S, LA:ALA, sex, and their interactions as fixed effects. Initial BW was fit as a covariate. Within each phase, there were no differences in BW, daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), or feed efficiency (G:F) for U:S, LA:ALA, or their interaction when averaged across sex (P ≥0.128). Gilt feed efficiency was improved during the second phase compared to barrows; however, feed efficiency was not different between barrows and gilts during the first and third phases; resulting in a similar feed efficiency between sexes for the overall period (P = 0.523). Compared to HUS, gilts receiving LUS had higher ADFI overall (P = 0.018), which translated into improved G:F for HUS gilts (P = 0.011). Overall, gilts receiving the 20:1 diet tended to have improved G:F compared to 12:1 (P = 0.086). ADG was improved in pigs fed diets formulated with unsaturated fat sources to a 20:1 LA:ALA, regardless of sex. Detection of first estrus by 235 d of age in gilts was not impacted by U:S or LA:ALA (P ≥ 0.356). In conclusion, feeding differing dietary U:S and LA:ALA ratios impacts growth of growing pigs, particularly improving feed efficiency of gilts fed diets with unsaturated fat sources or a 20:1 LA:ALA. Further investigation into the physiological mechanisms differentially affecting gilt growth when fed varying dietary LA:ALA is warranted to understand the impact on reproductive outcomes.

Evaluation of saturated and unsaturated fat with vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation in nursery pigs.

One hundred and fifty-two nursery pigs (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to mix sex pens and one of six dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial. Diets included no added fat, 3% added choice white grease, or 3% added soy oil with either a supplemented vitamin A (for a total of 11,640 IU vitamin A/kg, Rovimix A 1000, DSM, Parsippany, NJ, US) or beta-carotene (for a total of 8,708 IU vitamin A/kg equivalent, Rovimix β-Carotene 10%, DSM). Pigs were given a 3-d adaptation period upon arrival. Pigs were weighed at the start of the study and at the end of each phase. A blood sample was taken from one pig per pen at the start and end of the study. Tissues were collected from eight pigs at the start of the study and six pigs per treatment at the end of the study. Data were analyzed via the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Pen was the experimental unit, and repeated measures were used for growth performance and blood parameters. There was no fat by supplement interaction (P > 0.05) on body weight (BW), but there was a tendency (P = 0.054) for heavier BWs when soy oil was added to diets. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in average daily feed intake or average daily gain (ADG). There was an improved gain:feed (P = 0.02) when pigs were fed choice white grease over no added fat. There were time differences (P < 0.05) for plasma vitamins A (retinol), D (25 hydroxy vitamin D3), and E (alpha-tocopherol). Vitamin A and D values were higher at the end of the study, whereas vitamin E values were lower at the end of the study. The choice white grease diets had the highest (P < 0.05) plasma vitamins D and E (6.74 ng/mL and 2.87 ppm, respectively). Pigs supplemented with vitamin A had higher (P < 0.05) hepatic vitamin A than pigs supplemented with beta-carotene (19.9 vs. 15.6 ppm, respectively). There were no differences (P < 0.05) between immunoglobulins G and M or mRNA abundance of select genes (retinol binding protein 2, alcohol dehydrogenase class 1, lecithin retinol acyltransferase phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase, and beta-carotene oxygenase 1). In conclusion, fat inclusion level and type, with either vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation, did not affect the overall nursery pig growth performance. The addition of fat resulted in an increase in ADG and BW. Diets with choice white grease had the highest plasma vitamins D and E, and supplemental vitamin A increased hepatic vitamin A.

354 Evaluation of Protein Encapsulated fat (PEF) Alternatives for Neonatal Calves

Abstract Protein encapsulated fats (PEF) are routinely used in the manufacture of calf milk replacers. The use of PEF improves fat mixability to ensure the milk replacer (MR) when mixed and fed is a homogenous solution for neonatal calves. A new alternative PEF has been developed that improves mixability and solubility to ensure a homogenous solution. The alternative PEF is hypothesized to potentially improve growth performance (average daily gain, feed intake and/or feed efficiency) of neonatal calves. The objective was to evaluate standard and alternative PEF when fed to Holstein calves. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (N=20/treatment) using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) Control: STD fat source; 2) PEF: alternative PEF fat source based on choice white grease. The MR were 22:20 (crude protein: CP:fat) amino acid balance and fed 2x/d along with a 22% CP calf starter (CS) and free choice water. The MR were fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1-14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15-35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36-42 to facilitate weaning at 42 d with ad libitum calf starter fed for the remaining days of the 56 d study. Calves fed STD and PEF were similar (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in BW gain (37.4 and 35.9 kg for STD and PEF, respectively), average daily gain (679.8 and 652.7 g/d), CS intake (0.69 and 0.67 kg/d), total DMI (1.19 and 1.17 kg/d) and feed conversion (0.559 and 0.543 kg/kd). No differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) were detected in frame measurements and fecal scores among treatments. Encapsulated fat sources can be used to manufacture milk replacers that result in similar growth performance, but potentially at a cheaper cost.

Evaluation of essential fatty acids in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability.

Mixed parity sows (n = 3,451; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; parities 2 through 9) and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Our hypothesis, like observed in earlier research, was that increasing linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) would improve sow and litter performance. At approximately day 112 of gestation, sows were randomly assigned within parity groups to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets that contained 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination). Thus, sows were provided diets with low LA and ALA in diets with CWG or high LA and ALA in diets that included soybean oil. Sows received their assigned EFA treatments until weaning and were then fed a common gestation and lactation diet in the subsequent reproductive cycle. Average daily feed intake during the lactation period increased (P < 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. However, daily LA and ALA intakes of sows fed the Combination and SO diets were still greater (P < 0.05) than those of sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Overall, sows consuming high EFA from the Combination or SO diets produced litters with heavier (P < 0.05) piglet weaning weights and greater (P < 0.05) litter ADG when compared with litters from sows fed diets with CWG that provided low EFA. Despite advantages in growth performance, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability (P > 0.10). Additionally, lactation diet EFA composition did not influence sow colostrum or milk dry matter, crude protein, or crude fat content (P > 0.10). However, LA and ALA content in colostrum and milk increased (P < 0.05) in response to elevated dietary EFA from SO. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in subsequent sow reproductive or litter performance due to previous lactation EFA intake. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by soybean oil during lactation increased overall litter growth and pig weaning weights, reduced sow ADFI, but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance of sows.

60 Evaluation of Fat Sources and Inclusion Rate with the Supplementation of Vitamin A or Beta-Carotene in Nursery Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fat inclusion level and fat source with supplementation of either vitamin A (ROVIMIX A 1000; DSM; NJ) or beta-carotene (ROVIMIX β-Carotene 10%; DSM; NJ) on growth performance and vitamin A, D, and E status of nursery pigs (n = 216; 5.81 ± 0.92 kg). The study was a 3 X 2 factorial with main effects being no fat, 3% saturated fat (choice white grease), or 3% unsaturated fat (soybean oil) and supplemented with either 4 mg/kg vitamin A or 40 mg/kg beta-carotene. Pigs were randomly assigned to mixed sex pens and dietary treatments. Blood samples from 1 pig per pen were taken at the beginning and end of the study to evaluate vitamin status. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 9.4 with pen as the experimental unit. Repeated measures were utilized for growth performance as well as vitamin status. There were no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) for average daily feed intake, average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, and body weight throughout the study. There were no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in the vitamin status at either the start or end of the study, although there is a significant time difference (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for each of the vitamins. There was a three-factor interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for diet X sex X time for vitamin D. Vitamin A and D values were greater at the end of the study than at the beginning, but vitamin E values were less at the end of the study than at the beginning. In general, fat inclusion level, a type, or type of vitamin A source supplementation did not affect the growth performance nor the status of vitamin A, D, or E in the nursery pig.

246 Awardee Talk: Evaluating the Impact of Essential Fatty Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat sources providing low and high essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactation diets on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. In Exp. 1, mixed parity sows (n = 91) were allotted to 5 experimental treatments arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial. Treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets that contained no added fat or diets with 3% added fat as either beef tallow or soybean oil starting on d 107 or 112 of gestation. Sows were provided low EFA [linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)] in diets without supplemental fat or with beef tallow or high EFA with soybean oil. Results confirmed that providing fat sources with high EFA can increase colostrum and milk LA and ALA content, regardless of pre-farrow time of diet consumption. However, supplemental fat did not influence litter growth performance (P &amp;gt; 0.05). In Exp. 2, mixed parity sows (n = 3,451) were assigned to 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets with 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination) at d 112 of gestation to provide diets with low or high EFA. Lactation ADFI increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. Sows fed Combination and SO diets had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) LA and ALA intake, LA and ALA in colostrum and milk, litter weaning weights, and litter ADG than sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Sow EFA intake did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.10) piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by SO during lactation increased overall litter growth and weaning weights but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance.

65 Evaluation of Essential Fatty Acids in Lactating Sow Diets on Sow Reproductive Performance, Colostrum and Milk Composition, and Pre-Weaning Litter Growth and Survivability

Abstract Mixed parity sows (n = 3,451; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. At approximately d 112 of gestation, sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets with 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination). Thus, sows were provided diets with low EFA [linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)] in diets with CWG or high EFA in diets with SO. Lactation ADFI increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. Daily LA and ALA intake of sows fed the Combination and SO diets were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Overall, sows consuming high EFA from the Combination or SO diets produced litters with heavier (P &amp;lt; 0.05) piglet weaning weights and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) litter ADG when compared with litters from sows fed diets with low EFA provided through CWG. There was no effect of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Lactation diet EFA concentration did not influence colostrum or milk dry matter, crude protein, or crude fat content (P&amp;gt;0.10). However, LA and ALA content in colostrum and milk at weaning increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in response to elevated dietary EFA from SO. There was no evidence for differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in subsequent sow reproductive or litter performance due to previous lactation EFA intake. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by SO during lactation increased overall litter growth and pig weaning weights but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance.

Performance of Silicon Oil-Based Magneto-rheological Fluids Used for MR Dampers: An Experimental Approach

Aim: The aim of this work was the preparation of the model Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluids to be used under the effect of an applied magnetic field operated under very low power requirement for the purpose of vibration reduction in automotive damper. Background: Magneto-rheological fluids are non-Newtonian fluids, which consist of magnetic particles scattered in a base liquid – a matter that can change its characteristics when applying the magnetic field. From the previous researches, magneto-rheological fluids have different properties according to the preparation accuracy, ingredients, particle size and shape, type of carrier fluids, and stabilizer. Also, the response of magneto-rheological fluids to the magnetic flux varied. Methods: A specimen of MR fluid is prepared using four different dynamic viscosities base fluids. Silicone oil JETTA (50 mpa.s, 100 mpa.s, 150 mpa.s, and 200 mpa.s) is mixed with high purity spherical shape particles of Carbonyl Iron (CI). ABRO liquid white lithium grease is added to the specimen, and its effect is determined. Results: The presence of additives has no effect on the magnetic behavior, but it increases the dynamic viscosity, especially in the presence of the external magnetic field, which is considered as a stabilizing factor. Conclusion: Adding the white lithium grease as a stabilizer delays the sedimentation of the prepared sample by 1023%. The lowest sample in sedimentation rate has the highest viscosity, which satisfies 2.7% in 24 hours, but it shows a negative effect on the magneto-rheological properties, which leads to unstable viscosity readings due to MR fluid agglutination. Working temperature is a critical parameter that can affect the behavior of MR fluid; the viscosity of MR fluid under the effect of the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the working temperature. : Sample DELTA is the most promising for the application in automotive dampers, which is used to decrease vehicle vibration.

Rheological Properties of the In-house Prepared Magneto-rheological Fluid in the Pre-yield Region

The essence of the present work is to study the rheological properties of the in-house prepared magneto-rheological (MR) fluids in the pre-yield region since the rheological properties play a vital role in better understanding of vibration damping capabilities of MR fluids. In the present work, two different compositions of MR fluid samples were prepared with 24 and 30 volume percentages of carbonyl iron (CI) particles. Prepared MR fluid samples contain CI particles as a dispersive medium, silicone oil as a carrier fluid and white lithium grease as an anti-settling agent. The oscillating driving frequency and amplitude strain sweep tests are performed to investigate the rheological properties within the pre-yield region. The influences of driving frequency, strain amplitude, magnetic field and CI particles volume percentage on the rheological properties of the prepared MR fluids were assessed. The linear viscoelastic region of the prepared MR fluid sample was identified and the yield strain obtained was around 0.371%. It is observed that the volume percentage of CI particles in the MR fluid strongly influenced the rheological properties.

Effects of Increasing Fat Levels in Diets Containing 40% Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Commercial Finishing Pigs

A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 82.26 lb) were used in two groups to evaluate the effects of increasing added fat levels in diets containing high levels of DDGS on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 27 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. Three of the four dietary treatments included increasing percentages of added fat (choice white grease; 0, 1, or 3%). The final treatment was fed the control diet without added fat until pigs were approximately 220 lb and then pigs were fed a diet containing 3% added fat until market. Overall, increasing fat from 0 to 3% of the diet led to a decrease (linear, P = 0.006) in ADFI and improvement (linear, P = 0.007) in overall F/G. Pigs fed diets containing 3% added fat had the lowest ADFI and improved F/G compared to pigs fed diets containing 0% fat, with the other treatments intermediate. There was a tendency for a linear increase (P = 0.055) in HCW with increasing fat, where pigs fed the 3% fat diet for the entire trial tended to have the heaviest HCW. Increasing fat increased (linear, P < 0.001) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb of gain. This ultimately reduced (linear, P < 0.001) income over feed cost (IOFC) for both the low and high cost scenarios. Pigs fed diets containing 3% added fat had the lowest IOFC compared to pigs fed diets containing no added fat, with the other two treatments intermediate. In conclusion, increasing levels of added fat in the diet from 0 to 3% throughout the duration of the study reduced ADFI with no effect on ADG, resulting in an improvement in F/G. When pigs fed the diet without added fat were transitioned to a diet containing 3% added fat on d 69, they had similar F/G compared to pigs fed 3% added fat during the remainder of the trial. Under both low and high cost scenarios tested, the improvement in feed efficiency does not justify the extra diet cost from increasing added fat in the diet for the entire trial or in late finishing.

Evaluation of Essential Fatty Acids in Lactating Sow Diets on Sow Reproductive Performance, Colostrum and Milk Composition, and Piglet Survivability

A total of 3,451 mixed parity sows and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of essential fatty acid intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. At approximately d 112 of gestation, sows were blocked by parity within farrowing room and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments. Lactation diets were corn-soybean meal-wheat-based and included 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination). Thus, sows were provided diets with low essential fatty acid (EFA; as linoleic [LA] and α-linolenic acid [ALA]) in diets with choice white grease or high EFA in diets with soybean oil. Prior to farrowing, sows were provided 4 lb/d of their assigned lactation diet and then allowed ad libitum access after parturition. Overall lactation ADFI increased (P < 0.001) when sows were fed the Combination and CWG treatments compared to sows fed the Control or diet with 3% SO. Regardless of differences among ADFI, daily LA and ALA intake of sows assigned to the Combination and SO treatments were greater (P < 0.001) than sows fed diets with lower EFA provided as CWG. There was no effect of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability from birth to 24 h or from 24 h to weaning (P > 0.10). Overall, sows consuming high EFA provided in the Combination and SO diets produced litters with greater (P < 0.05) litter gain and litter ADG during the lactation period and heavier (P < 0.001) piglet weaning weights when compared to litters from sows fed diets with low EFA provided through CWG. Lactation diet EFA composition did not influence colostrum or milk dry matter, crude protein, or crude fat content (P > 0.10). However, LA and ALA content in both colostrum and milk at weaning increased (P < 0.05) in response to increased EFA levels in diets that contained SO. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in wean-to-estrus interval, percentage of sows bred by d 7, percentage of sows bred by d 12, farrowing rate, or subsequent farrowing performance due to sow lactation EFA intake. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake during the lactation period from soybean oil addition increased overall litter growth and average weaning weights of pigs but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent reproductive performance of sows.