White Ginger Research Articles

Effect of White Ginger Rhizome Extract (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) on Pregnancy in Mice (Mus musculus L.) Early Post-implantation Stage

White ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) contains compounds in the antifertility group, namely flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils (gingerol and shogaol). Flavonoids can interfere with zygote division and implantation, while terpenoids and essential oils disrupt sperm transport and cause sperm to clot in male animals. This study aims to determine the effect of white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) rhizome extract on the mouse (Mus musculus L.) early post-implantation stage. This research type is experimental and structured using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) pattern. A total of 16 female mice weighing 20-30 g aged 2-3 months were divided into four treatments, namely K1 (control), K2 (0.7 mg/g BW), K3 (1.4 mg/g BW), and K4 (2.8 mg/g BW) white ginger rhizome extract. The extract is given orally at 0.5 mL/head/day on the 4th to 8th day of pregnancy. The mother's body weight is weighed every three days. On the 18th day of pregnancy, mice were sacrificed using chloroform and dissected to observe early post-implantation pregnancy parameters. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's follow-up test with a confidence level of 95%. The research showed that white ginger rhizome extract significantly reduced the percentage of implantation (IM) and the percentage of live fetuses (FH), causing fetal growth to be hampered. The rate of implantation (IM) is K1 (1.8%), K2 (0.52%), K3 (0.49%). The percentage of live fetuses (FH) was K1 (1.06%), K2 (0.48%), and K3 (0.30%), while no fetus was found in K4. K3 treatment (1.4mg/g) causes fetal growth to be hampered. White ginger rhizome extract, on average, increases post-implantation mortality (KPI) and percentage of embryo resorption (ER) and reduces fetal weight. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that white ginger extract has antifertility properties in female animals because it causes pregnancy disorders, so it is hoped that the use of white ginger in early pregnancy will be reduced.

Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Characteristics of Curcuma zedoaria rhizome

Curcuma zedoaria is one of the plants that has the potential to be developed as raw material for making traditional medicine. The results of the study showed that white ginger has diverse pharmacological activities such as antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipids, antihypercholesterol, antiviral, anticancer / antitumor, immunomodulators, analgetics, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antioxidants. In the production process of traditional medicines, the quality of simplicia used as raw materials must meet quality standards in order to provide a good therapeutic effect. The quality of white intersection simplicia can be influenced by several factors, one of which is the drying method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying method on the characteristics of white intersection simplicia. The drying methods studied are drying direct sunlight, greenhouse drying, wind and oven. The characteristics tested are organoleptis test, microscopic test, water soluble juice test, ethanol soluble juice, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, microbial and fungal contamination. The results showed that the drying method can affect the characteristics of Curcuma zedoaria simplicia. The greenhouse drying method produces simplicia with the highest levels of ethanol marine essence and watersoluble essence, respectively 10.97±0.013% and 13.86±0.110%. The lowest water content of simplicia using a 50oC oven is 5.48%. The lowest total ash content was with the hybrid method, namely 7.006±0.018%.

Pengaruh Variasi Lama Fermentasi Kombucha Rimpang Jahe Putih dengan Pemanis Stevia Terhadap Kuantitas Kandungan Vitamin C dan Kadar Antioksidan

This research aims to determine the effect of fermentation time on the vitamin C content and antioxidant levels in white ginger kombucha sweetened with stevia. This research used experimental methods and a Completely Randomized Design with 1 factor, namely fermentation time of 11 days and 13 days with 3 replications each. Analysis Quantitative data (vitamin C content, antioxidant levels) were analyzed using quantitative descriptive methods. Meanwhile, for qualitative data (pH, physical and biological properties) qualitative descriptive methods are used. The research results showed that the antioxidant content in the 13 day fermentation was 73.21%, while in the 11 day fermentation it was 70.50%. The vitamin C content in white ginger kombucha with stevia sweetener at 13 days of fermentation was 24.18 ml/100g and at 11 days of fermentation was 18.95 ml/100g. In conclusion, the fermentation time affects the vitamin C content and antioxidant levels. The antioxidant levels in white ginger kombucha with stevia sweetener take 13 days of fermentation compared to 11 days of fermentation. Keywords: Antioxidants, Fermentation, White Ginger, Kombucha, Vitamin C

STUDY ON PHARMACOTHERAPY OF NATURAL INGREDIENTS (TOGA) AS GASTRITIS THERAPY IN STUDENTS OF IBRAHIMY 1 SUKOREJO VOCATIONAL SCHOOL SITUBONDO

Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) are nutritious plants planted in yards and fields and managed by families. The types of plants grown fulfill the family's need for traditional medicines that can be made by themselves. The medicinal plants chosen are usually plants that can be used for first aid. The presence of medicinal plants in the home environment is very important, especially for families who do not have easy access to medical services such as clinics, health centers or hospitals. Each family can cultivate medicinal plants independently and use them so that the principle of independence in family medicine will be realized. Objective: to know the natural ingredients used to treat gastritis. Knowing the effectiveness of using natural ingredients as gastritis therapy, knowing the side effects of natural ingredients as gastritis therapy. Design: This research is descriptive research, namely literature review. Results: TOGA which has pharmacotherapeutic effects and is effective in treating gastritis is meniran, ginger, turmeric, ginger, white ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg. The average side effect of TOGA as a gastritis therapy is stomach ache.

Leaf Spot of Hedychium coronarium Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in China

Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) is widely cultivated for garden decoration and folk medicine. Since 2020, symptomatic leaves showed brown necrosis and yellow borders on H. coronarium in the field (approximately 200 m2) at Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing City. Small brown-yellow spots gradually enlarged and caused withering in severe cases with a mortality rate of around 10%. Disease incidence and severity varied from 55 to 65% and from 30 to 40%, respectively. Infected tissues (5 mm in diameter) were cut from lesion margins, surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 10 s and 0.1% acidic mercuric chloride for 3 min, followed by rinsing in sterile water three times, and then were cultured onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C. Five isolates were transferred onto fresh PDA and purified by single-spore culturing. The colonies were initially white and turned hoary, and the diameter reached 32.95 to 38.37 mm × 32.42 to 38.61 mm after 3 days of incubation. Pale gray abundant fluffy aerial mycelia were arranged irregularly and densely. Hyphae were septate and branched, 2 to 5 µm in width. Conidiophores were pale brown, septate, branched, cylindrical to ampulliform. Conidia were hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical with obtuse ends, and 8.1 to 13.3 μm × 2.4 to 5.8 μm (n = 50) in size. Appressoria were medium brown to dark brown, aseptate, in irregular shape, solitary or in groups, and measured 1.5 to 12.5 μm × 2.1 to 13.3 μm. Morphological characteristics of isolates agreed with the description of Colletotrichum (Liu et al. 2015). Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal colonies incubated on PDA for 7 days following the instructions from the PlantGen DNA Kit (CWBIO, China). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and fragments of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), beta-tubulin (TUB2) and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) genes were amplified by primer pairs ITS1/ ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, ACT512F/ACT783R (Naz et al. 2017), T1/Bt2b (Glass et al. 1995) and LROR/LR7 (Castlebury et al. 2002), respectively. The sequence of representative isolate CG-H (GenBank accession nos. OM010355, OM238213, OM238214, OM045778 and OM010358 for ITS, GAPDH, ACT, TUB2 and LSU rDNA, respectively) exhibited 99 to 100% identity to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. A multi-locus phylogenetic tree with concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB regions was constructed using the maximum likelihood method by MEGA7, which revealed that strain CG-H was grouped with C. gloeosporioides. To confirm the pathogenicity, six healthy H. coronarium plants were surface sterilized, and conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/mL) was sprayed onto the leaves. Six plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water as controls. All the plants grew in a greenhouse at 25 °C under 12 h/12 h photoperiod. The experiment was repeated four times. Yellow lesions appeared after 7 days of inoculation, irregular-shaped brown spots were formed and slightly sunken within 14 days, and the whole leaf gradually became withered in 50 days. All inoculated plants exhibited leaf spot symptoms while the control plants remained asymptomatic. C. gloeosporioides was re-isolated from lesions of leaves and identified by morphology and sequence analysis, fully confirming Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides associated with H. coronarium leaf spot in China and worldwide. Further studies will be conducted on the sensitivity of C. gloeosporioides to various fungicides.

ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA IBU HAMIL DENGAN PEMBERIAN SEDUHAN JAHE UNTUK MENGURANGI EMESIS GRAVIDARUM DI PUSKESMAS TANJUNG BALAI KARIMUN

According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health in Indonesia, 50% -75% of pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting in the first trimester or early in pregnancy. Non-pharmacological therapy to reduce emesis gravidarum can be herbal plants, including ginger. The aim of the study was to provide midwifery care for pregnant women in a comprehensive and sustainable manner for pregnant women with emesis gravidarum through giving ginger infusion. Case reports in this case study use the case study method. The study was carried out at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Health Center in March 2023. The subjects used were pregnant women with emesis gravidarum. Data collection methods are participatory observation, interviews, measurements, documentation. Providing midwifery care to pregnant women by giving ginger infusion to reduce emesis gravidarum has been carried out using 2.5 grams of white ginger which is thinly sliced ​​and then brewed with 250 ml of hot water plus 10 grams of white sugar. The ginger brew is drunk 2x1 (morning and evening) in warm conditions for 4 days. The results of the study found that the mother felt her nausea and vomiting had decreased since consuming ginger infusion and continued to consume ginger infusion until her nausea and vomiting disappeared

In vitro assessment of thrombolytic potential of red and white ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death, and their pathogenesis is commonly attributed to thrombosis. Although existing medications are effective and fast-acting for thrombosis management, they tend to be expensive and cause severe side effects. Plant-based thrombolytic agents are actively sought after as inexpensive and safe alternatives for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) are widely used in foods and beverages and are believed to confer a wide variety of health benefits. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the thrombolytic and fibrinolytic potential of red and white ginger extracts in vitro.Methods: In this study, in vitro analyses were performed using erythrocyte liberation, euglobulin degradation, fibrin degradation, and fibrin zymography assays. The ability of crude enzyme extracts from both red (rgEx) and white ginger (wgEx) to degrade blood clots was analyzed using the erythrocytes liberation assay. Then, the thrombolytic and fibrinolytic activities of rgEx and wgEx were evaluated using euglobulin and fibrin degradation assays, both of which were visualized using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Finally, fibrinolytic enzymes were identified using a fibrin zymography assay. Results: Red and white ginger extracts were found to have strong thrombolytic properties via high total liberated erythrocyte count from the erythrocyte liberation assay. The ginger extract proteases can rapidly degrade euglobulin and fibrin, with their priority order beginning with A

Effects of different pickling methods on physicochemical properties and flavor profiles of Tongling white ginger: Dry-salting, brine-pickling, and inoculation-pickling.

Tongling white ginger is a Chinese fermented vegetable with unique flavors. However, little is known about its physicochemical properties, flavor characteristics, and sensory evaluation. The study examined the physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity [TA], nitrite, soluble protein, and color) and flavor characteristics (organic acids, free amino acids, and volatiles) of white ginger during fermentation. The results showed that the pH value and soluble protein in the dry-salted, brine-pickled, and inoculation-pickled decreased significantly while the TA value increased significantly, inoculation-pickled can effectively reduce the content of nitrite. After fermentation, inoculation-pickled produced the highest content of organic acids, while dry-salted produced the highest total amount of free amino acids. A total of 70, 68, 70, and 69 volatile compounds were identified in fresh, dry-salted, brine-pickled, and inoculation-pickled white ginger. The total contents of terpenoids of Tongling white ginger by three fermentation methods decreased; the total contents of alcohols and aldehydes were the highest in brine-pickled, and esters and ketones were more abundant in inoculation-pickled. The results showed that inoculation-pickled could shorten the fermentation time of Tongling white ginger, produce a unique flavor, and have the highest sensory score.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULE OF WHITE TEMU RHIZOME EXTRACT (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe.) AS ANTIOXIDANT

More than 9,606 plant species have medicinal properties, but only around 3-4% of these have been cultivated commercially and used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. One of the natural ingredients believed to have properties is the white temu rhizome. White Curcuma rhizomes are usually processed into food and drinks. White ginger rhizome has antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are secondary metabolites found in herbal plants and have pharmacological activities that can minimize free radicals. Several studies have shown that white ginger rhizomes have antioxidant activities that can remove free radicals. This research aims to formulate an effervescent granule preparation. for white temu rhizome extract (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) using the wet granulation method, which meets the requirements for the physical properties of granules and has antioxidant activity. Several formulae were selected from various combinations. Next, an evaluation was performed to determine the physical properties and activities of the formulated granules. The evaluation results showed that all formulations met the requirements of the physical properties of the granules. Qualitative antioxidant activity testing using TLC plates showed positive antioxidant results in the extract and effervescent granule preparation of white curcuma rhizome extract and in quantitative testing it was found that the IC50 value of white curcuma rhizome extract was in the strong category and in the effervescent granule preparation of white curcuma rhizome extract, the granules were found to be in the strong category. Keywords: Effervescent Granule, Extracts, White Temu Rhizome (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe), Antioxidants

Lactic acid bacteria viability and antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk

Abstract. Rizal S, Suharyono, Suroso E, Melatiningsih A, Suyarto VA. 2023. Lactic acid bacteria viability and antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. Biodiversitas 24: 6440-6446. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of kepok banana peel extract and white ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Var. Amarum) on the lactic acid bacteria viability and the antibacterial activity of Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. This study used two treatments and three replications. The first treatment was the concentration of kepok banana peel extract (0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v)) and the second treatment was the concentration of white ginger extract (0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v)). All treatments were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The characteristics of Etawa goat’s synbiotic fermented milk was evaluated by total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total lactic acid, pH value, and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significance Different (LSD) at 5%. The results showed that kepok banana peel extract had a significant effect on increasing total LAB, total lactic acid, pH value, and antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, white ginger extract had no significant effect on total LAB, total lactic acid, and pH but had a significant effect on the antibacterial activity. The addition of 3% kepok banana peel extract and 3% white ginger extract produced the best Etawa goat's synbiotic fermented milk. The best treatments produced Etawa goat’s synbiotic fermented milk with a total LAB of 9.13 Log cfu/mL, a total lactic acid of 0.82%, 3.41 pH, and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium with a 16.33 mm diameter clear zone.

Effect of dietary white ginger powder on the productivity on broiler chickens

The present study was carried out to determine if dietary white ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder can improve the performance of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) day old abor acre plus strain of broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four (4) dietary treatments of 30 birds each with three replicates of ten (10) chicks per replicate. Four experimental diets were formulated in such a way that control diet (T1 ) contained no white ginger additive. Birds in group T2 , T3 and T4 were fed diets containing 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 % white ginger respectively. The feeding trial was carried out for 56 days and parameters on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematological parameters, serum biochemicals and production cost were evaluated. Growth parameters and nutrient utilization were not significantly difference across the dietary treatment. All value obtained or serum biochemical and haematological parameters were within the normal range for a healthy broiler chicken. Considering the feed cost per weight gain, profit per bird, and cost to benefit ratio, broiler birds in the group fed 0.30 % white ginger powder was more efficient. It is concluded that supplementation of white ginger up to 0.30 % had no negative effect on broiler chickens performance when added as feed additives.

First Report of Wilt Disease of Ginger Caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in China

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an important commercial crop that has been widely cultivated in China for more than 2500 years. One variety, Tongling white ginger, has been grown in the Yi'an District of Tongling city, Anhui province (30°45 N, 117°43 E), China. In August 2022, symptoms of yellowing and wilting were observed on ginger plants, with a disease incidence rate exceeding 20% in the field. The stem base of the diseased plants became soft, brown and water-soaked. Additionally, the rhizomes displayed symptoms of browning and water-soaked rot, resembling those caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and Enterobacter cloacae (Yu et al. 2003; Nishijima et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2021). Consequently, ginger bacterial wilt disease may potentially emerge from a combination of infections by diverse pathogenic bacteria. To identify novel pathogens causing the wilt disease, stem tissues of the diseased plants from different locations were sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 10 min, followed by at least three time rinses with sterile water. The sterilized samples were then ground with 0.9% saline solution and left at room temperature for 30 min. A 20 μL aliquot of the suspension was serially diluted and cultured on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium at 28°C. A total of 217 isolates was picked and purified for taxonomic identification by 16S rRNA gene analyses with the primer 27F/1492R (Weisburg et al. 1991). Among these isolates, 23 single colony isolates were identified as A. xylosoxidans through NCBI BLASTn analyses. Furthermore, three single isolates from different locations were randomly selected for further experiments. The growing colonies appeared opaque white and round. Microscopic evaluation revealed that cells were rod-shaped with an average length of 1.95 µm and average width of 0.46 µm. The three isolates shared identical 16S rRNA sequences, displayed 99.72% identity with the sequence from A. xylosoxidans strain SeqID2 (GenBank accession NO. MH266081.1). The glutamate synthase (gltB), GTP-binding membrane protein (lepA), NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit L (nuoL), RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB), and the enolase (eno) genes of the three isolates were amplified by PCR using primer pairs gltB-F/gltB-R, lepA-F/lepA-R, nuoL-F/nuoL-R, rpoB-F/rpoB-R and eno-F/eno-R, respectively (Spilker et al. 2012; Vandamme et al. 2016). The gene sequences of 16S rRNA (OQ711945, OQ740153 and OR230037), gltB (OR242732, OQ737692 and OR262112), lepA (OR233727, OQ737693 and OR262113), nuoL (OR233726, OQ737694 and OR262114), ropB (OR233725, OQ737695 and OR262115) and eno (OR242733, OQ737696 and OR262116) for the isolates ZOR02, ZOR05 and ZOR12 were deposited in GenBank database. The gltB, lepA, nuoL, rpoB and eno sequences of the isolates ZOR02, ZOR05 and ZOR12 showed 98.66-99.16%, 98.9-100%, 96.28%-97.34%, 98.47-99.44% and 99.27-99.82% similarity to A. xylosoxidans strain AX27, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the 16S rRNA and gltB-lepA-nuoL-rpoB-eno multilocus using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA11.0 software (Álvarez et al. 2018). For pathogenicity tests, bacterial suspensions were initially prepared in sterile water at a final concentration of 108 CFU mL-1. Subsequently, 10 μL of bacterial suspensions was injected into the stem base of two-month-old ginger plants, while sterile water was used as a control (Wang et al. 2022). These plants were then incubated at 28°C and 70% relative humidity. There were three replicates for each treatment, and each replicate contained five plants. After six days of inoculation, the ginger plants injected with bacterial suspensions alone exhibited severe wilting symptoms similar to those observed in the field. However, water-soaked symptoms were not observed on rhizome tissues from the pathogen-infected plants. Bacterial pathogens were re-isolated from the diseased plants and identified using the morphological and molecular methods to meet Koch's hypothetical tests. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. xylosoxidans causing wilt disease of ginger in China. In 2022, the average yield loss due to wilt disease in the Yi'an District of Tongling exceeded 20%, posing a major threat to local ginger cultivation. Effective disease management strategies are needed to develop for the control and prevention of the disease.

PKM ALAT PEMERAS JAHE BAGI USAHA MINUMAN KESEHATAN “MBA IMA”

The development of processed products from ginger has recently begun to grow, especially with the presence of the Covid 19 virus which has an impact on all countries, especially for Indonesia. Preparations made from ginger and other spices are believed to maintain stamina for the human body. Processed products from ginger ranging from ginger wedang, ginger candy and instant ginger. Some of the benefits of instant ginger for health include warming the body, relieving colds, reducing menstrual pain and many other uses. Some types of ginger that are commonly developed in Indonesia include red ginger, small and large white ginger. With the different characteristics and benefits of each type of ginger, the ginger that is often processed into powdered ginger or instant ginger is red ginger. In Bangka Belitung, especially Bangka district, Mrs. Salimah has been processing this instant ginger since3 years ago, until now she is still producing this red ginger instant drink. The problem faced by Mrs. Salamah as a community service partner is because the equipment used to produce instant ginger still uses manual or makeshift equipment so that the resulting production is not optimal. To cover the lack of partners' problems, community service will provide solutions to partners, namely in the form of TTG machines (appropriate technology) to support instant ginger production. By using this squeezer machine, Mrs. Salimah can extort 5 kg in 15 minutes compared to using her hands, 5 kg can take 30 minutes.

Phytochemical Tests and Antioxidant Activities of the Rhips Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Amarum.)

Ginger is a traditional plant that thrives and has essential functions, including an antioxidant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical content and test the antioxidant activity of fresh white ginger and powdered ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum.). Two methods are used in this research: the phytochemical test and the antioxidant activity test using DPPH. Phytochemical tests, such as flavonoid, phenolic, steroid, and saponin, were conducted qualitatively. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Fresh white ginger and powdered ginger were extracted using the maceration method with water solvent. The study results showed that the effects of fresh white ginger extract obtained a yield of 64.08%. Meanwhile, powdered ginger extract was 58.68%. Phytochemical test results of fresh white ginger extract and powdered ginger (commercial) showed positive results for flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin compounds while adverse effects for steroids. Antioxidant activity test on fresh white ginger extract with water solvent showed an IC50 value of 25.41 ppm. The powdered ginger extract (commercial) has an IC50 value of 36.70 ppm. The results showed fresh white ginger and powdered ginger had relatively high antioxidant activity.

Scoring and hedonic tests on herbal drinks with a combination of horse whip leaves (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L) vahl) and fresh white ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Functional drinks have a meaning when the drink is consumed it will have a positive effect on the health of the body because it contains nutritional and non-nutritional elements.In line with the condition of the world that has just been attacked by the covid 19 virus, many people are currently turning to consuming concocted herbal drinks to help increase body immunity. One type of plant that is often used is ginger rhizome and horse whip leaves. The purpose of this research is to formulate horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger rhizomes as herbal drinks to support functional food diversification. In this herbal drink making research using a one-factor Completely Randomised Design (CRD) method, namely a mixture of horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger whose treatment consists of P1 = Horse Whip Leaves 90%: Fresh White Ginger 10%, P2 = Horse Whip Leaf 70%: Fresh White Ginger 30%, P3 = Horse Whip Leaf 50%: Fresh White Ginger 50%, P4 = Horse Whip Leaf 30%: Fresh White Ginger 70% and P5 = Horse Whip Leaf 10%: Fresh White Ginger 90%. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 applications and if significantly different data are obtained, further tests will be carried out using Honest Real Differences (5%). It was found that the combination of horse whip leaves and fresh white ginger on the herbal drink produced did not have a significant effect on the organoleptic characteristics of aroma and taste scoring tests but had a significant effect on colour parameters. For the organoleptic quality parameters of herbal drinks, it is known that the treatment has been produced in the scoring test with the highest value of colour in treatment P1 (yellow), aroma in treatment P2 (ginger-scented) and taste in treatment P3 (slightly warm ginger). The best treatment was obtained in the hedonic test with colour, aroma and taste parameters by treatment P5 (Horse Whip Leaf 10%: Fresh White Ginger 90%) with the criteria of liking.

White Ginger Nanocellulose as Effective Reinforcement and Antimicrobial Polyvinyl Alcohol/ZnO Hybrid Biocomposite Films Additive for Food Packaging Applications

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been used in packaging applications due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, this non-toxic synthetic material belonging to a highly hydrophilic polymer has poor resistance to wet environments, no antibacterial activity, and low tensile and thermal properties. This study aims to prepare and characterize a PVA-based biocomposite film mixed with antimicrobial white ginger nanocellulose (GCNF) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The film was processed using GCNF (0.1 g) or/and ZnO nanoparticles (0.5 g). The results confirm that the GCNF/ZnO/PVA-based film presents the strongest antimicrobial activity and the highest thermal resistance. This film also had the best value in tensile strength (19.7 MPa) and modulus (253.1 MPa); 63.9% and 117.9%, respectively higher than purce PVA. Its elongation at break was 56.6%, not statistically significantly different from the pure PVA film. Thus, this PVA-based hybrid biocomposite film reinforced by GCNF and ZnO has excellent potential for fresh food packaging in industrial applications.

Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Leaf Essential Oil in Micropropagated Hedychium coronarium - An Endangered Medicinal Plant

In India, morever medicinal plants are collected from the forests and are used by industries in the preparation of medicines. Hedychium coronarium or white ginger lily is an endangered plant of family Zingiberaceae. In international market the price of its plant essential oil is $62/1000ml. The high interest for natural treatment of diseases is creating a challenge between demand of plant based medicines availability in markets and the need for biodiversity and conservation of these medicinal plants. Therefore in vitro method is adapted for conservation and secondary metabolite extraction of this plant throughout the year. In the present work, the explant was regenerated on Murashige and Skoog basal media and study was done on in vitro cultures of Hedychium in different lines of growth regulators to estimate the quantity and quality of leaf essential oil comparing with its mother plant. The present protocol reports somaclone rich in caryophyllene and eucalyptol that could be analyzed further for use in large scale production and commercial exploitation.

DAYA HAMBAT INFUSED WATER JAHE PUTIH (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP

The bacteria found in the sputum of patients with cough due to respiratory tract infections are Streptococcus bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms of cough can be treated with herbal remedies, one of which is drinking water from fruit juices, vegetables, herbs, and spices or what is later known as infused water. Plants that are believed to be able to inhibit bacterial growth are white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) because based on the results of phytochemical identification, ginger contains essential oil compounds and phenolic compounds that are antibacterial. This research aims to determine the inhibition of white ginger infused water on the growth of Staphylococcus sp. This research is a True Experiment with Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with white ginger infused water treatment with various concentrations. The results of the isolation and identification of sputum samples found Staphylococcus sp. The results of the sensitivity test of white ginger infused water as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus sp at all concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% were unable to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus sp. The results showed that white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) infused water had no effect on inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus sp.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN PASTA GIGI BUBUK RIMPANG JAHE PUTIH (Zingiber officinale Rosc) ASAL DAERAHNAMROLE KABUPATEN BURU SELATAN DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI BAHAN PENGIKAT

The rhizome of white ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) has been known by the public because apart from being a cooking spice, it can also be used as medicine, one of which is to treat toothache. Control of dental and oral health problems is to use toothpaste properly and regularly. The higher the concentration of the binder (sodium CMC), the more compact the toothpaste preparation will be and the release of the active substance is less than optimal, besides that it will be difficult to apply at the time of use. On the other hand, the concentration of the binder is too low, causing the preparation to be easily crushed and disintegrate like a lotion. Variations in the concentration of different binders were made to see the physical form among the three formulations of toothpaste which had the best consistency and met the requirements. The purpose of this study was to identify the chemical content of white ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) rhizome, to formulate white ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) powder toothpaste with various concentrations of binders and to evaluate the preparation of white ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) powdered toothpaste. This research was conducted using laboratory experimental methods. The result of this research is that white ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) rhizome powder contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenoids. White ginger rhizome powder (Zingiber officinale Rosc) can be formulated into toothpaste preparations. The toothpaste with the most physically stable consistency and fulfills the requirements is formula III (4% CMC sodium)

Differences effect of red and big white ginger extract as anti-inflammatory agents by In vitro

This research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of different anti-inflammatory effects from the extract of red ginger and big white ginger by measuring their protein (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibitory capability. This study is a quasi experimental, using a model reaction between 0.2 % BSA were heated to form protein denaturation by five groups: red ginger water extract group, red ginger ethanol extract group, big white ginger water extract group, and big white ginger ethanol extract group as the test group (200 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm) and diclofenac sodium as the standard group (40 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm). Potential inhibition of protein denaturation is known to determine the value of IC50. The results of this study indicate that the red ginger water extract has the IC50 value of 107.4513 ppm (r=0.967), the red ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value of 193.4338 ppm (r=0.959), the big white ginger water extract has the IC50 value 160 ppm (r=0.969), the big white ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value 160.9536 ppm (r=0.994), of whereas for diclofenac sodium by 27.1133 ppm (r=0.874). These results indicate that the red ginger and big white ginger as a potential inhibitor of protein denaturation for inflammatory processes in vitro.