White Class Research Articles

Peaceful Strategy to Black National Question in Ralph Ellison’s Juneteenth

This article analyzes the theme of Black national liberation as it appears in Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth. The study has relevance to probe into the remedies of Black liberation movement in America. The article addresses on the research problems concerning to the black protagonist's inability to identify and deal with an appropriate path that leads the freedom of blacks in American society. The study analyzes the issues through the research approach (methodology) of the Marxist concept of dialectics. According to this theory, the conflict between society's opposing forces is permanent, while any resolution to it is conditional and only temporary. This idea maintains that the key to the liberation of the oppressed nationality and class is the battle against the oppressor nationality and class. One of the novel's two main protagonists, Reverend Hickman, belongs to the oppressed black nationality and class. Hickman seeks to free the downtrodden Blacks from its constraints, but he chooses the incorrect road by making peace with the country's ruling white class. Hickman believes that the battles of Afro-Americans alone cannot end black national oppression; instead, he looks to some heavenly figure from the white race, such as Abraham Lincoln, to grant Afro-Americans their independence, justice, and equality. Bliss was nurtured by Hickman in the hopes that he would become the American equivalent of Abraham Lincoln, but Bliss betrayed Hickman by becoming into the racial baiting white senator Adam Sunraider. Despite Bliss's betrayal, Hickman continues to have faith in Sunraider. The study reveals that this Hickman's message of peaceful approach while dealing with ruling whites keeps the Afro-Americans weak, far from liberating the oppressed black nationality.

The chronopolitics of the ‘Left Behind’: Presentism, populism, and Global Britain

This article examines the “Left Behind” as a temporal construct and its political uses. In the UK, the “Left Behind” is predominantly discussed as a group of people sharing a similar geographical locale, White identity, and deprivation. Political parties and commentators have been integral to constructing this White class as a deserving poor and voting bloc, who have not reaped the benefits of economic development. Instead of assessing the empirical validity of the “Left Behind” as a socio-economic category, this article explores how the politics associated with this construct is orchestrated by varied temporal frames. The first section draws upon François Hartog's notion of presentism and Hakki Taş's theorisation of populist temporal narratives to explore how the “Left Behind” is shaped as an object of moral and economic debt, with their prospects threatened by immigrants. The second section explores how Global Britain narratives shape the “Left Behind” as subjects of majority histories. In doing so, it also demonstrates how these imagined figures are cast as subjects who lag behind the demands of late capitalism. The article concludes by reaffirming how presentism is central to the making of the “Left Behind” as a governmental problematic.

The British Royals in Australia

The British Royals in Australia

Place, Class, and the Destruction of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby From the Perspective of Space

This study is a spatial analysis of The Great Gatsby (1925). This novel presents the power game among various white classes in American society in the context of the Roaring Twenties, with obvious spatial characteristics. The geographical distribution between East Egg, West Egg, and the Valley of Ashes presents the high-and-low-class distinction of different classes in social space. The upper classes practice class oppression and exploitation through space, while the lower classes also use space to resist oppression and climb the class ladder. This paper draws on French philosopher Henri Lefebvre’s spatial ideas, especially the spatial triad, to explore the close connection between space and class in the novel. The Great Gatsby encompasses various class groups in white society, including the hereditary aristocracy like the Buchanans, the new money represented by Gatsby, and the lower class represented by the Wilsons. To modify the spatial order, different classes use space as a medium to preserve their class identity and seek their social presence, which reproduces the illusion of the American Dream of the Jazz Age and reveals Fitzgerald’s humanistic concern for people in spatial relations.

Initiation of Oral Agents Versus Insulin as First-Line Therapy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [ID: 1360154

INTRODUCTION: Although the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends insulin as first-line pharmacologic treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) since 2017, use of oral agents as first-line remains common. This study aims to identify patient-level factors associated with choice of initial pharmacologic treatment of GDM with oral agents compared to insulin. METHODS: Case–control study of 617 patients with White's class A2 GDM treated at a single academic center in a comprehensive GDM treatment program, 2011–2018. Pregestational diabetes and GDM not requiring medication (A1 GDM) were excluded. Case group was GDM pregnancies treated with any oral agent first-line and control group was treated with insulin as first-line treatment. Logistic regression was performed to identify patient factors associated with oral agents as first-line pharmacologic treatment. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve estimated the ability of these factors to predict initial medication choice. RESULTS: Among those with GDMA2, 80% were started on an oral agent and 20% were started on insulin. Those started initially on oral agents were more likely to be Hispanic or non-Hispanic White, be non-English speakers, have private insurance, and have normal body mass index (BMI). Factors strongly associated with starting on an oral agent rather than insulin were Hispanic ethnicity, treatment initiated later in pregnancy (>28 weeks), normal BMI, and 1-hour glucose challenge test (GCT) greater than 200. The ROC derived from the adjusted logistic regression model found a predictive value of these variables for initiating oral agents of 79% (area under the curve 0.79). CONCLUSION: Patient-level factors are predictive of pharmacological agent chosen for first-line treatment of GDM. Factors that are typically associated with more difficult to control GDM, such as obesity, high values on the GCT screening test and earlier gestational age at diagnosis are more common in patients treated initially with insulin. However, some demographic factors such as Hispanic ethnicity and non-English primary language are more common among patients initiated on oral agents for treatment of GDM.

Medical (In)Justice of Mexican-American Migrant Workers in Under the Feet of Jesus

Helena Maria Viramontes’s representative fiction, Under the Feet of Jesus, explores the oppression and resistance of Mexican-American migrant workers (Chicanos) by revealing racial and gender problems. This article will first demonstrate the contamination of Mexican-American migrants’ working environment in this novel. Furthermore, drawing on medical ethics and other interdisciplinary studies, it will argue against the medical injustice regarding the mistreatment of Mexican-American migrants’ bodies because of the white class’s supremacy, and will state Chicano workers’ resistances and pursuits in facing unfair medical systems. On top of that, this paper would like to propose that empathy and mutual kindness from community members are the key solutions to show resistance to medical injustice.

Analysis of compositional differences between commercial rice grains by the study of the photoluminescence response

This paper presents the optical characterization of five commercial classes of rice: two classes of white rice, one fortified, one integral, and one parboiled. The differences between the line shapes of the photoluminescence spectra of rice grains and the contribution of its components, starch, fat, and ash, to the rice spectrum were discussed. The fat contributes to rice emission at wavelengths 676 nm and 715 nm, while the starch components contribute at low wavelengths with maxima at 552 and 591 nm. As for the ash, the photoluminescence spectra are of low intensity for all samples, with no significant incidence in the rice photoluminescence spectrum. However, the ashes of the fortified rice and parboiled rice show structures in the line shape at 744, 774, 842, and 881 nm, attributed to minerals not present in the other classes of rice. Additionally, we present these comparisons on absorption spectra in the infrared region; it was observed that there are differences between the white classes of rice and the classes of rice with husk; a high similarity between the absorption spectrum of rice and its starch was also observed, masking the contribution of fat and ash, thus validating the sensitivity of the photoluminescence technique.

Evaluation of at-home bleaching protocol with application on different surfaces: bleaching efficacy and hydrogen peroxide permeability.

This study aimed to evaluate the bleaching efficacy and hydrogen peroxide permeability in the pulp chamber by the at-home bleaching gel in protocols applied on different dental surfaces. Forty premolars were randomly into 4 groups: control group no bleaching, only application on the buccal surface (OB), only application on the lingual surface (OL) and application in buccal and lingual surfaces, simultaneously (BL). At-home bleaching gel (White Class 7.5%) was used for the procedure. The bleaching efficacy was evaluated with a digital spectrophotometer (color change in CIELAB [ΔE ab] and CIEDE 2000 [ΔE 00] systems and Whitening Index for Dentistry [ΔWID]). The hydrogen peroxide permeability in the pulp chamber (µg/mL) was assessed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and data were analyzed for a 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). All groups submitted to bleaching procedure showed bleaching efficacy when measured with ΔE ab and ΔE 00 (p > 0.05). Therefore, when analyzed by ΔWID, a higher bleaching efficacy were observed for the application on the groups OB and BL (p = 0.00003). Similar hydrogen peroxide permeability was found in the pulp chambers of the teeth undergoing different protocols (p > 0.05). The application of bleaching gel exclusively on the OB is sufficient to achieve bleaching efficacy, when compared to BL. Although the OL protocol demonstrated lower bleaching efficacy based on the ΔWID values, it may still be of interest and relevant in certain clinical scenarios based on individual needs, requiring clinical trials to better understand its specificities.

Altered physical-chemical properties of home bleaching gels after an accelerated stability study and their effects on tooth enamel.

To investigate the physical-chemical properties of home bleaching gels based on Carbamide Peroxide (CP) and Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) after accelerated stability (AS) and its effects on enamel. A total of 360 bovine teeth blocks were divided (n = 12): Control, CP10%-Whiteness Perfect, CP10%-Pola Night, HP7.5%-Pola Day, and HP7.5%-White Class Calcium. Microhardness (KHN), roughness (Ra), color (ΔE and ΔE00), hardness, compressibility, elasticity, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, weight, pH, and calcium (Ca) quantification in enamel were analyzed without storage of the bleaching gels and after AS at 1 and 3months. Data of Ca, KHN, and Ra were analyzed through mixed models for repeated measurements and the Tukey-Kramer test. Values of weight, hardness, compressibility, and elasticity were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. ΔE/ΔE00 data, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). Groups subject to AS had lower ΔE and ΔE00 compared to those without storage. Lower KHN and higher Ra values were found after bleaching treatment in all groups compared to controls. Higher amounts of Ca were found on the first day of evaluation in the gels subject to AS for 3months, regardless of the bleaching agent used. Incorrectly stored bleaching gel accentuates adverse effects on enamel. Temperature and humidity interfere directly with the chemical stability of bleaching agents, reducing their properties. HP is an unstable oxidizing agent when stored at high temperatures. Therefore, pH becomes more acidic and potentiates the demineralizing effect on enamel.

“A Triumph for Women” in Progressive Era Los Angeles: Socialist-Feminism, Coalition Building, and Independent Partisanship in the Political Career of Councilwoman Estelle Lawton Lindsey

In June 1915, socialist-feminist Estelle Lawton Lindsey became the first woman elected to the city council of a major metropolis in the United States. While Lindsey ran as a “woman’s candidate,” she won her seat on the Los Angeles City Council by constructing a broad and diverse electoral coalition. Although organized womanhood (largely white and middle class) constituted the heart of her coalition, she garnered significant backing from many reform constituencies, including trade unionists, socialists, progressive reformers, and African American community leaders. Lindsey turned coalition building into a successful electoral strategy for two major reasons. First, although Lindsey was a socialist, she ran for city council as an independent, adopting an independent partisanship, resting between the gendered political cultures of her day, that likely broadened her support among both female and male voters. Second, the structure of the city council election, in which candidates ran in a nonpartisan, at-large, and multimember district race, made the election of women like Lindsey possible in this period. Once elected, Lindsey championed measures tied to the goals of the electoral coalition that had embraced her candidacy and worked with coalition groups (especially women’s clubs) on specific policies. Despite robust support and collaboration for two years, Lindsey’s electoral coalition ultimately fragmented and doomed her reelection bid in 1917.

Rethinking a Miracle: The Role of Whiteness in the 1980 Miracle on Ice

Abstract At the 1980 Winter Olympics, the US men's ice hockey team defeated Soviet Russia in the semifinals. This touchstone moment in US Cold War history has been studied as a political victory for an American public exhausted by a series of public political defeats; a lynchpin in the development of a militarized masculinity; and a glorified memory of US power. However, this scholarship makes just passing reference to the whiteness imbued in the rhetoric surrounding the 1980 US-Soviet Olympic hockey match, and as such, does little to explain the racial dynamics present in the performance of remembering the Miracle. This article argues that the way media sources, political figures, and athletes commemorated the Miracle reinforced an understanding of white, working-class families as the normal, better standard for Americans in the larger political and cultural context of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Thus, the Miracle on Ice cannot simply be viewed as an innocuous moment enshrined in Cold War and sports history. Rather, the nostalgia attached to the Miracle reveals a sustained investment in the normalization of whiteness as ideal within the United States. The Miracle, far from simply being an underdog story, is a tale told and retold to demonstrate why the normative American family is white and working class.

Working the romance: occupational identities in romantic films by gender and race

ABSTRACT Young people identify with on-screen depictions of workers who share their gender and racial identities, and these identifications shape career aspirations. These portrayals have the potential to reproduce or challenge the gendered and racial segregation of occupations present in the US and globally. This study examines occupations in popular, romantic films over a five-year period (n = 94 films, n = 241 leading characters) by intersectional identities and in comparison to data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Romantic protagonists were overwhelming white, heterosexual, and middle or upper class. Minority women were the most likely group to be shown without a job or unemployed, while minority men were most likely to be entertainers or athletes. Professionals and entertainers were overrepresented, while working class jobs (Production, Transportation and Natural Resources) were practically nonexistent. Qualitative analyses revealed white women often used domestic skills in paid work, e.g., baking, event planning. Romantic love transformed immature men and mature women toward an equilibrium, often ending with men in stable professional careers and women in creative or domestic roles. An adversarial, battle-of-the-sexes theme characterized men and women working in the same occupation.

Association of change in haemoglobin A1c with adverse perinatal outcomes in women with pregestational diabetes.

To determine whether a net decline in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) from early to late pregnancy is associated with lower risk of adverse perinatal outcomes at delivery among women with pregestational diabetes. A retrospective analysis from 2012 to 2016 at a tertiary care centre. The exposure was the net change in HbA1c from early (<20weeks gestation) to late pregnancy (≥20weeks gestation). Primary outcomes were large for gestational age (LGA) and neonatal hypoglycaemia. The association between outcomes per 6mmol/mol (0.5%) absolute decrease in HbA1c was evaluated using modified Poisson regression, and adjusted for age, body mass index, White Class, early HbA1c and haemoglobin and gestational age at HbA1c measurement and delivery. Among 347 women with pregestational diabetes, HbA1c was assessed in early (9weeks [IQR 7,13]) and late pregnancy (31weeks [IQR 29,34]). Mean HbA1c decreased from early (59mmol/mol [7.5%]) to late (47mmol/mol [6.5%]) pregnancy. Each 6mmol/mol (0.5%) absolute decrease in HbA1c was associated with a 12% reduced risk of LGA infant (30%, aRR:0.88; 95% CI:0.81,0.95), and a 7% reduced risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia (35%, aRR:0.93; 95% CI:0.87,0.99). Preterm birth (36%, aRR:0.93; 95% CI:0.89,0.98) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (55%, aRR:0.95; 95% CI:0.91,0.98) decreased with a net decline in HbA1c , but not caesarean delivery, pre-eclampsia, shoulder dystocia and respiratory distress syndrome. Women with pregestational diabetes with a reduction in HbA1c may have fewer infants born LGA or with neonatal hypoglycaemia. Repeated assessment of HbA1c may provide an additional measure of glycaemic control.

Planned vaginal and planned cesarean delivery outcomes in pregnancies complicated with pregestational type 1 diabetes \u2013 A three-year academic tertiary hospital cohort study

BackgroundFinland has the world’s highest incidence of 62.5/100000 of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) with approximately 400 (1%) DM1 pregnancies annually. Pregnancies complicated by DM1 are accompanied with increased risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Timing and mode of delivery are based on the risk of complications, yet the data on labor induction is limited. The aim of this study was to compare delivery outcomes in planned vaginal (VD) and planned cesarean deliveries (CD) in late preterm and term DM1 pregnancies, and to evaluate the feasibility of labor induction.Materials and MethodsPregnant women with DM1, live singleton fetus in cephalic presentation ≥34 gestational weeks delivering in Helsinki University Hospital between January 1st 2017 and December 31st 2019 were included. The primary outcome were the rates of adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. The study population was classified according to the 1980-revised White’s classification. Statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows.ResultsTwo hundred four women were included, 59.8% (n = 122) had planned VD. The rate of adverse maternal outcome was 27.5% (n = 56), similar between the planned modes of delivery and White classes. The rate of perinatal adverse outcome was 38.7% (n = 79), higher in planned CD (52.4% vs. 29.5%;p = 0.001). The most common adverse perinatal event was respiratory distress (48.8% vs. 23.0%;p < 0.001). The rate of adverse perinatal outcome was higher in White class D + Vascular compared to B + C (45.0% vs. 25.0%, OR after adjustment by gestational age 2.34 [95% CI 1.20–4.50];p = 0.01). The total rate of CD was 63.7% (n = 130), and 39.3% (n = 48) in planned VD. Women with White class D + Vascular more often had emergency CD compared to White Class B + C (48.6% vs. 25.0%;p = 0.009). The rate of labor induction was 51%, being 85.2% in planned VD. The rate of VD in induced labor was 58.7% (n = 61) and the rate of failed induction was 14.1% (n = 15).ConclusionPlanned VD was associated with lower rate of adverse perinatal outcome compared to planned CS, with no difference in the rates of adverse maternal outcome. Induction of labor may be feasible option but should be carefully considered in this high-risk population.

Minimally invasive swine spine surgery training: technical aspects, benefits, and anatomical limitations.

ABSTRACTObjective To describe the technical specificities and feasibility of simulation of minimally invasive spine surgery in live pigs, as well as similarities and differences in comparison to surgery in humans.Methods A total of 22 Large White class swine models, weighing between 60 and 80kg, were submitted to surgical simulations, performed during theoretical-practical courses for training surgical techniques (microsurgical and endoscopic lumbar decompression; percutaneous pedicular instrumentation; lateral access to the thoracic spine, and anterior and retroperitoneal to the lumbar spine, and management of complications) by 86 spine surgeons. For each surgical technique, porcine anatomy (similarities and differences in relation to human anatomy), access route, and dimensions of the instruments and implants used were evaluated. Thus, the authors describe the feasibility of each operative simulation, as well as suggestions to optimize training. Study results are descriptive, with figures and drawings.Results Neural decompression surgeries (microsurgeries and endoscopic) and pedicular instrumentation presented higher similarities to surgery on humans. On the other hand, intradiscal procedures had limitations due to the narrow disc space in swines. We were able to simulate situations of surgical trauma in surgical complication scenarios, such as cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and excessive bleeding, with comparable realism to surgery on humans.Conclusion A porcine model for simulation of minimally invasive spinal surgical techniques had similarities with surgery on humans, and is therefore feasible for surgeon training.

APPLYING CONSTRUCTIVIS APPROACHES TO ENHANCE CREATIVITY LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT

This study aimed to describe the application of the synectic model in learning IPA can improve creativity of students in the fourth model in learning IPA can imprive student achievementin class V SDN Gugus III Kab. Lebong city describes the effectivess of synopitic model improve the learning achievement of math student in grade V SDN 73 Gugus III Lebong.The research is a classroom action research combined with quasi experiments. The subjects of this research are grade V A and B SDN 73 Lebong City as PTK class and experimen class white class V B SDN 73 as control class. The instruments cllas used are observation and test sheets. The technique of data analysis using the formula of the average percentage value of data analysis using the formula of the average percentage value of classical leaaning and t tes, white the observation data is analyzed with the average score, highest, score, score difference and the range of values for each criterion.

Novel Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics and Large-for-Gestational-Age Risk: An Exploratory Retrospective Cohort Study in Pregnancies with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves pregnancy outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to assess the between-group differences in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the incidence of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) neonates in CGM and glucometer users and analyze the potential association of novel CGM metrics with LGA risk in T1D pregnancies. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study cohort included 134 women with T1D treated with insulin pumps-75 of them used CGM and 59 patients measured their glucose concentrations using glucometers only. As part of our study, we matched the CGM users and patients who preferred the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) according to their baseline HbA1c and White's diabetes class at a 1:1 ratio. After the matching, both groups included 42 pregnancies. Results: We did not find any difference in changes in HbA1c and perinatal outcomes between CGM and SMBG users; however, we achieved a limited statistical power, and there were more cases of diabetic nephropathy in the SMBG group. Mothers of LGA infants had higher first-trimester HbA1c, time above target, and mean glucose concentrations in each trimester of pregnancy. Other CGM metrics reflecting glucose fluctuations attributed to hyperglycemia were associated with an increased risk of LGA. Despite optimal maternal HbA1c, 39% of neonates demonstrated LGA. Conclusions: Although participants reached the target HbA1c concentrations, mothers of LGA newborns had higher first-trimester HbA1c, as well as higher time above target range, higher mean glucose concentrations, and more glycemic fluctuations, suggesting that several CGM metrics associated with maternal hyperglycemia are associated with LGA in pregnancies with T1D.

Is the at-home bleaching treatment applied only on the lingual surface as effective as that on the buccal surface? A randomized clinical trial.

This double-blind randomized clinical trial compared the effectiveness and bleaching sensitivity (BS) of at-home dental bleaching performed on the buccal surface and on the lingual surface. Using a split-mouth design, 25 patients were assigned to two bleaching groups: 10% hydrogen peroxide (White Class 10%, FGM) applied once daily for 60min to the buccal surface (BSB) and 10% hydrogen peroxide (White Class 10%, FGM) applied once daily for 60min to the lingual surface (LSB), both for 14days. The color was evaluated before bleaching, after the first and second weeks, and 1month after the bleaching using Vita Classical and Vita Bleachedguide scales and a Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer. BS was recorded daily using a 0-4 numerical rating scale and a 0-10 visual analogue scale. The following statistical tests were used: color changes (Mann-Whitney), absolute risk of BS (McNemar's exact), and the intensity of BS (Mann-Whitney). In all statistical tests, the significance level was 5%. Significant bleaching was observed after the end of bleaching in both groups, with higher bleaching effectiveness for BSB when compared to LSB (p < 0.05). Regarding BS, no significant difference was observed between groups (p = 1.00). The 10% hydrogen peroxide (White Class 10%, FGM) applied in at-home bleaching performed on the lingual surface did not promote a similar result of color change compared to on the buccal surface. Regarding BS, there was no significant difference between the groups. The at-home bleaching performed on the lingual surface promotes a lower result in the color change. BS is similar between the groups. RBR-283byt.

Admitting otherwise: Diversity work, contextuality and the future of anthropology

The difficult work of decolonizing UK anthropology teaches us important lessons about our field. Rethinking the curriculum may be the easy part. Making university admissions fairer is a harder task. The biggest challenge of all is transforming the institutional cultures and demographic profile of anthropology’s students and faculty. The Covid-19 pandemic showed that rapid change is possible: its aftermath is an opportunity for more radical rethinking of this diversity work in anthropology.&#x0D; Many UK universities currently use ‘contextual’ information about undergraduate applicants to make admissions ‘fairer’. Would a more self-reflective understanding of ‘contextuality’ include the institutional contexts of universities themselves? Most social anthropology departments are found in ‘Russell group’ and ‘Sutton-30’ universities. Their student populations are more likely to be able-bodied, white, female and middle class than those in other universities: these students have a disproportionate opportunity to access PhD research funding. The growth in postgraduate education also exacerbates these differences. This paper combines institutional history and student data to reconceputalise and broaden debates around ‘contextual admissions’. Acknowledging the institutional racism within UK universities, a more encompassing definition of ‘contextuality’ would allow a critical attention to the academic cultures that create barriers to widening participation, retention and progression to postgraduate study.

Race and Social Class as Intersecting Social Categories

Abstract. Race and social class are inherently confounded; however, much of the literature focuses on only one of these categories at a time during attitude assessment. Across three studies, we examined the influence of race and social class on implicit and explicit attitudes. Results indicated that participants had more positive attitudes toward high social class White and high social class Black people than low social class White and low social class Black people. Attitudes for high social class White versus high social class Black people and low social class White versus low social class Black people were more nuanced and attitude/measure dependent. Thus, this research highlights the intricacy of attitudes when considering intersectional categories.