White Chalk Research Articles

Combined cadmium and chromium isotopes record a collapse of bioproductivity across the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary in the Danish basin

Cadmium (Cd) isotope signatures (δ114Cd) deduced from modern and ancient marine deposits are often used as a proxy for bioproductivity and for micronutrient cycling, whereas chromium (Cr) isotope signatures (δ53Cr) are used as a potential proxy for oxygenation. The Cretaceous—Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary records one of Earth's five big mass extinctions, which contains geochemical fingerprints of the Chixculub asteroid impact and is coeval with the Deccan Trap volcanism. Here we present for the first time a combined record of Cd and Cr isotopes from the Danish Basin to interrogate the effects on bioproductivity across the K/Pg boundary. The δ114Cd values range between −0.28‰ and 0.27‰ defining an average of 0.05‰ ± 0.24 (2σ, n = 87). Authigenic δ53Cr values range between 0.06‰ and 1.06‰ and define an average of 0.59‰ ± 0.51 (2σ, n = 81). An abrupt jump, across the K/Pg boundary layer, from consistently positively fractionated Cd and Cr isotope signatures recorded in Late Maastrichtian white chalks towards less positively fractionated δ114Cd values and heterogeneous δ53Cr values in the Early Danian carbonates, likely indicates a decrease in surface water bioproductivity. This decrease is accompanied by redox fluctuations in the water column as a consequence of environmental changes either related to the Chixculub impact event and/or to the Deccan volcanic eruptions coeval with this boundary. Assuming an efficient removal of Cd and Cr through consumption and/or adsorption by primary producers, or by incorporation into the skeleton/shells of calcifiers, and using the fractionation factor of Cd into carbonates, we reconstruct surface water conditions during the Late Masstrichtian—Early Danian that are compatible with those of modern oceans, with δ114Cd varying from 0.17 to 0.72‰. Overall, the combined Cr-Cd isotope fluctuations over the K/Pg boundary are consistent with a scenario characterized by climate-induced changes of nutrient availability and concomitant responses of primary production levels, ultimately related to the asteroid impact and to the proceeding volcanic activities that influenced the ocean's chemistry. We anticipate our results to point for further studies of other stratigraphic sections worldwide to reveal an extensive Cd-Cr record for the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary and its corresponding collapse of bioproductivity and decreasing ocean oxygenation.

The Late Maastrichtian Rørdal Member (Denmark): a remarkable window of climatic, environmental and biotic changes at orbital timescales

Abstract The Late Maastrichtian Rørdal Member of the Møns Klint Formation is a remarkable lithological unit of the Danish Basin, characterized by chalk–marl cyclicity, standing out from pure Maastrichtian white chalk within the Chalk Group. A cyclostratigraphic analysis across this unit suggests a control by orbital precession and a strong amplitude modulation of the precession by the 405 kyr eccentricity cycle. Oxygen isotope data from bulk carbonate, benthic foraminifera and brachiopods indicate a prominent cooling commencing at the base of the unit, with maximum cooling aligned with a 405 kyr amplitude modulation maximum. This unit thus represents a rare example of a climatic cooling associated with a 405 kyr insolation maximum. However, geochemical and calcareous nannofossil data support lower productivity levels across the unit, in contradiction to an expected ocean fertilization accompanying enhanced continental weathering as the source of the clay material. An alternative model of deposition for this lithological unit is thus proposed via dense water cascading favoured by a sea-level low, subsequent restriction of the Chalk Sea and associated gravity currents responsible for the resuspension of fine clastic deposits from the margins of the Baltic Shield.

Exploring the Art of Stained Glass. On Copying a Portrait Drawing Using Stained Glass Ggrisaille

The hard-to-achieve skill of glass painting is most easily acquired by copying. If a student, unfamiliar with the complexities and possibilities of a new technology, embarks on designing and developing a personal project, failure to meet his or her expectations may discourage any further interest in the subject – at times forever. However, if a student carefully follows an otherwise impeccable example, he or she is then rewarded with a compelling, almost certainly appealing result – the fruits of his or her diligent work. In doing so, an understanding of techniques and skill cultivation are imperceptibly acquired. In the first half of the 2022/2023 academic year, 4th year students of the Sergey Andriaka Academy of Watercolor and Fine Arts were invited to copy portraits by Hans Holbein the Younger (1530s) that were executed in a complex hybrid technique on primed paper of various colors. They were also requested to produce a copy of a self-portrait by Annibale Carracci (1594), drawn with red and white chalk on rose paper. When transferring the drawing into a new material, an attempt was made to accurately convey the nature of the stroke, the texture of the paper, as well as to emulate underdrawing with charcoal, white and red chalk.

The brachiopod assemblage from the Maastrichtian white chalk at Chełm, eastern Poland: stratigraphical and palaeoecological implications

Abstract Brachiopods from the lower upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) white chalk succession exposed at Chełm (eastern Poland) comprise Lingula cretacea, Isocrania costata, Cryptoporella antiqua, Cretirhynchia sp., Neoliothyrina sp., Carneithyris sp., Terebratulina chrysalis, T. faujasi, T. longicollis, Terebratulina spp., Gisilina sp., Bronnothyris bronni, Magas chitoniformis, Leptothyrellopsis polonicus and ?Aemula sp. This assemblage is relatively poor in terms of taxonomic diversity and specimen abundance and is dominated by stratigraphically long-ranging species. It is best comparable to that from the micromorphic brachiopod Rugia tenuicostata–Meonia semiglobularis Zone as distinguished in the white chalk successions of Denmark and northern Germany, although this zone is usually placed in the upper lower Maastrichtian. The Chełm succession represents a relatively deep-water and ‘benthos-poor’ variety of white chalk deposited in the Boreal Chalk Sea of Europe. The brachiopod assemblage studied is typical of such a habitat, having been controlled largely by the low availability of minute skeletal substrates suitable for brachiopod settlement.

Stomiosphaerina bakae sp. nov., a new calcareous dinocyst of the Upper Cretaceous of the Central European Basin.

In this work the new species of Stomiosphaerina bakae sp. nov. is described. This is the third species of the genus Stomiosphaerina. Several dozen specimens of the newly described species were found within the Upper Cretaceous (upper Turonian) white chalk at Dubivtsi section near Halych in western Ukraine (south-eastern margin of Central European Basin). Stomiosphaerina bakae sp. nov. has an asymmetrical oval (pear-like shape) test, as it is wider in one side, and sharp in the opposite side, ranging from 55 to 67 μm in length and from 42 to 56.5 μm in width. It has a two-layered calcareous test. The outer layer, with thickness ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 μm, is built of long and wide plate-shaped calcite crystals and is white in plain-polarized light with a dark cross in crossed-polarized light. The inner layer, with thickness ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 μm, is yellowish, goldish to brownish color in plain-polarized light, with proximal and distal side smooth and even, and is built of short fibrous calcite crystals, without preferential orientation. One narrow (6 to 8 μm width) aperture is observed. Stomiosphaerina bakae sp. nov. differs from other species of Stomiosphaerina, i.e. Stomiosphaerina biedai Nowak 1974 and Stomiosphaerina proxima Řehánek 1987, by its cyst-shape, cyst-size, layers thickness, structure of outer layer and width of aperture. Stomiosphaerina bakae sp. nov. most likely corresponds to the non-defined species of Stomiosphaerina sp. described by Nowak 1974.

Traditional method of preparing accessories for Pahari miniatures

In Indian miniature painting the artists use the same techniques and materials. They usually draw on a piece of paper or on a special board. Sometimes they apply a layer of white chalk on the wall before drawing. Then they paint over that layer and start adding color. Every artist has their own way of doing it. Some artists finish one section before moving on to the next, while others add all the colors at once and correct any mistakes later. Before starting, they place the picture upside down on a smooth stone and tap it with a special conch shell or stone. This makes the colors smoother and the picture looks better. The whole process depends on the use of good material to make the picture look beautiful and last longer.
 
 

Surgical Treatment of Hand and Foot Gout Stone and Influence Factors on Prognosis.

Purpose To explore the technique of surgical treatment of hand and foot gout stone by using 3D CT reconstruction images and influence factors on prognosis. Method 48 cases of hand and foot gout were treated surgically and retrospective analyzed. Before operation, we used 3D CT reconstruction images to check the accurate site and amount of uric acid (white chalk foam) deposition. Different surgical methods were applied depending on the different deposition site of urine acid stone. The frequency of gout attack and blood uric acid was compared before and after surgery. Patients were followed up to observe the recovery and recurrence and then analyzed the reason of unsuccessful healing. Result Sutures were removed 2 weeks after operation in all cases. The frequency of gout attack and blood uric acid of patients 3 months after operation was lower than those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 3 years, with an average of 1.8 years. Three cases were not followed up. The remaining 45 cases were healed in the first stage. 40 cases had improved joint function, increased range of motion, and relieved discomfort after movement. 5 cases had no improvement in joint function after operation, and 3 of them had gout stone recurrence (nonoperative area) and were treated by second hospital operation. Conclusion Surgical treatment of gout stone in hand and foot under the guidance of three-dimensional CT reconstruction image can effectively alleviate the local symptoms of gout stone and improve the function of hand and foot. Deep tissue can be thoroughly washed by the pressure of pulse gun after resection of the lesion, which can reduce the incidence of gout stone. Malnutrition, hypoproteinemia, and residual urine acid in the wound are the main reasons for unsuccessful healing.

Origin of hematite in the Middle Cretaceous red chalks on the eastern coast of England

Chalks are generally believed to have formed in shallow marine environments. However, the consensus on sources of Fe and origin of hematite in red chalks remains elusive. To better understand the origin of hematite in the Middle Cretaceous red chalks on the eastern coast of England, the evidence has been gathered through diffuse reflection, trace element and iron isotope analysis and combining with the lithologic and stratigraphic characteristics. Rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit upper-continental-crust-like signatures such as enrichment in light REEs and depletion in heavy REEs. The Fe isotopic composition of the red chalk is typically heavier than that of igneous rocks (except for one sample) and shows negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.58–0.73), which indicates that the hematite in the red chalk is not of microbial or hydrothermal, but of sedimentary origin. At the same time, the analysis of trace elements suggests that the felsic rocks and sedimentary derivatives are the source of non-carbonate components in the red chalks. The pedogenic features such as mudcracks, secondary white chalks, and calcareous nodules appear in the red chalks, as documented through the field stratigraphic observations. Based on the above evidence and the sedimentary environment of the overlying and underlying layers, it is inferred that the red chalk was deposited in the supratidal environment that had undergone some degree of desiccation and pedogenic modification.

Improving Vocabulary Mastery Through the Traditional Game “Engklek” For Children in Kalijaten Village, Kec. Taman, Kab. Sidoarjo

Vocabulary is a basic thing that children should know before they learn English because vocabulary will make it easier to understand or master English. In Kalijaten, children tend not to be able to master English and they also have difficulty learning vocabulary. So to help with this the researcer have implemented a method using “engklek” to help improve children's vocabulary in Kalijaten Village. Using these traditional learning media can make it easier for children to improve their vocabulary skills and they will not get bored easily so the possibility of improving the vocabulary can increase. The purpose of holding vocabulary learning through the game “engklek” is to make it easier for children in Kalijaten village to master vocabulary easily. The method used for research is qualitative by collecting data by means of observation to children in Kalijaten village and it also takes 10 days, where the first and second days of surveying the place and collecting data on children in Kalijaten village and the following day the game was held. The place used to research this PKM is in the village of Kalijaten, Taman Subdistrict, Sidoarjo Regency. The length of observation used was two days when the author did practice in the field. The materials used are white chalk, gaco, laminating paper and the vocabulary that has been given. The results have shown that 70% of the children in Kalijaten village have low proficiency in mastering English, especially in vocabulary and 20% of Kalijaten children have a standard ability in mastering English, especially in vocabulary, and 10% of children in Kalijaten village have high skills in mastering vocabulary.

"Picturesque graphics": three pencil technique, multi-layered charcoal drawing

The article describes methods of achieving painterly qualities while drawing with soft materials, which include: 1) creation of a polychrome image effect using an extremely limited color palette (white, black and red chalk (sanguine)); 2) thorough work on a multi-layer charcoal drawing employing techniques similar to those of multi-layer watercolor, oil and pastel painting, as well as papier-pelle drawing. The study was first conducted by analyzing drawing manuals, catalogs of manufacturers and suppliers of art materials from France, Great Britain, Germany, USA and Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. What is more, the author of the article assembled a collection of antique tools and materials for drawing with charcoal, black chalk or crayon, stumping chalk (pulverized charcoal), sanguine and white chalk, the use of which was widespread in the aforementioned period. The annex to the article provides photographs of the described instruments and materials accompanied by the aggregate data from art manuals, catalogs and price lists of drawing material suppliers from London, Paris, New York, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kazan, published over a period from 1851 to 1913. The drawing tradition of the second half of the 19th century is among one of the most complex and challenging in the entire history of graphics, as it peculiarly combines in itself a variety of instruments and delicate thoroughness of techniques. As a result of the research, the author was able to expand and complement the existing knowledge about graphic techniques, which allows for teaching academic drawing and studying the history of drawing by applying new data and unique illustrative material.

Rediscovery of “Liodon” asiaticum Répelin, 1915, a Mosasaurini (Squamata, Mosasauridae, Mosasaurinae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the vicinity of Jerusalem – Biostratigraphical insights from microfossils

Briefly mentioned in 1915 by the palaeontologist Répelin, the mosasaurid Liodon asiaticum Répelin, 1915 was found by a missionary to Africa, Father Ruffier, in Late Cretaceous strata near Jerusalem (without further details on the exact provenance). This material was never described in detail, figured, or revised and was recently rediscovered in the collections of the Muséum d’histoire naturelle of Marseille (Provence, southern France). Here we describe and figure for the first time this material, which now includes more specimens than the original lot mentioned by Répelin, and we propose new systematic assignments for the identified specimens. First of all we demonstrate that the five original vertebrae briefly described by Répelin represent a composite assemblage and are not diagnostic at the specific level. Thus Liodon asiaticum should be considered a nomem dubium. The most complete and diagnostic specimen belongs to a Mosasaurini (Mosasaurinae) incertae sedis, close to Mosasaurus Conybeare, 1822 and Plotosaurus Camp, 1951, as shown by the unique configuration of its frontal-parietal-postorbitofrontal complex. The two other specimens are identified as indeterminate Mosasaurinae. The study of several groups of microfossils (calcareous nannofossils, planktonic foraminifera and palynomorphs) found in the white chalk preserved with most of the bones constrains the age of these mosasaurid remains to the lower part of the middle Campanian (C. plummerae (Gandolfi, 1955) / G. rosetta (Carsey, 1926) and CC18 / UC14-15a Zones). This corresponds to the local Mishash Formation that crops out extensively East of Jerusalem (Mount of Olives and surroundings). Father Ruffier probably collected these bones in one of the outcrops of this formation, possibly not very far from where he worked and lived (Saint-Anne Community in Jerusalem). These chalky levels, common in the Middle East, represent a shallow and rather open marine environment, possibly near-shore.

Effects of Chronic Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Exposure on Cognitive Performance and Metabolic Pathways in the Hippocampus of Wild-Type and Human Tau Mice.

Background:Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a risk factor for developing sporadic forms of sporadic dementia. A human tau (htau) mouse model is available that exhibits age-dependent tau dysregulation, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress starting at an early age (3–4 months) and in which tau dysregulation and neuronal loss correlate with synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline.Objective:The goal of this study was to assess the effects of chronic SHS exposure (10 months’ exposure to ) on behavioral and cognitive function, metabolism, and neuropathology in mice.Methods:Wild-type (WT) and htau female and male mice were exposed to SHS (90% side stream, 10% main stream) using the SCIREQ® inExpose™ system or air control for 168 min per day, for 312 d, 7 d per week. The exposures continued during the days of behavioral and cognitive testing. In addition to behavioral and cognitive performance and neuropathology, the lungs of mice were examined for pathology and alterations in gene expression.Results:Mice exposed to chronic SHS exposure showed the following genotype-dependent responses: a) lower body weights in WT, but not htau, mice; b) less spontaneous alternation in WT, but not htau, mice in the Y maze; c) faster swim speeds of WT, but not htau, mice in the water maze; d) lower activity levels of WT and htau mice in the open field; e) lower expression of brain PHF1, TTCM1, , and HSP90 protein levels in WT male, but not female, mice; and f) more profound effects on hippocampal metabolic pathways in WT male than female mice and more profound effects in WT than htau mice.Discussion:The brain of WT mice, in particular WT male mice, might be especially susceptible to the effects of chronic SHS exposure. In WT males, independent pathways involving ascorbate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, or palmitoleic acid might contribute to the hippocampal injury following chronic SHS exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8428

Biosorption Capacity for Uranium and Thorium by Some Microalgae Species

THE BIOSORPTION is an effective technique for the removal of uranium and thorium from some types of phosphate rocks of red sea area. In this study Cystoseira osmundacea, Palmaria elegans and Chondrus crispus, were used for the biosorption of uranium (U), and thorium (Th), from phosphates rocks in Egypt in Qusser and Safaga areas west red sea which characterized of shallow-water marine origin and mainly associated with sequences of white hard limestone, white chalk, yellow marls and hard cherts rocks. The obtained results showed that Cystoseira osmundacea, Palmaria elegans and Chondrus crispus have biosorption capacities of (81%, 89% and 90%), for U and (77%, 88% and 91%) for Th, respectively from phosphate of Safaga .and biosorption capacities of (81%, 84% and 89% ), for U and (79%, 81% and 88% ) for Th, respectively from phosphate of Qusser area. it is preferable to use Chondrus crispus on biosorption due to its high sorption capacity than the other two algae.

Mechanical behaviour of low–medium density destructured White Chalk

Low- and medium-density White Chalk often destructures during civil engineering works, forming a putty that exhibits problematic low strengths in the short term but may build-up strength with time. The underlying mechanisms that control the mechanical performance of the material are not well understood. This paper explores the prospect of developing a framework to characterise the behaviour of chalk putty. To this end, triaxial tests were carried out using low- and medium-density reconstituted chalks produced by different methods. Using void ratio against mean effective stress results, a unique critical state line (CSL) is proposed, regardless of parent rock origin or the crushing process used to generate the putty material. The CSL was also found to satisfactorily fit independent test data by various authors, even though each independent sample material may have had different ‘intrinsic’ CSLs. This was suggested to stem from the similar particle characteristics of the chalks used. An assessment of the ageing effect indicates increases in strength as a result of densification due to consolidation and secondary compression, however, the end-of-test state could still be described using the CSL.

Identification, investigation and classification of surface depressions and chalk dissolution features using integrated LiDAR and geophysical methods

The chalk bedrock of the Hampshire Basin, southern England is an important aquifer and is highly susceptible to dissolution, making the development and presence of karstic features a widespread occurrence. These features are hazardous because they provide possible pathways to the underlying aquifer and therefore present potential site-specific contamination risks. There is also evidence of extensive extraction, through both mining and surface quarrying, of chalk, flint and clay over many centuries. Geophysical techniques consisting of electromagnetic (EM31) and ground-penetrating radar surveys were used to identify and characterize target features identified from desk study data. The ground-penetrating radar and EM31 interpretations allowed the classification of non-anthropogenic target features, such as diffuse buried sinkholes with disturbed and subsiding clay-rich infill and varying symmetrical and asymmetrical morphologies. We describe here the investigations of such features identified at Holme Farm, Stansted House, Hampshire. The combination of EM31 data and ground-penetrating radar profiles facilitated the identification of a palaeovalley, cavities and irregular rockhead. This investigation identified locations of aquifer contamination risk as some sinkholes have been sites for the illegal dumping of waste or the infiltration of fertilizers, leaking sewage pipes or animal waste. This potential source of contamination utilizes the sinkhole as a pathway into the highly transmissive White Chalk Subgroup of Hampshire and has caused contamination of the aquifer. We conclude that our integrated approach of geophysical techniques linked to aerial photographs and LiDAR image interpretation was highly effective in the location and characterization of dissolution structures, infilled former quarries and mining features at this site.

36‐2: Magnetically Written Electrophoretic Display

A flexible, reflective, magneto‐electrophoretic e‐paper display technology (MEP) has been developed and demonstrated that can be written and drawn on using a variety of magnetic styli with similar form factors to those of pencils, pens, and wide‐tipped markers. Because this is direct writing of the stylus onto the electronic ink layer, no TFT backplane or touch panel is needed, resulting in significantly reduced costs and minimal writing lag. The visual effect is much like that of white chalk on a blackboard. Contrast ratios in excess of 10:1 have been achieved along with full bistability. Successful coating of these special electrophoretic films has been demonstrated on a roll‐to‐roll manufacturing line.

Environmental footprints of the early Maastrichtian cooling – The record of benthic foraminifera from northern Germany

The upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian interval from the white chalk of the Kronsmoor section (northern Germany) has been a target of various studies on benthic foraminifera and benthic macroinvertebrates. The results of these studies are in part contradictory, as foraminifera suggest decreasing fertility throughout the early Maastrichtian, whereas macroinvertebrates imply increasing food supply.In order to elucidate this discrepancy, we re-studied benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Kronsmoor. This section provides a continuous upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian succession with well-preserved foraminifera. Benthic assemblages are highly diverse and abundant. Common foraminifer species include Bolivina incrassata, Cibicidoides voltzianus, Gyroidinoides umbilicatus, Osangularia cordieriana, Sitella laevis and Stensioeina pommerana. Only a few variations in diversity or in morphogroup composition have been observed throughout the studied interval. Some individual taxa (e.g., B. incrassata, Cibicidoides spp.), show a trend of decreasing abundances, whereas others (Cibicides beaumontianus, G. umbilicatus) increase. The relatively stable composition of benthic morphogroups suggests that there were no severe palaeoenvironmental disruptions in the western Chalk Sea such as excess eutrophication or oxygen depletion. Modest palaeoecological shifts are indicated by the variation patterns of individual taxa such as G. umbilicus (increasing organic influx), C. beaumontianus (bottom water circulation) and Bolivinoides spp. (cooling).

First record of Epicymatoceras vaelsense (Nautilida) from the Maastrichtian white chalk of northern Denmark

The atypical Late Cretaceous nautilid Epicymatoceras vaelsense (Binkhorst van den Binkhorst, 1862) is described and illustrated on the basis of three specimens from the Maastrichtian white chalk of Denmark. One of these is probably from the lower/upper Maastrichtian boundary interval at Frejlev, while the other two originate from the uppermost Maastrichtian chalk as exposed in the Dania quarry; both localities are in Jylland, northern Denmark. These are first reports of E. vaelsense from Denmark; the species has previously been recorded from the uppermost Campanian and lower Maastrichtian of the Netherlands, Belgium, northern Germany and Poland. The presence of E. vaelsense in the topmost Maastrichtian white chalk in the Dania quarry is considered the youngest record of Epicymatoceras known to date, suggesting the persistence of the genus until the end of the Cretaceous. The diameter of the embryonic conch of the Danish E. vaelsense may be estimated at c. 30 mm, based on an individual from the Dania quarry, confirming earlier observations that the species possessed one of the largest embryonic conchs amongst Late Cretaceous nautilids.

The lower Maastrichtian chalk in the Ghezala-Mateur area, northern Tunisian domain: Sedimentary environments and early diagenetic features

The lower Maastrichtian chalks of the Ghezala-Mateur area, northern Tunisian domain, were investigated with regard to their palaeogeographic implications. Two lateral facies have been identified (i) the white chalk facies occurs to the NW, NE and SE strikethrough of the late Cretaceous synsedimentary El Aouana Graben and, (ii) the chalky limestone facies occupied the central part of the Graben.Sedimentary features, fossil content and trace fossils distribution reveal that sedimentation occurred in a slightly reducing shallow-water environment, probably corresponding to an outer platform setting, characterized by frequently interrupted sedimentation and conspicuous activity of erosional currents. Both features seemingly contributed to the genesis of numerous hiatal surfaces marked by the widespread activities of Thalassinoides trace fossils. The genesis of hiatal surfaces was probably promoted by recurrent burial-early diagenesis-exhumation cycles in which Thalassinoides burrows were preferentially affected by early diagenetic processes. Nodular chalky limestone, intraformational conglomeratic chalky limestone and knoby chalky limestone are the most common lithologies resulted from the early diagenesis of Thalassinoides-omission surfaces.

Digital revolution in medicine: new tools in biochemistry, molecular biology, medical science, education and research

When you just think about it! The digital world has changed our lives in every way. Education, the days when teachers used chalk, dusters, and blackboards are almost at an end. Black has turned to white, in the form of interactive whiteboards. The white chalk is now digital ink Printed books. Over 92% of children in the United States carry backpacks that are typically loaded with heavy books that may set them up for spine strain rather than success. Now, those books are turning into e-books and audio books which thousands of them can be stored in a USB flash drive or cloud storage. They are versatile, searchable, portable and efficient, not to mention they are much easier on your back. Digital content has revolutionized the way people distribute and access information on virtually every platform. How medical Students Benefit from Learning with interactive e-books? What is the future for paper books and ebooks? The e-books market is growing!. The development of high-throughput, data-intensive biomedical research assays and technologies, such as DNA sequencing, imaging protocols, and wireless health monitoring devices, has created a need for researchers to develop strategies for analyzing, integrating and interpreting the massive amounts of data they generate.