Agaricus Bisporus Research Articles

Antigenotoxic potential of the aqueous basidiocarp extracts of Calocybe indica

Calocybe indica, commonly known as the milky white mushroom, is an edible mushroom native to India. The antigenotoxic potential of the aqueous basidiocarp extract (25 g/L and 50 g/L) of C. indica was investigated using the Allium cepa test system. Meristematic cells of root tips treated with 100% Coca-Cola served as a positive control. A significant reduction in the mitotic index (7.83 ± 0.60) was observed in the positive control (100% Coca-Cola) compared to the negative control. The highest percentage (65.25 ± 4.58) of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in the positive control. Chromosomal abnormalities were significantly reduced in root tip cells treated with Coca-Cola followed by treatment with basidiocarp extracts such as 25 g/L and 50 g/L (30.32 ± 4.44 and 14.20 ± 2.41, respectively). Coca-Cola induced chromosomal abnormalities were reduced by treatment with basidiocarp extracts, demonstrating the antimutagenic potential of C. indica. The present study indicates that the aqueous basidiocarp extracts of C. indica have anti-genotoxic effects. The clastogenic abnormalities caused by Coca-Cola are competently restored in the root meristem cells of A. cepa treated with the extract.

Elucidating the role of monoacetylphlorogulcinol in the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas 'gingeri' against Agaricus bisporus.

Agaricus bisporus is a globally important edible fungus. The occurrence of ginger blotch caused by Pseudomonas 'gingeri' during A. bisporus growth and post-harvest stages results in significant economic losses. The biotoxin monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG) produced by P. 'gingeri' is responsible for inducing ginger blotch on A. bisporus. However, the understanding of the toxic mechanisms of MAPG on A. bisporus remains limited, which hinders the precise control of ginger blotch disease in A. bisporus and the breeding of disease-resistant varieties. Integrating transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological data revealed that MAPG led to an increase in intracellular superoxide anion (O2 -) levels and lipid peroxidation in A. bisporus. MAPG changed the cellular membrane composition of A. bisporus, causing to damage membrane permeability. MAPG inhibited the expression of genes associated with the 19s subunit of the proteasome, thereby impeding cellular waste degradation in A. bisporus. Unlike melanin, MAPG stimulated the synthesis of flavonoids in A. bisporus, which might explain the manifestation of ginger-colored symptoms rather than browning. Meanwhile, the glutathione metabolism pathway in A. bisporus played a pivotal role in counteracting the cytotoxic effects of MAPG. Additionally, enhanced catalase activity and up-regulation of defense-related genes, including cytochrome P450s, Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS), and ABC transporters, were observed. This study provides comprehensive insights into MAPG toxicity in A. bisporus and uncovers the detoxification strategies of A. bisporus against MAPG. The findings offer valuable evidence for precise control and breeding of resistant varieties against ginger blotch in A. bisporus. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biotechnological Processing of Sugarcane Bagasse through Solid-State Fermentation with White Rot Fungi into Nutritionally Rich and Digestible Ruminant Feed

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB) is one of the most widely produced lignocellulosic biomasses and has great potential to be recycled for sustainable food production as ruminant animal feed. However, due to severe lignification, i.e., lignin-(hemi)-cellulose complexes, ruminants can only ferment a minor fraction of the polysaccharides trapped in such recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomasses. This study was therefore designed to systematically evaluate the improvement in nutritional value, the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and the rate and extent of in vitro total gas (IVGP) and methane (CH4) production during the 72 h in vitro ruminal fermentation of SCB, bioprocessed with Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus djamor, Calocybe indica and Pleurotus ostreatus under solid-state fermentation (SSF) for 0, 21 and 56 days. The contents of neutral detergent fiber, lignin, hemicellulose and CH4 production (% of IVGP) decreased (p < 0.05), whereas crude protein (CP), IVDMD and total IVGP increased (p < 0.05) after the treatment of SCB for 21 and 56 days with all white-rot fungi (WRF) species. The greatest (p < 0.05) improvement in CP (104.1%), IVDMD (38.8%) and IVGP (49.24%) and the greatest (p < 0.05) reduction in lignin (49.3%) and CH4 (23.2%) fractions in total IVGP were recorded for SCB treated with C. indica for 56 days. Notably, C. indica degraded more than (p < 0.05) lignin and caused greater (p < 0.05) improvement in IVDMD than those recorded for other WRF species after 56 days. The increase in IVGP was strongly associated with lignin degradation (R2 = 0.72) and a decrease in the lignin-to-cellulose ratio (R2 = 0.95) during the bioprocessing of SCB. Our results demonstrated that treatment of SCB with (selective) lignin-degrading WRF can improve the nutritional value and digestibility of SCB, and C. indica presents excellent prospects for the rapid, selective and more extensive degradation of lignin and, as such, for the improvement in nutritional value and digestibility of SCB for ruminant nutrition.

Abstract 1831: Reduction of PMN-MDSC level/activity following the consumption of white button mushroom in prostate cancer murine models and patients: A translational study to mitigate cancer progression

Abstract Frequent consumption of edible mushrooms, such as white button mushrooms (WBM), has been associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer [1]. Our laboratory at City of Hope has over 20 years of collective experience in defining the anticancer mechanisms of WBM [2, 3]. Previous studies have indicated that WBM consumption has anti-androgenic activities in prostate cancers in both preclinical models [4] and clinical trials [5]. In our first-in-human phase 1 trial on prostate cancer patients, we ensured the safety of consuming WBM in humans. In addition to observing a therapeutic-responsive decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) reduced in responders to WBM treatments [5]. These observations led us to hypothesize that WBM may mitigate the progression of prostate cancer in part by modulating the immune response. In the current study, we conducted translational research in syngeneic murine models and in prostate cancer patients from an ongoing phase 2 trial, aiming to define the immunomodulatory activity and mechanisms of WBM. We confirmed that WBM consumption in mouse models altered the number and function of immunosuppressive cells (MDSCs) and anti-tumor immune cells (T & NK cells), ultimately enhancing the intratumor and systemic immune responses. At a bulk-transcriptional level, we observed the elevated expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in xenograft tumors. In our single immune cell profiling of patients’ blood specimens following 3 months of WBM consumption in freeze-dried tablets form, we investigated the transcriptional landscape of circulating immune cells in response to WBM interventions. The level of circulating neutrophil-associated PMN-MDSCs decreased, and the remaining cells showed transcriptional profiles associated with "neutrophil chemotaxis", "leukocyte aggregation", and "regulation of inflammatory response", as functions associated with enhanced anti-tumor activity. Lastly, we also showed in a mouse model that WBM consumption synergistically enhances the anticancer activity of anti-PD1 drugs, indicating that WBM may be used as adjuvant therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In summary, our results from prostate cancer patients and murine models show the immunomodulatory effects of WBM consumption and provide a scientific foundation for the application of WBM in alleviating prostate cancer progression. References 1, Zhang S., et al. Int. J. Cancer. 2019; 146:2712-2720. 2, Chen S., et al. Cancer Res. 2006; 66:12026-12034. 3, Adams L.S., et al. Nutr. Cancer. 2008; 60:744-756. 4, Wang X., et al. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2021; 89:108580.5, Twardowski P., et al. Cancer. 2015; 121:2942-2950. Citation Format: Xiaoqiang Wang, Shoubao Ma, Przemyslaw Twardowski, Clayton Lau, Yin Chan, Kelly Wong, Jinhui Wang, Xiwei Wu, Paul Frankel, Timothy G. Wilson, Timothy W. Synold, Cary Presant, Jianhua Yu, Shiuan Chen. Reduction of PMN-MDSC level/activity following the consumption of white button mushroom in prostate cancer murine models and patients: A translational study to mitigate cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1831.

Enhancement of preference, catalytic activity and thermostability of polyphenol oxidase from Rosa Chinensis by semi-rational engineering

Improvement of activity and property in polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) by protein engineering may contribute to synthesis of theaflavin (TF1) in industrial processes. Here, the potential noncatalytic residues of PPO from Rosa chinensis (RcPPO) were selected by sequence alignment, structural analysis and surface residues prediction and the mutants were gained by semi-rational site-directed mutagenesis. Mutants L173F, A174K and N334I possessed 10.48, 9.74 and 7.13 times increases respectively in preference for diphenols over monophenols. Enzymatic activity, half-life at 40 and 50 °C of the most active mutant RcPPO-FKI increased to 2.67, 2.62 and 3.37 times respectively in comparison with wild type, implying that activity and thermostability of RcPPO through mutation were improved. The improvement of activity and thermostability in the mutant should be ascribed to more hydrogen bonds formed by the conserved catalytic histidine residues with substrate, reduced fluctuation of the loop regions and increased hydrogen network of the mutational amino acids, revealed by molecular dynamics simutation and molecular docking. Moreover, the yield of TF1 was improved by catalysis of mutant RcPPO-FKI with higher synthetic efficiency of TF1 in comparison with some reported catalysts and as a promising alternative to commercial mushroom tyrosinase. PPOs with enhanced performances provide the robust candidate for industrial application.

Modification of the allelofund of the Brown Swiss cattle breed during its improvement

Modification of the allelofund of the Brown Swiss cattle breed during its improvement

Fungal Carbon: A Cost-Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors.

Carbons form critical components in biogas purification and energy storage systems and are used to modify polymer matrices. The environmental impact of producing carbons has driven research interest in biomass-derived carbons, although these have yield, processing, and resource competition limitations. Naturally formed fungal filaments are investigated, which are abundantly available as food- and biotechnology-industry by-products and wastes as cost-effective and sustainable templates for carbon networks. Pyrolyzed Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii filament networks are mesoporous and microscale with a size regime close to carbon fibers. Their BET surface areas of ≈282 m2 g-1 and ≈60 m2 g-1, respectively, greatly exceed values associated with carbon fibers and non-activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose and approximately on par with values for carbon black and CNTs in addition to pyrolyzed pinewood, rice husk, corn stover or olive mill waste. They also exhibit greater specific capacitance than both non-activated and activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose in addition to YP-50F (coconut shell based) commercial carbons. The high surface area and specific capacitance of fungal carbon coupled with the potential to tune these properties through species- and growth-environment-associated differences in network and filament morphology and inclusion of inorganic material through biomineralization makes them potentially useful in creating supercapacitors.

An Integrated IoT Sensor-Camera System toward Leveraging Edge Computing for Smart Greenhouse Mushroom Cultivation

Industrial greenhouse mushroom cultivation is currently promising, due to the nutritious and commercial mushroom benefits and its convenience in adapting smart agriculture technologies. Traditional Device-Cloud protocol in smart agriculture wastes network resources when big data from Internet of Things (IoT) devices are directly transmitted to the cloud server without processing, delaying network connection and increasing costs. Edge computing has emerged to bridge these gaps by shifting partial data storage and computation capability from the cloud server to edge devices. However, selecting which tasks can be applied in edge computing depends on user-specific demands, suggesting the necessity to design a suitable Smart Agriculture Information System (SAIS) architecture for single-crop requirements. This study aims to design and implement a cost-saving multilayered SAIS architecture customized for smart greenhouse mushroom cultivation toward leveraging edge computing. A three-layer SAIS adopting the Device-Edge-Cloud protocol, which enables the integration of key environmental parameter data collected from the IoT sensor and RGB images collected from the camera, was tested in this research. Implementation of this designed SAIS architecture with typical examples of mushroom cultivation indicated that low-cost data pre-processing procedures including small-data storage, temporal resampling-based data reduction, and lightweight artificial intelligence (AI)-based data quality control (for anomalous environmental conditions detection) together with real-time AI model deployment (for mushroom detection) are compatible with edge computing. Integrating the Edge Layer as the center of the traditional protocol can significantly save network resources and operational costs by reducing unnecessary data sent from the device to the cloud, while keeping sufficient information.

Triple quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mediated evaluation of vitamin D2 accumulation potential, antioxidant capacities, and total polyphenol content of white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis Berk.)

ABSTRACT Tremella fuciformis Berk. (TF), or the white jelly mushroom, is well known for its myriad of pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant activities, and hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects that boost human health. Most of the studies of TF are concentrated on its polysaccharide (glucuronoxylomannan) composition, which is responsible for its pharmacological as well as rheological properties. It is well established that mushrooms are a great source of dietary vitamin D due to the presence of ergosterol in their cell membrane. There is a lack of published data on TF as a source of vitamin D2. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the vitamin D2 composition of the fruiting bodies of TF using triple quadrupole liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/QQQ). The results showed highest vitamin D2 content (292.02 µg/g dry weight) in the sample irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB; 310 nm) for 180 min as compared with the control group (52.47 µg/g dry weight) (P ≤ 0.001). The results showed higher accumulation potential of vitamin D2 in TF as compared with published data available for other extensively studied culinary mushrooms, such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cordiceps militaris, and Calocybe indica. Moreover, the impact of UV treatment on antioxidant capacities and total polyphenol content of TF was also studied. The accumulation potential of vitamin D in TF reveals a novel commercial source for this nutrient.

Evaluation of Sample Size Influence on Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Flours Obtained from Mushroom Stems Coproducts.

The mushroom industry generates large amounts of stem co-product. This is generated after mushroom harvest; stems are attached to the growth substratum, and their only use has traditionally been as compost. In this study, we investigated extensively for the first time this co-product and the influence of sample size (L->0.510 mm; LI-0.510-0.315 mm; SI-0.315-0.180 mm; S-<0.180 mm) on the characterization and antioxidant activity of flours obtained from stem co-products of Agaricus bisporus (ABSF) and Pleurotus ostreatus (POSF). ABSF was rich in protein (14 g/100 g), calcium (428.23-700.77 mg/100 g), and sorbitol (22.57-26.60 g/100 g), while POSF was rich in β-glucans (36.62-40.34 g/100 g) and linoleic acid (20.57-39.86 g/100 g of lipid). Both species were flush in amino acids and had an umami flavour. ABSF showed more elevated values for emulsifying activity than POSF. The S sizes were highlighted for their yield, hydration properties, and oil holding capacity. Furthermore, ABSF-S exhibited heightened antioxidant capacity in vitro, in consonance with the total phenolic compounds observed (0.91 mg/g). However, the antioxidant assays in POSF presented a positive correlation with β-glucan content. Our study suggests that these co-products could have several food-related applications, such as potential for use as an emulsifier, sweetener, or fortifier in the development of functional food, owing to their rich concentrations of fibre, protein, sorbitol, and β-glucans. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the interactions of the flours with the potential food matrix prior to proceeding further with food-related applications.

The A1/A2 β-casein genotype of cows, but not their horn status, influences peptide generation during simulated digestion of milk

The effect of the horn status of cows on their milk composition and quality is a controversial research topic. In this study, 128 milk samples from 64 horned and 64 disbudded Brown Swiss and Original Braunvieh cows were collected from alpine farms where both horned and disbudded cows were grazing on mountain pastures. The samples were analyzed for their detailed composition and protein digestion in a simulated in vitro digestion (INFOGEST). To exclude probable influences on digestion, the β-CN genotype with its variants A1 and A2 was also included in the study. The effects of horn status and β-CN genotype were investigated in linear mixed models, which included additional influencing random factors such as Original Braunvieh blood proportion, stage of lactation, and farm. Horn status did not have any effect on milk composition or digestion. In contrast, milk from A1A1 cows showed a different protein digestion than milk of A1A2 and A2A2 cows in the gastric phase, including smaller amounts of β-casomorphin(BCM)21-associated peptides and larger amounts of BCM11-associated peptides. Abundances of BCM7 did not differ between β-CN genotypes. At the end of the intestinal phase, the digested milk of A1A1 and A2A2 β-CN genotypes did not differ.

Preparation and characterization of TiO2 photocatalyst films and their application for preservation of Agaricus bisporus in combination with blue-violet LEDs

This study aims to prepare and characterize non-metallic nitrogen-modified titanium dioxide (N–TiO2), film and expand its photocatalytic excitation wavelength to the visible blue-violet region. The film uses corn starch as a carrier. It is combined with blue-violet LED light to explore the effect of this combination on the quality of Agaricus bisporus during storage. This study found that the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of the corn starch film with nano-TiO2 added were improved; the effect of adding N–TiO2 was more pronounced; the tensile strength increased by 65% while the water contact angle increased by 11%. In the application of A. bisporus storage, the film combined with blue-violet LED light can slow down the loss of moisture, reduce the respiratory rate, delay the appearance of the respiratory peak, and maintain the color and hardness of A. bisporus. After 15 d of storage, compared to the control group, the hardness decreased by 69%, browning index (BI) increased by 221%, the CS-N group hardness decreased by only 23%, and the BI increased by 89%. Under blue-violet LED light, the accumulation of secondary metabolites in A. bisporus increased, and the polyphenol content also showed an increasing trend during storage.

Quantifying the potential renal acid load of edible mushrooms

The capability of any food to alter net endogenous acid or base production can be estimated using the potential renal acid load (PRAL) estimation method. The PRAL of edible mushrooms has been rarely examined; thus a quantification study of n = 37 edible mushroom species was performed. Results revealed a heterogeneous picture: although the most commonly consumed mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus (white)) have alkalizing properties, several acidifying species (Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus flabellatus) were identified, which may be attributable to their high phosphorus content.

Compost Filling Methods Affect Green Mold Disease Incidence in Commercial Mushrooms.

Green mold (Trichoderma aggressivum) is an invasive disease of commercial mushrooms introduced into the United States from Europe that now has spread to commercial mushrooms throughout North America. We examined potential sources of invasive green mold inoculum and the association with different compost filling technologies on a large actively producing commercial mushroom farm. Green mold foci were sampled bed by bed, which generated 20,906 data points. Logistic regression was used to determine treatment differences. Mechanical filling of compost into the beds reduced green mold incidence over hand filling, apparently due to the reduced incidence of worker contact with the floor and between beds. Lower growing beds located closer to the floor had a higher incidence of green mold for both mechanical and hand-filled beds. We conclude that mechanical filling and generally reducing contact with the floor and between beds will reduce spread of green mold in commercial mushroom production.

EFFICACY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Penecillium sp. CAUSING MUSHROOM MOLD UNDER IN VITRO CONDITION

Mushrooms are nutritive and medicinal foods; Oyster and button are the very important mushrooms being grown at various farms, localities etc. Varieties of fungal contaminants limit the mycelium growth of the button mushroom as well as others in the substrate and affecting its yield. In this study, it was determined the Penecillium sp is the major mold affecting the yield of the Oyster mushroom. Furthermore In-Vitro experiment was carried out for management of mushroom against Penecillium sp. Essential oils viz., cinnamon oil, coconut oil, Neem oil and rose oil were used at various concentrations (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) against Penecillium sp. All the essential oils showed impressive results, among all treatments Neem oil showed high reduction of colony growth of Penecillium sp. followed by coconut oil, Rose oil and Cinnamon oil. All the data was statically analyzed.

Biogenic Synthesis of MgNOPs: A Revolutionary Frontier in Biomedical Advancements

At present, nanotechnology is developing at exponential rate because of its widespread applications in biomedical field. Traditionally, nanoparticles are fabricated through variety of physical and chemical approaches but because of their limited efficiency in life sciences, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has gained much attention. Biogenically fabricated MgONPs possess unique features that enabled their use in therapeutics and environmental biotechnology. Biogenically MgONPs can be fabricated by employing plant extracts (Manihot esculenta, Rhizophora lamarckii, Ocimum sanctum, Rosemary, Aloe vera, Orange, Artemisia abrotanum, Neem, Bauhinia purpurea), bacteria (S. coelicolor, A. johnsonii RTN), fungi (Aspergillus flavus TFR-12, Aspergillus brasiliensis TFR 2, white-button mushroom’s) and algae (S. whigti). These biogenically synthesized MgONPs are being reported as anti-fungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. Moreover, their photocatalytic activity is being discovered against certain organic dyes. This review focuses on biogenic synthesis of MgONPs, their applications in therapeutics and as antimicrobial agents as well as future prospects associated with their application in biomedical field.

Association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LPIN1 gene with milk production traits in cows of the Yaroslavl breed.

Lipin-1 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of proteins and is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. On the one hand, lipin-1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus participates in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of storage lipids in the cell, membrane phospholipids, and intracellular signaling molecules. On the other hand, lipin-1 is able to be transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and is a coactivator of lipid metabolism gene transcription. It was shown, using the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations, that the lipin-1 coding gene (LPIN1) is a promising candidate gene for milk production traits in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. However, it is unclear how much of its effect depends on the breed. The Yaroslavl dairy cattle breed was created in the 18-19 centuries in Russia by breeding northern Great Russian cattle, which were short and poor productive, but well adapted to local climatic conditions and bad food base. It was shown by whole genome genotyping and sequencing that the Yaroslavl breed has unique genetics compared to Russian and other cattle breeds. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of alleles and genotypes of three SNPs in the LPIN1 gene and to study the association of these SNPs with milk production traits in Yaroslavl cows. Blood samples from 142 cows of the Yaroslavl breed were obtained from two farms in the Yaroslavl region. Genotyping of SNPs was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Associations of SNPs with 305-day milk yield, fat yield, fat percentages, protein yield, and protein percentages were studied from the first to the fourth lactation. Statistical tests were carried out using a mixed linear model, taking into account the relationship between individuals. We identified three SNPs - rs110871255, rs207681322 and rs109039955 with a frequency of a rare allele of 0.042-0.261 in Yaroslavl cows. SNP rs110871255 was associated with fat yield during the third and fourth lactations. SNP rs207681322 was associated with milk yield for the second, third and fourth lactations, as well as protein yield for the third lactation. Thus, we identified significant associations of SNPs rs207681322 and rs110871255 in the LPIN1 gene with a number of milk production traits during several lactations in Yaroslavl cows.

Dietary supplementation of Agaricus bisporus by-products on development, egg production, egg quality, and antioxidant capacity of yolk in laying quails

Abstract The effect of dietary supplementation with Agaricus bisporus mushrooms powder (ABP) from byproducts on the development, egg production, egg quality, and antioxidant yolk capacity of Japanese laying quail was assessed. A total of 100 female quails 20-week-old were allotted to 5 treatments (5 replications, 4 females each) and received a basal diet supplemented with six graded levels of ABP (0 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, 5.0 g/kg, 7.5 g/kg and 10.0 g/kg) according to ABP0, ABP25, ABP50, ABP75, and ABP100 groups for 70 days. The results indicated no adverse impact (P&gt;0.05) of dietary ABP on production performance and egg internal quality. A quadratic effect was described for egg-breaking strength (P&lt;0.05) and eggshell thickness (P&lt;0.01), showing the highest values at a dose of 7.5 g/kg ABP. Compared to the control, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) yolk reduction was higher (quadratic) in the 5.0 g/kg ABP diet (P&lt;0.001), while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased linearly in all groups fed with ABP (P&lt;0.001) as compared to the control group. The results suggest that the eggs from ABP quails could have an added value that would improve their marketability. The favourable findings of the current research demonstrate that including mushroom by-products in animal feed could reduce animal feed costs and reduce environmental damage.

Incubation period of axenic shiitake (Lentinula edodes L.) blocks

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the most produced mushroom in the world and has a long incubation period, which precedes the productive phase, being the only mushroom produced in axenic blocks, which, after completing the mycelial colonization, initiates the maturation of the mycelium forming a brown cover. Many producers are told that when they find contaminated blocks in their production, they must discard them immediately. On the other hand, producers report that over the fruiting period, some blocks contaminate more than others. The objective of this work is to identify the best incubation period for productivity and occurrence of contaminants. Incubation periods of 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 days were tested. Production precocity, productivity and biological efficiency, average number and mass of mushrooms, brown cap formation area, number of points of contamination and identification of contaminant species were evaluated. The results obtained show that the best incubation period was 70 days.

Elemental Composition of A Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and Some Wild Mushroom Species

In the study, a cultivation mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and some wild mushroom species (Schizophyllum commune, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lactarius deliciosus, Hebeloma sinapizans, Hygrophorus ligatus, Suillus luteus, Armillaria mellea, Coprinus comatus, Psathyrella candolleana, Russula torulosa, Trametes pubescens) were investigated in terms of elemental compositions. The wild mushroom species were collected from Trabzon province. Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, I, Hf, Hg, Pb metal concentrations were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) device. The highest aliminium, silicium, vanadium, zirconium, iron and mercury were determined in Lactarius deliciosus. The highest potassium, arsenic, rubidium, iodine contents were determined in Hebeloma sinapizans. The highest manganese, zinc, lead contents were determined in Hygrophorus ligatus. The highest magnesium, chromium, nickel, yttrium contents were determined in Coprinus comatus. The highest titanium and selenium were determined in Psathyrella candolleana. The highest calcium and strontium were determined in Russula torulosa. The highest hafnium was determined in Schizophyllum commune. The highest phosphate was determined in Agaricus bisporus. The highest sulphur was determined in Armilleria mella. The highest copper was determined in Suillus lutesus. It was concluded that elemental composition of mushrooms was affected especially by mushroom specie.