White Blood Cell Concentrations Research Articles

Erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) can correct anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients; however, up to 10% exhibit resistance or hyporesponsiveness to EPO. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), prevalent liver disease in CKD patients, may limit EPO response because of thrombopoietin deficiency, iron homeostasis disorder and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized NAFLD is a risk factor for EPO responsiveness. To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the effect of EPO in healthy rats and rats with NAFLD induced by a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet. After 12 weeks on the HFHC diet, NAFLD rats showed lower erythroid response to EPO treatment than healthy rats. We, then, determined that the primary cause of EPO hyporesponsiveness could be iron deficiency associated with inflammation, which reduces erythroid cell production. Specifically, the concentrations of hepcidin, ferritin, transferrin and white blood cells in NAFLD rats were 12.8-, 16.4-, 2.51- and 1.40-fold higher than those in healthy rats, respectively. However, erythroid cell types in the bone marrow of NAFLD rats were significantly reduced. In conclusion, our data suggest that NAFLD could be a risk factor for EPO responsiveness, which is attributed to functional iron deficiency associated with inflammation.

Dawadawa and Kantong Additives Improve the Growth and Health of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of condiment on the growth and hematology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), stocked at 15 fish per tank with an initial average weight of 3.11±0.25 g for 8 weeks in twelve 55 m2 circular tanks. Three experimental diets, such as Dawadawa, Kantong, and Dawakan additives, and a control diet were studied in triplicate in this trial. The growth performance and feed utilization showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the dietary treatments with SGR in the additives treatment, which ranged between 3.77±0.61 and 4.31±0.09, which was higher than the control treatment (3.69±0.63). The FCR of additive diets ranged between 1.55±0.00 and 1.65±1.0 and was lower compared to the control diet (1.67±0.00). The concentrations of white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin (P≤0.05) observed in the control group were lower compared to the group with an enhanced additives diet showing the best blood parameters. All in all, the fish-fed Dawadawa additive showed the best growth and health among treatments. There is, however, a need for further studies to observe the effect of the condiment on a challenged fish.

135 Effects of intratesticular injectable zinc as an alternative castration method compared to banding one week post weaning in beef bulls: effects on health, inflammation, behavior, and growth during the backgrounding period

Abstract Castration is a widely practiced management strategy that results in temporary pain with adverse effects on growth performance. Therefore, humane alternatives must be investigated. Male beef calves (n = 81) were stratified by weaning weight and allocated to 1 of 8 pens. Pens were assigned randomly to treatment: 1) banded (B; n = 42) or 2) a 1 mL intratesticular Zn (100 mg Zn) injection (Z; n = 39). Two pens from each treatment were selected for blood collection (B, n = 22; Z, n = 19); the alternative pens were assigned to behavior measurements (5 calves/pen; B, n = 10; Z, n = 10). Behavior data were collected for 1 wk post-castration using accelerometers (HOBOware Lite software). Blood was collected daily on d 0 through d 7 post-castration, and every 28 d for the remainder of the backgrounding phase for complete blood cell counts, serum haptoglobin (Hp), and serum testosterone. Testicular width and BW were also measured. All blood and growth parameters were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS while GLIMMIX was used for behavioral analysis. Body weights did not differ due to treatment throughout the 140-d backgrounding phase (P ≥ 0.39). Overall ADG was greater for Z calves compared with B calves (P = 0.05). Serum testosterone concentrations were greater in Z calves compared with B calves throughout the 140-d trial (P ≤ 0.02). Testicular width in Z calves peaked numerically on d 3 and declined to baseline measurements by d 113 (P = 0.67). Intratesticular Zn castrated calves spent more time lying flat on their side compared with B calves 1 d post-castration (P = 0.03) until d 3 and 4 where B calves spent more time lying on their side compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.02). Banded calves spent more time standing the first 2 d post-castration compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.01). On d 3, 4, 5, and 6, Z calves spent more time standing (P ≤ 0.01) while B calves spent more time laying on their sternum (P ≤ 0.03). Banded calves had decreased Hp concentrations on d 1, 2, 3, 7, and 28 compared with Z calves (P ≤ 0.01). Total white blood cell concentrations, both proportion and concentration of neutrophils, and proportion of lymphocytes were greater in Z calves compared with B calves on d 1, 2, and 3 (P ≤ 0.01). Although growth performance was not hindered by the Zn intratesticular injection castration method, it did cause behaviors indicative of pain and resulted in an acute inflammatory and immune response compared with banded calves. Therefore, castrating with an intratesticular injection of Zn may not be a sufficient alternative to conventional methods.

Effects of Designed Herbal Formula on Growth Performance, Blood Indices, Organ Traits, and Cecum Microbiology in Broilers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the designed herbal formula (DHF) on growth performance, blood indices, organ traits, and cecum microbiology in broilers. A total of 96 male broilers of 1 d were selected and randomly assigned to two groups with six replicates of eight broilers each. The control (CON) and the basal diet containing 1.0% DHF (Astragali radix, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus, and Citri reticulatae pericarpium, 2:1:1:2) were fed separately. The experiment was conducted for 35 days. The results showed that the DHF diet increased body weight and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). At 21 days, the spleen, thymus, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes were increased (p < 0.05), and pancreas, duodenum, heterophils, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased (p < 0.05). At 35 days, the heart, pancreas, white blood cell, heterophils, hemoglobin, MCH and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were decreased, while lymphocytes and middle cells were increased (p < 0.05). The results of microbial diversity analysis showed that the DHF diet decreased the microbial diversity of the cecum. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, where the DHF diet increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and then decreased the relative abundance of Shigella sonnei. In conclusion, DHF played a positive role in improving the growth performance, immune performance, and relative abundance of Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in cecum microbiology in broilers, and has the potential to be used as a novel feed additive.

Usefulness of platelet-rich fibrin as a scaffold for meniscal repair: A non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study

BackgroundAlthough regenerative medicine treatment is still in its infancy in Japan, legislation within the past decade has provided opportunities to explore new treatment methods using regenerative medicine. We conducted a 2-year prospective follow-up study to statistically analyze treatment outcomes using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as effective scaffolds in meniscal repair.Questions/Purposes.1. Does the use of PRF and PRP for meniscal repair surgery regenerate the meniscus?2. Does augmentation of meniscal repair with PRF effectively improve knee function outcomes? MethodsThirty-five patients underwent arthroscopic meniscal repair with PRP and PRF using new devices with all-inside techniques. Among these, 31 patients were evaluated for clinical outcomes postoperatively, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were evaluated. The variables were coded appropriately by creating a new column based on the Kellgren–Lawrence classification over time. Log transformation of different time points (pre, post 6, 12, or 24 months) in relation to Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), and Tegner scores were performed. Follow-up arthroscopy using a needle scope was performed in some cases 2 years later. The PRP and PRF used were characterized using the Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopaedics classification. ResultsOverall, 31 patients were evaluated (mean age = 39.1 ± 15.7 years; preoperative rehabilitation period = 9.5 ± 7.7 weeks). The PRP had mean platelet and white blood cell concentrations of approximately 5.5- and 3.6-fold, respectively. A significant association existed between sex and deformity deterioration but not in age between the two groups classified by deformity deterioration. Surgical intervention significantly and positively impacted knee function, although no significant changes were found in the activity of the participants over time. MRI findings showed no regeneration of the repaired meniscus; nevertheless, none of them worsened. Furthermore, a case where the traumatic cartilage defect was covered with fibrocartilage-like tissue as a secondary finding was observed. ConclusionsMeniscal repair surgery using PRP/PRF is an effective treatment option for improving knee function in patients with knee deformity. Level of evidenceLevel III, Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study.

Risk of treatment-altering haematological toxicity and its dependence on bone marrow doses in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy

BackgroundPeptide receptor radionuclide therapy is effective in treating neuroendocrine tumours, but treatment may be limited by kidney and bone marrow toxicity. In this work, the absorbed dose burden to the bone marrow was estimated using image-based dosimetry and its potential use for predicting treatment-altering toxicity was studied. Peripheral blood samples taken before and after 229 treatments with 177Lu-DOTATATE in 59 patients were studied. In connection to the treatments, a total of 940 blood sample occasions provided data on white blood cell, neutrophil granulocyte, platelet, erythrocyte and haemoglobin concentrations. SPECT/CT image data were collected at two or three time points after each treatment. Absorbed doses to bone marrow were calculated from the activity concentration in a metastasis-free lumbar vertebra. The rate of delayed and aborted treatments was analysed based on medical records.ResultsThe average absorbed dose to the bone marrow was 0.42 Gy (median 0.33 Gy, SD 0.27 Gy) per treatment. Dose–response relationships between white blood cells, neutrophil granulocytes and haemoglobin concentrations were observed, most prominently at 31–45 days after each treatment. The correlations were stronger in patients with skeletal metastases. The rates of haematological toxicity-related delays and aborted treatments were 6% and 12%, respectively. None of the studied bone marrow dosimetric parameters could clearly predict treatment-related toxicity. However, patients with skeletal metastases had higher risk of treatment-altering toxicity (odds ratio = 6.0).ConclusionsTreatment-altering haematological toxicity in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is relatively rare and appears difficult to fully predict from post-therapeutic image-based dosimetry. However, for patients with skeletal metastases, the haematological dose–response relationships are stronger. Future studies may focus on this patient group, to further investigate the usefulness of dosimetry in predicting decreases in blood values.

Ascorbic Acid Protects Bone Marrow from Oxidative Stress and Transient Elevation of Corticosterone Caused by X-ray Exposure in Akr1a-Knockout Mice.

Bone marrow cells are the most sensitive to exposure to X-rays in the body and are selectively damaged even by doses that are generally considered permissive in other organs. Ascorbic acid (Asc) is a potent antioxidant that is reported to alleviate damages caused by X-ray exposure. However, rodents can synthesize Asc, which creates difficulties in rigorously assessing its effects in such laboratory animals. To address this issue, we employed mice with defects in their ability to synthesize Asc due to a genetic ablation of aldehyde reductase (Akr1a-KO). In this study, concentrations of white blood cells (WBCs) were decreased 3 days after exposure to X-rays at 2 Gy and then gradually recovered. At approximately one month, the recovery rate of WBCs was delayed in the Akr1a-KO mouse group, which was reversed via supplementation with Asc. Following exposure to X-rays, Asc levels decreased in plasma, bone marrow cells, and the liver during an early period, and then started to increase. X-ray exposure stimulated the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulated corticosterone secretion. Asc released from the liver, which was also stimulated by ACTH, appeared to be recruited to the bone marrow. Since corticosterone in high doses is injurious, these collective results imply that Asc protects bone marrow via its antioxidant capacity against ROS produced via exposure to X-rays and the cytotoxic action of transiently elevated corticosterone.

Maxillary sinus surgery and use of fibrin-rich plasma: a systematic review

Introduction: In around 25% of all maxillary sinuses, there is an accessory bone that is located in a lower portion than the main ostium, and all the mucus produced and the particles trapped in this mucus are directed through the ciliary beat to the ostium. When a dental element is lost in the posterior region of the maxilla, there is natural reabsorption of the alveolar process and at the same time, pneumatization of the maxillary sinus occurs. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to elucidate the main clinical approaches to the use of fibrin-rich plasma in the bone regeneration process in maxillary sinus surgeries. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from October to December 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 115 articles were found, 40 articles were evaluated in full and 25 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 25 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies did not show homogeneity in their results, with X2=55.5%&lt;50%. It was concluded that to improve osseointegration and bone anchorage, surface modifications can be chemical, such as calcium phosphate (Ca-P), or physical impregnation, being related to the microtopography of the implant. Several variables affect the biological activity of FRP preparations, such as the number of centrifuges used, centrifugation speed, and other protocols that result in preparations with various volumes, platelet numbers, amount of growth factors, and concentration of fundamental white blood cells and erythrocytes. Some researchers recommend avoiding tissue exposure to FRP-containing leukocytes, arguing that an inflammatory reaction may occur. On the other hand, other authors have described beneficial effects due to increased immunological and antibacterial resistance, although there is no clinical evidence to support its effect. FRP has gained prominence in the scientific community because it does not require the addition of an activator or anticoagulant, making the product more autologous, and featuring a fibrin network that protects growth factors, keeping them in place for longer.

Effects of Different Aquafeed Sources on Growth Performance, Oxidative Capacity, and Fatty Acid Profile of Three Carps Reared in the Semi-Intensive Composite Culture System.

The current experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of different aquafeeds (farm-made versus commercial) on growth, body composition, oxidative capacity, and fatty acid profile in the semi-intensive composite culture system. For this, 1,100 fingerlings/acre having initial body weight and length, Labeo rohita (61.34 g, 171 mm), Catla catla (71.45 g, 181 mm), and Cyprinus carpio (30.80 g, 91 mm) were randomly distributed to 16 ponds and randomly fed on eight different diets (n = 2 pond/diet) in a completely randomized research design. Aquafeed were farm-based diets (D1-D2) and commercial aquafeed (D3-D8). The farm-made diets contained various crude protein levels of maize gluten (24.9%) and rice polish (7.3%), whereas commercial diets were procured from commercial feed plants (AMG, Supreme, Aqua, Star Floating, Hi-Pro, and Punjab feed). The growth performance of carps (L. rohita and C. catla) was significantly improved (p < 0.05) by feeding D3 as compared to other diets. Similarly, white blood cell concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in all species fed by D3 than in those fed on D7, D8, D5, D6, D1, and D2 fed groups, respectively. Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine phosphatase activities were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the D3-fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio compared with those fed on the rest of the treatments. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also higher (p < 0.05) for the D3 fed L. rohita, C. catla, and C. carpio than those fed on the rest diets. The groups fed on D3 and D4 had greater (p < 0.05) concentrations of myristic (14), palmitic acid (16), and stearic (18) acids than those fed on the rest of the commercial diets. However, meat chemical composition was similar (p > 0.05) across the treatments. These results also prove that the increase in the dietary protein level and lipid content can improve the fish's body's crude protein and fat levels. Feeding D3 improved the production performance, oxidative status, and fatty acid profile in composite major carps culture systems. Thus, based on growth, survival, and body composition, it is concluded that D3 and D4 may be recommended for a commercial culture of major carps. Dietary treatments had no significant impact (p > 0.05) on water's physical-chemical properties. Calcium content and alkalinity varied (p < 0.05), with D5 showing the lowest calcium and the highest alkalinity.

Effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides on inflammation, lung health, and performance of calves

Our objective was to determine the effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on lung health and performance. Three hundred male Holstein-Friesian calves aged 18.0 ± 3.6 d received 1 of 6 treatments for 8.5 wk (period 1). Treatments included a negative control (CON), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) administered as a spray via the nose once daily (SPR), GOS administered via the milk replacer (MR) at 1% (GOS-L) and 2% (GOS-H), fructo-oligosaccharides administered via the MR at 0.25% (FOS) and a combination of GOS and fructo-oligosaccharides administered via the MR at 1% and 0.25%, respectively (GOS-FOS). Milk replacer was fed twice daily. Feeding levels were equal between calves and increased progressively in time. Body weight was measured every 4 wk and clinical health was scored weekly. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected bi-weekly from a subset of calves (n = 120). After period 1, all calves received the same control MR for 18 wk until slaughter (period 2), during which general performance and clinical health were measured. Generally, infection pressure was high, with clinical scores and BALF proinflammatory TNFα concentrations increasing with time in period 1, which resulted in a high number of required group antimicrobial treatments (6 group antimicrobial treatments in 13 wk, supplied to all calves). Average daily gain adjusted to equal solid feed intake was increased for GOS-L (+61 g/d) compared with CON calves from experimental wk 1 to 5. Plasma white blood cell concentration tended to be lowered by GOS-L, plasma IL-8 concentration was reduced by all orally supplemented NDO, plasma IL-6 was reduced by all NDO treatments except GOS-FOS and plasma IL-1β was reduced by all NDO treatments compared with CON, although this differed per time point for SPR. The neutrophil percentage in BALF was reduced by GOS-L in wk 6, which was associated with a relative increase in macrophages. The BALF concentration of TNFα and IL-8 was reduced or tended to be reduced by GOS-L and GOS-H, while IL-6 was or tended to be reduced by SPR, GOS-L, GOS-H, and GOS-FOS, and IL-1β was reduced by SPR, GOS-L, GOS-H, and FOS. Generally, feeding the combination of GOS and FOS was not more effective than feeding GOS or FOS alone, because feeding GOS-FOS resulted in higher concentrations of plasma and BALF cytokine and chemokine concentrations compared with feeding GOS-L alone, and resulted in higher plasma cytokine concentrations compared with feeding FOS alone. None of the BALF and plasma cytokine or chemokine concentrations differed between the GOS-L and GOS-H treatment. Performance and clinical scores in period 2 did not differ among treatments. Altogether, all tested NDO reduced systemic and lung inflammation in calves under high natural infection pressure and for GOS-fed calves, this increased performance during the first 4 wk. Combining GOS and FOS did not have a synergistic effect. The intranasal administration of GOS also lowered systemic and lung inflammation, but tended to negatively affect performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of NDO to alleviate systemic and respiratory inflammation in calves.

The Effect of Different Levels of Wild Reeds(Saccharum spontaneum) with Concentrated Fodder on some Physical and Biochemical Blood Parameters of Local Iraqi Lambs

This experiment determined the best ratio of fortified and unsupported dried reed with urea in a concentrated feed mixture to maximize production and minimize cost. About 24 Iraqi lambs (17.27 ± 0.54) aged 3-4 months were used in this study, which lasted for 90 days in the farms of the Production Department of the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit from 9/19/2022 to 12/17/2022. Lambs were fed at 3% of body weight on diets of different content of wild reeds fortified and unfortified with urea mixed in the form of 8 mm pellets with concentrated fodder (black barley, wheat bran, yellow corn) and Which was divided into six treatments, the first three were without urea in the following ratios: 60 reed:40 concentrate, 40 reed : 60 concentrate and 50 reed:50 concentrate. As for the second three treatments, they contained the same proportions as the first three treatments with 3% urea from the weight of roughage feed. The results showed high statistically significant differences (P≤0.01) differences between the treatments with regard to the physical blood characteristics. The hematocrit was significantly superior in the sixth treatment at (P≤0.01) compared with the other treatments, as it was 43.57 ± 0.16% while the first treatment was the lowest among the treatments, as it was 37.95 ± 0.10 %. As for hemoglobin concentration, the third treatment was significantly higher at (P≤0.01), superior to all experimental treatments. There were significant differences in the total number of red blood cells at (P≤0.01) for the sixth treatment 14.50 ± 0.04 × 106 / ml, which was the highest compared to the rest of the treatments. There is a significant superiority at (p≤0.01) in the concentration of white blood cells in favor of the sixth treatment (8.67 ± 0.17 × 103 / ml) over the third treatment (6.65 ± 0.06 × 103 / ml) and the other treatments. As for blood biochemical characteristics, the sixth treatment was Significantly higher at (p≤0.01) in the concentration of total protein and albumin (5.90 ± 0.04 and 3.85 ± 0.02) g / dL, respectively. As for the concentration of serum globulin, the first, fourth and sixth treatments were significantly superior at (p≤0.01) over the rest. The concentration of triglycerides in the sixth treatment was 75.92 ± 0.18 mg/dL, significantly superior at (p≤0.01) over the first treatment (72.47 ± 0.19 mg/dL) which was the least significant and over the rest of the treatments, the blood glucose concentration in The sixth treatment was significantly superior at (P≤0.01) over all treatments of the experiment, and the second treatment was the lowest, and the concentration of blood urea at the sixth treatment was significantly affected at (P≤0.01) as it was 35.37 ± 0.16 mg / dL, followed by the third and fifth treatment The sixth treatment was highly significant at (P≤0.01) over the rest of the experimental treatments. As for the creatinine concentration, it was 1.67 ± 0.08 mg / dL, followed by the fifth treatment and the rest of the treatments. We conclude from the results of the experiment that providing a diet consisting of concentrated fodder and rough fodder from wild reeds at a ratio of 50/50 gives very good results in the physical and biochemical properties of lambs blood at a lower economic cost per kilogram produced, especially when urea is added to the fodder provided to lambs.

Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Composition of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Biodegraded Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel

Aims: To determine the nutrient digestibility and blood composition of broiler chickens fed biodegraded sweet orange fruit peel-based diets.&#x0D; Study Design: Completely randomized design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Livestock Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria; fifty-six days&#x0D; Methodology: Sweet orange peels and cattle rumen content were collected. Rumen content was mixed with water at a ratio 1 kg: 1 litre and sieved to get rumen filtrate (RF). RF was mixed with Sweet orange peels at a ratio of 1 litre: 2.5 kg and fermented for 48 hours, sun-dried, milled, and added to broiler diets at different levels: 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4), and 20% (T5). A total of 150 day-old chicks, randomly assigned to five dietary treatments and three replicates per treatment were raised in a 56-day feeding trial. Three chickens of average live body weight similar to the treatment group average were selected and used to determine nutrient digestibility and blood composition.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the coefficient of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen-free-extract did not differ significantly (P &gt; .05) among the treatment groups. Haematological indices; haemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), did not differ significantly (P &gt; .05) across the dietary groups, while white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varied significantly (P &lt; .05). Serum indices; total protein (TP), globulin, glucose, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly affected (P &lt; .05) by the experimental diets, while albumin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase did not differ significantly (P &lt; .05) across the dietary groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Biodegraded sweet orange peel-based diets can replace maize grains up to 20% without affecting nutrient digestibility or having any adverse effect on blood constituents of broiler chickens.

124 Investigating the Role of Soybean Meal and its Innate Bioactive Compounds on Nursery Pig Systemic Health, Inflammatory Markers, and Gastrointestinal Physiology

Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) inclusion is reduced in young pig diets due to antinutritional factors that may negatively impact performance and gut function. However, when SBM is fed to grower pigs under disease or environmental stress, health may improve through modulation of immunity. Presently it is unknown if a parallel effect will be realized in nursery pigs. Therefore, the experimental objective was to examine the role of SBM and its bioactive compounds on nursery pig gastrointestinal physiology, systemic health, and inflammatory markers. Two replications of 18 barrows (8.12 ± 0.80 kg BW; PIC800×Camborough), were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: a high SBM positive control (SBMC; 28.6%), a negative control void of SBM (SP), but included soy protein isolate and concentrate to provide amino acids equivalent to SBM in SBMC; SP formulated to similar contribution and composition of isoflavones as SBMC (SP+ISO; 528 mg/kg of soy-isoflavones); SP diet fortified with soybean lecithin and phytosterols at similar concentrations to SBMC (SP+LIP; 2.85 g/kg of functional lipids); SP formulated to an equivalent ratio of insoluble to soluble fiber as SBM in SBMC (SP+FIB; 30 g/kg of soy fiber); or SP diet fortified with lunasin-peptide at 3.81 g/kg (SP+LUN). Pigs were individually housed, and limit-fed 2.5 times maintenance for a metabolism study consisting of a 6-d adaptation period, followed by 72-h of urine and fecal collections, and a 12-h lactulose:mannitol test. On d 11, whole blood and serum were collected before feeding, and at 2, 5, and 24 h post-feeding via jugular-venipuncture. Serum was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Hematology was measured on whole blood. On d 12, pigs were necropsied for intestinal tissues collection. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with treatment as a fixed effect, replicate as a random effect, and initial BW as a covariate where appropriate. A dependent covariance structure was used for repeated measurements (Table 1). Pigs fed either SBMC or SP+LIP had greater mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit % (P = 0.027). Relative to the SP diet, pigs fed SP+LIP tended to have 11.4% greater hemoglobin concentrations (P=0.086). Circulating total white blood cells (WBC) were 21.2% and 22.6% less in pigs fed SBMC and SP+ISO diet, respectively, relative to SP (P = 0.002). Similarly, SBMC and SP+ISO had reduced neutrophil counts (P = 0.043). Relative to SP, SBMC, SP+ISO, and SP+FIB tended to have increased systemic TAC (P=0.086). Pigs fed either SBMC or SPC+ISO had over a 2-fold increase in the TAC of the jejunum, relative to SP (P = 0.039), but those fed SPC+FIB had increased TAC in the ileum and reduced MDA (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, SBM and its isoflavones altered WBC concentrations. Whereas, SBM functional lipids may alter red blood cells, and SBM fiber modulated oxidative status.

Nutritional Status of Children with Newly Diagnosed Food Allergies.

Most published pediatric guidelines on food allergy highlight the importance of nutritional counseling and dietary adequacy to avoid either growth retardation or nutritional deficiencies. The aim of the study was an assessment of the nutritional status of children with IgE-mediated food allergies. 45 patients with newly diagnosed food allergy (FA) and 33 healthy controls were analyzed (aged 6 to 72 months, 60.2% boys). The nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements (body weight and length) and serum laboratory tests. The results were analyzed with the Statistica 12 software (Tulsa, OK, USA). 82%, 40%, 8.8%, and 6.6% of the studied children demonstrated allergy to hen's egg, cow's milk, pork meat, and wheat/rye, respectively. Z-score BMI < -2SD was more often found in the FA subjects under 30 months of age than in the controls (p = 0.04). As many as 77.8% of the FA subjects and 78.8% of the controls were of normal height (hSDS: -0.23 ± 1.74 and -0.31 ± 1.49, respectively, p = 0.8). Retinol binding protein four serum concentration was significantly lower in the FA group (17.01 ± 3.84 mg/L) than in the controls (20.47 ± 4.87 mg/L, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the FA group and the controls (either in the younger or the older age group) (p > 0.05) for the serum concentrations of total protein, total cholesterol, thyroxin-binding prealbumin (TBPA), 25(OH)D, hemoglobin level or white blood cells. In patients under 30 months of age, one of the symptoms of food allergy may be body weight deficiency, while short stature is less common at the time of diagnosis.

Plant-based dietary indices and biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of adults in Ireland

PurposeThere is increasing interest in the health benefits of plant-based diets (PBDs). Evidence reports favourable associations with inflammatory profiles and reduced cardiovascular disease risk. However, limited studies have examined relationships between PBD indices (PDIs) and inflammatory biomarkers. We explored overall PDI, healthful PDI (hPDI) and unhealthful PDI (uPDI) associations with inflammatory biomarker profiles.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included 1986 middle- to older-aged adults from the Mitchelstown Cohort. PDI scores were calculated using validated food frequency questionnaires. PDI score associations with inflammatory biomarkers were assessed via linear regression analysis, with adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsComparison of quintiles (Q5 vs Q1) revealed lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils and monocytes, and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (PDI and hPDI P < 0.05); lower leptin (PDI, P < 0.05), and complement component 3 (C3), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, lymphocytes and eosinophils (hPDI, P < 0.05); and higher concentrations of adiponectin (PDI and hPDI, P < 0.05). Conversely, higher concentrations of C3, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, resistin, WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lower adiponectin concentrations were observed comparing uPDI quintiles (P < 0.05). In fully adjusted regression models, higher hPDI scores were associated with lower concentrations of C3, TNF-α, WBCs, neutrophils and monocytes (all P < 0.01). Higher uPDI scores were associated with higher C3 and TNF-α concentrations (all P < 0.01).ConclusionThis study provides evidence that a more healthful PBD is associated with a more favourable inflammatory profile and that a more unhealthful PBD is associated with the reverse.

Incidence and risk factors of isolated calf muscular venous thrombosis after tibial plateau fractures surgery

BackgroundThe risks associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) have gained significant recognition over time. A prevalent form of distal DVT is isolated calf muscular venous thrombosis (ICMVT). Despite its common clinical occurrence, data on ICMVT subsequent to tibial plateau fracture (TPF) surgery are scarce. This study aimed to examine the epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors (RFs) of ICMVT following TPF surgery.MethodsFor this retrospective analysis, we included patients from our hospital, who underwent TPF surgery between March 2017 and March 2021. Patients’ electronic medical records were reviewed, including admission details, fracture classification, surgical procedures, and laboratory biomarkers. The HSS (The American Hospital for Special Surgery) and Rasmussen scores were employed to evaluate the clinical effect. A Color Duplex Flow Imager (CDFI) was regularly used to detect pre- and postoperative venous thrombosis in the lower limbs. Finally, uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent RFs associated with ICMVT.ResultsOverall, 481 participants were recruited for analysis. Postoperative ICMVT occurred in 47 patients. All ICMVTs occurred on the affected side. Four of the 47 ICMVT patients exhibited sudden postoperative swelling in the affected limb. The HSS and Rasmussen scores in the non-ICMVT cohort (87.6 ± 8.2, 16.0 ± 1.7) were markedly different from the ICMVT cohort (84.8 ± 8.2, 15.5 ± 1.6) (p = 0.014, p = 0.031). This study finally identified five postoperative ICMVT-related RFs, which were age (> 55 years old) (OR 3.06; 95% CI 1.47–6.37; p = 0.003), gender (female) (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.37–5.22; p = 0.004), surgical duration (> 114 min) (OR 3.14; 95% CI 1.44–6.85; p = 0.004), elevated white blood cell content (OR 2.85; 95% CI 1.47–5.51; p = 0.002), and hyponatremia (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.04–5.12; p = 0.040).ConclusionThe epidemiological findings of this study may help predict ICMVT risk after surgery thus facilitating the development of individualized clinical assessments and targeted prevention programs.

Исследование клеточного состава богатой тромбоцитами плазмы для оптимизации ее использования в хирургии макулярных разрывов. Часть 1

Currently, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one of the successful areas of tissue engineering and cell therapy. In medicine PRP is widely used in ophthalmosurgery, in particular for macular hole (MH) closure. Purpose. To evaluate cellular composition of PRP in order to optimize its use in macular hole surgery. Material and methods. This study included platelet-rich plasma analysis of 20 patients (6 male and 14 female) who underwent surgical treatment of macular hole in Eye Microsurgery Center in the period from April till July 2021. Patients' age ranged from 57 to 82 (69,0±1.2) years. Ycellbio-Kit was used to obtain PRP. As a result of centrifugation 2 main blood fractions were obtained: plasma and erythrocyte layer. The study of the contents of the test tube was performed on 4 levels. The main attention was paid to the quantitative composition of platelets and leukocytes, which are the most important and significant in MH surgery. Results. The following platelet and leukocyte count in the general blood test and PRP were obtained as a result of the study. General blood test – platelet concentration was 140 to 285•10³/µL (215.85±9.23), P-PRP (pure platelet-rich plasma) – 699 to 5681•10³/µL (2600.4±329.9), L-PRP (plasma containing platelets and leukocytes) – 1995 to 9989•10³/µL (6555.8±506.7) (p&lt;0.001). General blood test – white blood cell concentration was 3.83 to 7.73•10³/µL (5.58±0.29), P-PRP was 0.02 to 7.08•10³/µL (1.49±0.58), L-PRP was 6.12–494.69•10³/µL (99.3±38.1) (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion. Platelet-rich plasma has regenerative activity and contractile properties in both fractions – in P-PRP and L-PRP, which simplifies the process of PRP extraction from the test tube and expands the possibilities for its use in MH surgery and other retinal pathologies associated with retinal tears. Given the lowest leukocyte concentration, the P-PRP fraction may be optimal for MH surgery. Key words: macular rupture, platelet-enriched plasma, platelets, leukocytes

RENAL11: Novel Clog-Based Switch to Surveille Peritoneal Dialysate for Peritonitis

Background: Quickly triaging patients on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) for infection is critical for patient-health outcomes. The best methods of detection, such as blood panels or sample culture, are not suited for quick point-of-care applications. The current detection method is by visual inspection of the fluid by the patient who looks for ‘cloudiness’ in the spent dialysate. Peritoneal dialysis, a type of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), has a survival advantage for the first two years of use over hemodialysis (HD). Other advantages of PD over HD include higher patient satisfaction and lower costs. The main shortcoming of PD is the patients’ increased susceptibility to peritonitis due to the permanent catheter that provides access to the peritoneal cavity for fluid exchanges. The infection can create life-threatening situations for patients. Importantly, for most patients using PD, repeated peritonitis can result in peritoneal membrane failure, necessitating a switch to HD with its associated disadvantages. Preemptive monitoring is currently not available in clinical practice of PD. The current detection method is by visual inspection of the fluid by the patient who looks for ‘cloudiness’ in the spent dialysate. Progress has been made to reduce the incidence of peritonitis, but detection remains problematic. Methods: To achieve this goal, we have developed a novel switch to detect the presence of dangerous levels of WBC in spent peritoneal dialysate (see Figure 1). Since the sensitivity of a clog-based sensor is dependent on the permeability of its membranes, incorporating highly permeable silicon nanomembranes into a white blood cell detector will produce a highly sensitive WBC detector. Spent Dialysate from peritoneal dialysis fluid exchanges (spike the dialysate with varying amounts of WBCs) is pushed at 200 µL/min into the top channel with the top outlet open to the atmosphere. The inlet of the bottom channel is closed, and the outlet pulls at 100 µL/min through the membrane. If the membrane is clogged the transmembrane pressure (recorded for the duration of the experiment at ~0.5-second intervals) will increase. Results: We have preliminary data demonstrating that membranes with 4-µm wide microslit pores block the passage of WBCs while allowing all other cells and proteins in whole blood to pass. Figure 2 shows the pressure increase across the membrane when subjected to varying concentrations of white blood cells in spent dialysate. The slope of the pressure indicates the WBC count. The primary innovation comes from the use of microporous membranes as a fouling-based sensor; using membranes with pores tuned to be just slightly smaller than the size of leukocytes, we will see a change in the transmembrane pressure (under a steady flow rate) as the WBCs block pores which correlates to the WBC concentration.Figure 1. a: Schematic showing WBC-detection switch. Pressure transducers report pressure increase as cells clog the membrane. b: WBCs are drawn to the micropores by transmembrane flow.Figure 2. Transmembrane pressure slope correlates with the white blood cell concentration in the dialysate.

Elucidating the effects of acute and chronic exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) innate immunity

Aquatic herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) formulations, are commonly used for invasive species management throughout the United States. Ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D can impair essential behaviors, reduce survival, and act as an endocrine disruptor; however, there is limited knowledge of its effects on the health of non-target organisms. Here, we investigate the acute and chronic exposure impacts of 2,4-D on adult male and female fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) innate immune function. We exposed both adult male and female fathead minnows to three different ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D (0.00, 0.40, and 4.00 mg/L) and took blood samples at three acute time points (6, 24, and 96 h) and one chronic time point (30 days). We found that male fatheads had higher total white blood cell concentrations when exposed to 2,4-D at the acute time points. For the females, only proportions of specific cell types were altered when exposed to 2,4-D at the acute time points. However, we did not observe any significant impacts of chronic exposure to 2,4-D on any innate immune responses for either males or females. Overall, this study is the first step in answering an important question for game fisheries and management agencies while providing insight to future studies that investigate the impacts of herbicide exposure to freshwater fish health and immunity.

93 Impact of Different Stressors on Physiological and Immunological Variables in Dairy Calves

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different stressors on physiological and innate immune variables in weaned dairy calves. Dairy steers [n = 40;10 ±1.8 kg body weight (BW)] were transported to the Calf Building at the USDA-ARS Livestock Issues Research Unit where they were housed in individual pens in an environmentally controlled room. Calves had ad libitum access to water and a starter ration. At arrival, calves were randomly allotted to four treatment groups (n = 10/treatment): 1) Control, 2) Transport (transported in a livestock trailer for 4 h), 3) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; administered i.v. 0.10 µg /kg BW), 4) Vaccine (administered a Mannheimia Haemolyticatoxoid vaccine; OneShot, Zoetis). One day before application of stressors, indwelling jugular vein catheters and rectal temperature (RT) recording devices were placed in all calves. Whole blood was collected at -1, -0.5, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h relative to application of stressors for serum, plasma, and hematology. There was a treatment × time interaction (P ≤ 0.01) for all hematology parameters except for hemoglobin and platelets. Monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, basophil, and white blood cell concentrations and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.02) in calves administered LPS compared with all other treatments. For calves administered the Vaccine treatment, white blood cell and neutrophil concentrations and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio increased (P &amp;lt; 0.04) 4 h post-challenge compared with other treatments. There was a treatment × time interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for the change in RT relative to baseline values. The change in RT increased following administration of LPS and peaked at approximately 3 h post-challenge before decreasing to near baseline values. In contrast, RT began to increase 3 h post-challenge in calves administered the Vaccine treatment, where the greatest RT values were observed at 6 h post-challenge. There was a treatment x time interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for cortisol concentrations, where calves administered LPS produced the greatest increase in cortisol compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment x time interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1b (MIP-1b). Concentrations of TNF-a remained greater in LPS and Vaccine calves compared with Control and Transport calves while MIP-1b concentrations remained omcreased for calves administered LPS compared with the other treatments. Results from this study suggest that common challenges experienced by dairy calves differentially influence physiological and immunological variables in weaned dairy calves.