Wheat Mutant Lines Research Articles

Isolation and characterization of gamma rays induced mutants for improved agro-morphological performance and harder grain texture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Purpose Kernel texture plays a principal role in determining technological flour properties and end-use quality of wheat products. Hence, a multi-year mutation induction programme was conducted to isolate advanced wheat mutant lines with agro-morphologically superior performance, higher disease resistance and harder grain texture. Materials and methods Radiation mutagenesis was employed in soft textured wheat variety HPW 89 using gamma rays dose of 250, 300 and 350 Gy (Co60: BARC, Mumbai) and evaluated across M1–5 generations. Promising superior mutants selected were evaluated during M4 and M5 generation for induced variability and trait association for agro-morphological and quality traits. The screened mutants were also determined for induced changes at genetic level using gene specific markers for puroindoline genes. Results A total of 293 agro-morphologically superior mutants isolated showed significant genetic variation in the M4 generation. Single kernel characterization system categorized 267 mutants (8.79–50.06) with higher grain hardness than the HPW 89 variety (7.39). Among these, 108 mutants were selected for agro-morphological and molecular characterization. Significant variations were found in these mutants in either pina and pinb or both puroindoline genes. Clustering among these mutants led to the formation of five clusters and a total of eleven mutants were found with better set of agro-morphological, disease resistance and quality traits. Conclusion These mutants can serve as important genetic resource for developing harder texture bread wheat varieties in the future grain quality improvement programmes. These mutants will also bridge the need of bakers and millers’ requirement of varieties with specific texture and quality.

Genotyping by sequencing; a strategy for identification and mapping of induced mutation in newly developed wheat mutant lines.

Exposing genetic material with physical mutagens can create novel genetic resources capable of combating different stresses. High throughput GBS-DArTseq™ assay was deployed to estimate genetic diversity of 33 newly developed stable wheat mutants as compared to the wild type. The identified 1,57,608 PAVs markers were randomly distributed across wheat chromosomes and sub-genomes with the highest number detected on Chr-7D (2877) and Chr-7B (2711). The B sub-genome contained the most PAVs followed by D and A-sub genome. Among mutant lines, Pb-M-2061 and Pb-M-59 had the highest PAV count, while Pb-M-605 and Pb-M-196 had the lowest. A total of 7,910 PAVs were consistently present over all replicates, with 3,252 specifically present in mutants and absent in wild type. The maximum PAVs (1480) were found in Pb-M-1027 and Pb-M-1323 (656). Functional characterization revealed that out of 3,252, 1,238 were found in wheat transcriptome database that contained 152 characterized and 1,196 uncharacterized genes. COGs and GO-terms analysis linked many PAVs with pathways involving signaling, metabolism and defense. Maximum number of gene-containing PAVs were identified in Pb-M-1027, Pb-M-2302 and Pb-M-1323 which were involved in tolerance to diseases and abiotic stresses, improved photosynthetic efficiency, larger grain size, increased grain yield and harvest index pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity and potential agronomic benefits of PAVs in wheat mutant lines. These findings can help molecular geneticist and breeders for exploiting the induced genetic diversity for unravelling the genetic circuits as well as exploiting in wheat breeding for developing resilient cultivars.

Development of EMS Mutagenized Wheat Mutant Lines Resistant to Fusarium Crown Rot and Fusarium Head Blight

Development of EMS Mutagenized Wheat Mutant Lines Resistant to Fusarium Crown Rot and Fusarium Head Blight

Determination of resistance to yellow rust in new breeding mutant lines of spring wheat at adult plant and seedlings stages

Stripe (yellow, YR) rust bringing about by fungal pathogen of Puccinia striforms Westend Westend. is a serious wheat disease that poses substantial threats to the global wheat yield. Currently, the appearance of virulent fungus races is overcomed restricted by the studed resistance genes of wheat. Seach and identification of new genetic sources with durable resistance genes can allow efficiently to incorporate these target genes into germplasm pools. To increase spring wheat genetic diversity, on the back phone of parental variety Kazakhstanskay-19 (WT) characterizing by rust resistance through physical mutagenesis bythe various gamma irradiation doses, namely 300-, 350-, and 400 Gy, new M3 mutant lines were created. From these new mutant resources, the 75 genotypes having higher yield-associated parameters such as grains number and weight per main spike comparing the parent variety were selected by phenotyping as the adult plant resistant (APR) under rust infected field trial. To measure resistance of these breeding lines at seedling stage by microscopy through the number of haustorial mother cells formation induced by YR treatment with the isolate of Puccinia striforms “Warrior” as temporary responses was carried out. Almost all of spring wheat mutant lines (93.0%, 70 samples from 75 mutant lines) identified as APR to YR had a strong association with SR which is developed on longer time of infection. The most effective dose of irradiation to generate the genetic variation was 350 Gy with mean of 60.08 (p<0.005) according to Anova analysis.

Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of the hull of γ-irradiated wheat mutant lines (Triticum aestivum L.).

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is the second most cultivated food crop among all global cereal crop production. The high carbohydrate content of its grains provides energy, multiple nutrients, and dietary fiber. After threshing, a substantial amount of wheat hull is produced, which serves as the non-food component of wheat. For the valorization of these by-products as a new resource from which functional components can be extracted, the hull from the seeds of cultivated wheat mutant lines bred after γ-irradiation were collected. Untargeted metabolite analysis of the hull of the original cultivar (a crossbreeding cultivar., Woori-mil × D-7) and its 983 mutant lines were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. A total of 55 molecules were tentatively identified, including 21 compounds found in the Triticum species for the first time and 13 compounds not previously described. Among them, seven flavonolignans with a diastereomeric structure, isolated as a single compound from the hull of T. aestivum in our previous study, were used as the standards in the metabolite analysis. The differences in their collision cross-section values were shown to contribute to the clear distinction between tricine-lignan stereoisomers. To select functionally active agents with anti-inflammatory activity among the identified compounds, the wheat hull samples were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. As a result of multivariate analysis based on the results of chemical and biological profiles of the wheat hull samples, 10 metabolites were identified as key markers, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines. Considering that one of the four key markers attributed to anti-inflammatory activity has been identified to be a flavonolignan, the wheat hull could be a valuable source of diverse tricin-lignan type compounds and used as a natural health-promoting product in food supplements.

Comparison of Policosanol Profiles of the Sprouts of Wheat Mutant Lines and the Effect of Differential LED Lights on Selected Lines.

Policosanols (PCs) are long-chain linear aliphatic alcohols that are present in the primary leaves of cereal crops, such as barley and wheat, sugar cane wax, and beeswax. PCs have been used as a nutraceutical for improving hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. However, the PC content in mutant wheat lines has not been investigated. To select highly functional wheat sprouts with a high content of PCs in wheat mutant lines developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding, we cultivated the sprouts of wheat mutant lines in a growth chamber with white LED light (6000 K) and analyzed the PC content in these samples using GC-MS. We studied the PC content in 91 wheat sprout samples: the original variety (Woori-mil × D-7; WS01), commercially available cv. Geumgang (WS87) and cv. Cheongwoo (WS91), and mutant lines (WS02-WS86 and WS88-WS90) developed from WS01 and WS87. Compared to WS01, 18 mutant lines exhibited a high total PC content (506.08-873.24 mg/100 g dry weight). Among them, the top 10 mutant lines were evaluated for their PC production after cultivating under blue (440 nm), green (520 nm), and red (660 nm) LED light irradiation; however, these colored LED lights reduced the total PC production by 35.8-49.7%, suggesting that the cultivation with white LED lights was more efficient in promoting PCs' yield, compared to different LED lights. Therefore, our findings show the potential of radiation-bred wheat varieties as functional foods against hyperlipidemia and obesity and the optimal light conditions for high PC production.

Characterization of Starch Physicochemical Properties and Grain Transcriptome Reveal the Mechanism for Resistant Starch Accumulation

Understanding the physicochemical properties of starch during grain development and the mechanism for resistant starch (RS) accumulation will provide useful information for improving the RS content of wheat. The grains from wheat mutant lines with high RS contents and their corresponding wild-type control were analyzed to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of wheat starch. A transcriptomic analysis was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in RS accumulation. The results showed that the RS content increased with grain development, along with the total starch content, but a larger increase was observed in the middle and later stages of grain filling. The X-ray diffraction peak intensity and relative crystallinity of starch exhibited the lowest and highest values at 10 days after anthesis, respectively. Regarding the thermal properties of starch, the peak temperature and conclusion temperature generally decreased with grain development; however, the enthalpy values showed no apparent regularity. Compared to control cultivar ZM22, the RS639 and RS683 lines with high RS contents showed high amylose contents and high relative crystallinity and a large proportion of 2.0~9.8 µm starch granules. Furthermore, the transcriptomics analysis revealed that the average relative expression of the glucan-branching enzyme (GBE) α-1,4 glucan phosphorylase (Pho) and starch synthase (SS) in ZM22 was 2.47-, 2.70-, and 2.56-fold higher than that in RS639, respectively; which indicates that the downregulation of the expression of genes encoding GBE, Pho, and SS in wheat grain promotes the accumulation of RS.

Differentiation of advanced generation mutant wheat lines: Conventional techniques versus Raman spectroscopy.

This research aimed to assess the feasibility of utilizing Raman spectroscopy in plant breeding programs. For this purpose, the evaluation of the mutant populations set up the application of 4 mM NaN3 to the somatic embryos obtained from mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Adana-99 cv.) embryos. Advanced wheat mutant lines, which were brought up to the seventh generation with salt stress tolerance by following in vitro and in vivo environments constructed by mutated populations, were evaluated using conventional techniques [measurement of antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POX), total chlorophyll, TBARS, and proline contents; measurement of the concentration of Na+ and K+ ions; and evaluation of gene expression by qPCR (TaHKT2;1, TaHKT1;5, TaSOS1, TaNa+/H+ vacuolar antiporter, TaV-PPase, TaV-ATPase, and TaP5CS)] and Raman spectroscopy. In this research, no significant difference was found in the increase of SOD, CAT, and POX antioxidant enzyme activities between the salt-treated and untreated experimental groups of the commercial cultivar, while there was a statistically significant increase in salt-treated advanced generation mutant lines as compared to control and the salt-treated commercial cultivar. Proline showed a statistically significant increase in all experimental groups compared to the untreated commercial cultivar. The degradation in the amount of chlorophyll was lower in the salt-treated advanced generation mutant lines than in the salt-treated commercial cultivar. According to gene expression studies, there were statistical differences at various levels in terms of Na+ and/or K+ uptake from soil to plant (TaHKT2;1, TaHKT1;5, and TaSOS1), and Na+ compartmentalizes into the cell vacuole (TaNa+/H+ vacuolar antiporter, Ta vacuolar pyrophosphatase, and Ta vacuolar H+-ATPase). The expression activity of TaP5CS, which is responsible for the transcription of proline, is similar to the content of proline in the current study. As a result of Raman spectroscopy, the differences in peaks represent the protein-related bands in mutant lines having a general decreasing trend in intensity when compared to the commercial cultivar. Amide-I (1,630 and 1,668 cm-1), Histidine, Lysine, Arginine, and Leucine bands (823, 849, 1,241, 1,443, and 1,582 cm-1) showed decreasing wavenumbers. Beta-carotene peaks at 1,153 and 1,519 cm-1 showed increasing trends when the normalized Raman intensities of the mutant lines were compared.

Organ-specific expression of genes involved in iron homeostasis in wheat mutant lines with increased grain iron and zinc content.

BackgroundIron deficiency is a well-known nutritional disorder, and the imbalance of trace-elements, specifically iron, is the most common nutrient deficiency of foods across the world, including in Kazakhstan. Wheat has significant nutritional relevance, especially in the provision of iron, however many bread wheat varieties have low iron despite the need for human nourishment. In this study, the expression profiles of wheat homologous genes related to iron homeostasis were investigated. The work resulted in the development of two new M5 mutant lines of spring bread wheat through gamma-irradiation (200 Gy) with higher grain iron and zinc content, lower phytic acid content, and enhanced iron bioavailability compared to the parent variety. Mutant lines were also characterized by higher means of yield associated traits such as grain number per main spike, grain weight per main spike, grain weight per plant, and thousand-grain weight.MethodsThe homologous genes of bread wheat from several groups were selected for gene expression studies exploring the tight control of iron uptake, translocation rate and accumulation in leaves and roots, and comprised the following: (1) S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS), nicotianamine synthase (NAS1), nicotianamine aminotransferase (NAAT), deoxymugineic acid synthetase (DMAS), involved in the synthesis and release of phytosiderophores; (2) transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH); (3) transporters of mugineic acid (TOM), involved in long-distance iron transport; (4) yellow stripe-like (YSlA), and the vacuolar transporter (VIT2), involved in intracellular iron transport and storage; and lastly (5) natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) and ferritin (Fer1A).ResultsThe wheat homologous genes TaSAMS, TaNAS1, and TaDMAS, were significantly up-regulated in the roots of both mutant lines by 2.1–4.7-fold compared to the parent variety. The combined over-expression of TaYSlA and TaVIT2 was also revealed in the roots of mutant lines by 1.3–2.7-fold. In one of the mutant lines, genes encoding intracellular iron transport and storage genes TaNRAMP and TaFer1A-D showed significant up-regulation in roots and leaves (by 1.4- and 3.5-fold, respectively). The highest expression was recorded in the transcription factor TabHLH, which was expressed 13.1- and 30.2-fold in the roots of mutant lines. Our research revealed that genotype-dependent and organ-specific gene expression profiles can provide new insights into iron uptake, translocation rate, storage, and regulation in wheat which aid the prioritization of gene targets for iron biofortification and bioavailability.

Enhancement of Androgenesis and Plant Regeneration From Wheat Anther Culture by Seed Pre-Sowing Gamma Irradiation

Combination breeding and mutation breeding are widely used methods in plant breeding. Intensive studies are carried out on biotechnological methods that will allow obtaining homozygous lines in a short time in populations obtained with these two techniques. Numerous studies have been carried out by different researchers on mutation breeding in wheat. There are few studies on anther culture response in mutagen-treated genotypes. Two different bread wheat promising advanced lines were used as the material in the study, in which the possibilities of combining mutation breeding with anther culture through ionizing radiation in high quality wheat breeding were investigated. In the study, the responses of advanced bread wheat mutant lines to anther culture, to which eight different doses of gamma rays (0, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 Gy) were applied, including the control, were investigated. There are significant differences between genotypes and irradiation doses for all traits studied. It has been shown that it is possible to decrease albinism and increase the response of anther culture with dose-dependent gamma irradiation depending on bread wheat varieties. In the multiple comparison test to classify the difference between doses; statistically, 150 gray dose 5.60 is in the first statistical class and in the first place with the number of transferred green plants. After that, it ranks second in the same class with the number of green plants transferred with a 300 gray dose of 5.21. In the total number of regenerated green plants excluding controls (888), 635 unit (71.5%) and 205 unit (23.1%) haploids and spontaneous double haploid plants were obtained, respectively. In the study integrated into the bread wheat breeding program, a total of 205 spontaneous double haploid mutant lines were produced. According to the data obtained, it was shown that the gamma ray doses of 150 and 200 Gy had a significant stimulation effect on all parameters studied and ultimately the success index of anther culture in bread wheat compared to control.

ELICITATION OF HIGH-QUALITY AND YIELD IN BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) MUTANT LINES IMPROVED BY GAMMA RAYS

The study was carried out to assess quality traits and grain yield of bread wheat mutant lines using an augmented experimental design in the 2014-2015 growing season. Considering the results of the experiment, large variations were noted between the means of mutant lines for PC (12.49-16.24%), ZSV (25.55-59.05 mL), WGC (26.76-39.06%), AE (227.3-343.3 10-4 joule), QI (2.104-4.196), TGW (34.1-55.9 g), TW (75.94-83.04 kg hl-1) and GY (4712-9715 kg ha-1). The 15 lines for GPC, 16 lines for ZSV, 13 lines for WGC, 15 lines for AE, 18 lines for QI, 30 lines for TGW, 11 lines for TW and 10 lines for GY have been found to perform compared to the parents. On the results of the quality traits, MT8, MT4, MT5, MT6, MT23, MT24, MT25, MT41, MT50 and MT51 were the best quality mutant lines for protein amount and quality, while the mutant lines with the best performance for grain yield were MT53, MT14, MT20, MT33, MT35, and MT19. By evaluating the research results together, it was determined that the mutant lines MT53, MT14, MT35 and MT11 had the best grain yield and quality performances. The better performances of mutant lines derived from generally well-adapted commercial parental genotypes indicate that they are the appropriate source material for mutation breeding. The mutant lines (MT53, MT14, MT35, MT20, MT33, MT11 and MT19) were selected for yield trials, and the high quality mutant lines were added to the genetic stock to be used for wheat quality improvement.

High resistant starch mutant wheat ‘TAC 35’ reduced glycemia and ameliorated high fat diet induced metabolic dysregulation in mice

Dietary supplementation of low glycemic index (GI) food obtained from cereal crops is affordable and can reduce the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, obesity and colon cancer. In this study, two high resistant starch (HRS) wheat mutant lines (‘TAC 35’ and ‘TAC 28’) showed up to 25% drop in GI compared to parent wheat variety ‘C 306’ in mice (P ≤ 0.001). Further, the best low GI mutant line, ‘TAC 35’ was used to observe its health benefit effects against high fat diet (HFD) for 10-weeks in C57BL/6J mice model. The mutant showed a significant reduction in body weight and tissues (fat, liver, spleen) weight from ∼23.5 to 68.4% with respect to HFD. It also showed significant increase in glucose tolerance (41%), insulin sensitivity (28%), liver SOD (26%), serum SOD (16.3%) and significant decrease in liver H2O2 (29%) and serum H2O2 (35%), LDL (39%) and total cholesterol (7%), pro-inflammatory markers: IL-6 (9.56%) and TNFα (23.32%). Furthermore, the HRS diet fostered a healthy bacterial population and resulted in a profound boost in butyrate (40%), lactate (23%), and acetate (28%). Besides, the HRS diet's preventative efficacy was also revealed by the expression of disease-related genes. This study emphasizes the critical health benefits of HRS-low GI wheat which may be promoted for obese and diabetic populations.

Evaluation of the advanced yield trial on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum) mutant lines using selection index and multivariate analysis

Abstract. Fadli M, Farid M, Yassi A, Nasaruddin, Anshori MF, Nur A, Suratman. 2021. Evaluation of the advanced yield trial on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum) mutant lines using selection index and multivariate analysis. Biodiversitas 23: 540-547. The development of adaptive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant lines in tropical climate is a long-term solution. The advanced yield trial is an important stage in this development, which is carried out using a selection index and multivariate analysis. This study aims to determine the selection effectiveness of tropical wheat mutant lines by using a selection index and multivariate analysis. the study was conducted in three locations, which included two locations for the follow-up yield test in Kelara Village and Ujung Bulu Village (South Sulawesi, Indonesia), and the third location for the selection validation in Padang Magek Village (West Sumatra, Indonesia). This study was designed by a nested Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with replications nested in locations. The samples included 16 wheat genotypes (13 mutant lines and three comparison varieties) that were replicated three times. The result showed that the selection of tropical wheat mutant lines using selection index and multivariate analysis were considered effectively with high determination value of 0.57 (57%). The results of the selection index show that seven lines were recommended for multi-location trials since they had a better selection index potential than Dewata variety.

Efficient CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis in Spring and Winter Wheat Varieties.

CRISPR/Cas technology has recently become the molecular tool of choice for gene function studies in plants as well as crop improvement. Wheat is a globally important staple crop with a well annotated genome and there is plenty of scope for improving its agriculturally important traits using genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas. As part of this study we targeted three different genes in hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum: TaBAK1-2 in the spring cultivar Cadenza as well as Ta-eIF4E and Ta-eIF(iso)4E in winter cultivars Cezanne, Goncourt and Prevert. Primary transgenic lines carrying CRISPR/Cas-induced indels were successfully generated for all targeted genes. While BAK1 is an important regulator of plant immunity and development, Ta-eIF4E and Ta-eIF(iso)4E act as susceptibility (S) factors required for plant viruses from the Potyviridae family to complete their life cycle. We anticipate the resultant homozygous tabak1-2 mutant lines will facilitate studies on the involvement of BAK1 in immune responses in wheat, while ta-eif4e and ta-eif(iso)4e mutant lines have the potential to become a source of resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) and wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), both of which are important pathogens of wheat. As winter wheat varieties are generally less amenable to genetic transformation, the successful experimental methodology for transformation and genome editing in winter wheat presented in this study will be of interest to the research community working with this crop.

Drought response in winter wheat: protection from oxidative stress and mutagenesis effect

Radiation mutagenesis could provide new drought-tolerant lines for selection purposes in sustainable agriculture. Drought tolerance and yield stability are closely related to coping with oxidative stress, which occurs at severe/prolonged water deprivation. In this study, the response of a newly generated winter wheat mutant line M181/1338K to severe drought stress at seedling stage (3–4th leaf) was compared to that of two established varieties—Guinness (drought tolerant) and Farmer (drought sensitive). Oxidative damage and antioxidant status analyses were performed on second leaves of control, stressed (45–46% leaf water deficit) and recovered plants. Genotypes exhibited similar pattern of stress response, comprising proline accumulation, rise in hydrogen peroxide content and oxidative damage to membrane lipids, increase in total antioxidant and antiradical activities, in phenolic and flavonoid content, in ascorbate and glutathione pools, mobilization of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) enzyme isoforms. Farmer responded to severe water stress with the highest levels of oxidative damage to membranes, proline accumulation, and glutathione content, and slower normalization of the studied parameters upon recovery. Guinness presented a better control of oxidative membrane damage and it the highest accumulation of flavonoids under drought. The new mutant line M181/1338K had similarities with Guinness in its response to severe water stress, such as the same proline and glutathione levels. Unlike Guinness, the mutant genotype had more pronounced oxidative damage to membranes, along with higher POX activities, and tended to accumulate less flavonoids under drought, which could be regarded as secondary effects of the induced mutagenesis.

Effective Screening of Tropical Wheat Mutant Lines under Hydroponically Induced Drought Stress Using Multivariate Analysis Approach

Effective Screening of Tropical Wheat Mutant Lines under Hydroponically Induced Drought Stress Using Multivariate Analysis Approach

Comparison of Flavonoid Profiles in Sprouts of Radiation Breeding Wheat Lines (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae), one of the most popular food crops worldwide, contains basic and essential nutrients and various health benefiting phytochemicals. Among them, flavonoids have attracted significant interest owing to their various health-promoting properties. In this study, 35 wheat mutant lines were developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding from the original cultivar. The effects of radiation breeding on the endogenous phytochemical production in the sprouts of these mutant lines were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESIMS) with multivariate analysis for the first time in this study. Fourteen characteristic peaks, including eleven flavone C-glycosides, two flavone O-glycosides, and one flavone, were identified. In addition, the contents of three flavone C-glycosides, namely, isoschaftoside, isoorientin, and isoscoparin, in 37 wheat sprout samples from the original cultivar, certificated cultivar, and the mutant lines were determined. A heat map combined with hierarchical clustering showed variation in the relative content for the flavonoids between the 37 wheat sprout samples, clustering into three groups. On principal component analysis scores scatter and loading plots, significant differences in the levels of flavonoids were found between the samples and several markers responsible for group separation were detected. These results provide a scientific reference for the phytochemical variation in wheat mutant lines, thereby aiding in further mutation mechanism studies and for the quality control of the improved wheat cultivars.

Response of M5 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant to low altitude growing condition

This study aims to study the adaptability of wheat mutant lines in the lowlands and determine the growth and production of the mutant lines. The research was conducted from September to December 2017 at Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi Province. The study was carried out in the form of experiments arranged based on Randomized Block Design and further tested using orthogonal contrast. The treatments given were five M5 mutant genotypes and two convergent breeding genotypes. Three wheat varieties Dewata, Munal, and Selayar were used as comparisons. The results showed that the convergent breeding line (CB 145) showed good genetic traits on plant height parameters and the number of empty floret. Dewata, Munal, and Selayar varieties showed more average number of tillers (6.00 tillers) and 100 heavier grain weight (4.07 g) compared to the mutant genotypes. Dewata variety showed good genetic characteristics on panicle length parameter (6.50 cm) and grain weight per panicle (0.34 g). CB 169 genotype showed good genetic characteristics on the parameter number of grain per panicle which only produced the number of seeds per panicle (8.33 seeds).

Development and evaluation of chapatti quality of high amylose wheat mutants on the basis of physicochemical, textural and sensory characteristics

Considerable endeavours have been made to develop improved wheat varieties. In fact, starch with increased level of amylose or resistant starch is one of the key research areas that benefits human health. In this study eight high amylose wheat mutant lines including their parent and market flours were assessed for chapatti quality characteristics on the basis of physicochemical (DSC, XRD, RVA), textural, and sensory parameters. Amylose content of mutant lines ranged from ~51 to 75%. Mutant DSC analysis of starch showed variation with increased gelatinization. RVA, XRD, and mixograph data showed variation in starch pasting, crystallinity, and dough characteristics among mutants and parents. 37 other parameters related to grain, starch, flour, dough and chapatti quality were analysed using principal component analysis, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients. Three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounted for 68% of the total variation. Strong correlation was observed between amylose and resistant starch content (r2= 0.87). Baking time first side (BTFS) had negative impact on eating quality (EQ) (r2 = −0.81) and pliability was positively correlated to softness (r2 = 0.99). Except for mutant ‘TAC 75’ overall quality scores (49.5–55.5) were as good as or better than parent variety, ‘C 306’ (49.62).

Evaluation of several tropical wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) on various water availability in the lowlands

Wheat as a cereal crop has a strategic role in supporting food security and to meet human needs on food. Nutritional content of wheat is relatively higher than other cereal plants. This research aimed to study the adaptability, growth, and production of some wheat mutant lines at various water availability in the lowlands. The research was carried out in the Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from November 2017 to January 2018. Location of the trial was at an altitude of < 40 meters above sea level with an average temperature of 24 ºC in the morning and 32 ºC in the afternoon. A split plot design was employed in this study with the availability of water set as the main plot and the wheat mutant genotypes as subplots. Three levels of water availability was used, 81-100% field capacity, 61-80% field capacity, and 41-60% field capacity. The wheat mutant genotypes used consisted of 15 genotypes (13 mutants and 2 comparative varieties). The results of the research show that wheat genotypes grown in the lowland that showed better production in restricted water availability (61 - 80% of field capacity) were Nias 250 4.6.2 (0.95 g. plant−1), and Nias 350 3.8. 9 (1.10 g.plant−1). Whereas in the 41 - 60% of the field capacity, the Nias 250 4.6.2 and Nias 350 3.8.9 produced better yield of 0.40 g.plant−1.