Wheat Cultivars In Relation Research Articles

Soil Manganese Dynamics and Performance of Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Soil and Foliar Manganese Application with and Without Manures in North-western, India

Soil Manganese Dynamics and Performance of Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Soil and Foliar Manganese Application with and Without Manures in North-western, India

Characterization of α-gliadin alleles of Japanese wheat cultivars in relation to flour dough extensibility and celiac disease epitopes

Alpha-gliadins are major seed storage proteins of wheat and are involved in dough extensibility, which is related to the end-use properties of flour. However, α-gliadin causes gluten-related diseases such as celiac disease (CD). To characterize the α-gliadin allele types of Japanese cultivars, PCR markers that detect the presence of each α-gliadin gene in Chinese Spring wheat were used to determine allele-types. We surveyed 95 accessions of the Japanese wheat core collection (JWC) and 22 commercial cultivars and found 2, 10, and 4 allele types at the loci Gli-A2, Gli-B2, and Gli-D2, respectively. According to the allele-type frequency, the α-gliadin alleles of JWC showed diversities comparable to those of foreign cultivars. Allele diversities were compared within four populations of JWC, classified by genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. The degree of diversity of alleles reflected the population structures, except for high diversity of the allele-types at Gli-B2 in the classical varieties. The frequencies of alleles related to end-use were higher in newer varieties than in classical varieties and landraces. Allele types that dramatically decreased and increased CD epitopes were not found in JWC, suggesting that selection(s) of α-gliadin genes was not linked to CD epitopes in Japanese cultivars.

Arabinoxylans of hard wheat cultivars in relation to crop year and environmental conditions

Arabinoxylans of hard wheat cultivars in relation to crop year and environmental conditions

Succession of the fungal endophytic microbiome of wheat is dependent on tissue-specific interactions between host genotype and environment

Fungi living inside plants affect many aspects of plant health, but little is known about how plant genotype influences the fungal endophytic microbiome. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between plant genotype and biotic and abiotic environment in shaping the plant microbiome is of significance for modern agriculture, with implications for disease management, breeding and the development of biocontrol agents.For this purpose, we analysed the fungal wheat microbiome from seed to plant to seeds and studied how different potential sources of inoculum contributed to shaping of the microbiome. We conducted a large-scale pot experiment with related wheat cultivars over one growth-season in two environments (indoors and outdoors) to disentangle the effects of host genotype, abiotic environment (temperature, humidity, precipitation) and fungi present in the seed stock, air and soil on the succession of the endophytic fungal communities in roots, flag leaves and seeds at harvest. The communities were studied with ITS1 metabarcoding and environmental climate factors were monitored during the experimental period.Host genotype, tissue type and abiotic factors influenced fungal communities significantly. The effect of host genotype was mostly limited to leaves and roots, and was location-independent. While there was a clear effect of plant genotype, the relatedness between cultivars was not reflected in the microbiome. For the phyllosphere microbiome, location-dependent weather conditions factors largely explained differences in abundance, diversity, and presence of genera containing pathogens, whereas the root communities were less affected by abiotic factors. Our findings suggest that airborne fungi are the primary inoculum source for fungal communities in aerial plant parts whereas vertical transmission is likely to be insignificant.In summary, our study demonstrates that host genotype, environment and presence of fungi in the environment shape the endophytic fungal community in wheat over a growing season.

Drought-induced change in yield capacity of ten wheat cultivars in relation to their vegetative characteristics at heading stage.

Ten wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were tested in a semi-field experiment for drought response in terms of their flag leaf vigor, whole shoot growth and ultimate yield capacity. At booting stage, 25% of field capacity was held for 3weeks, then the plants were normally irrigated. Based on split plot analysis of the pooled data, the order in which the source of variation could affect the estimated traits was watering level, then cultivar and finally the combination of both. At p ≤ 0.05, significant positive linear correlation was recorded between the drought-induced change in grain total carbohydrate content and leaf total carbohydrate content, between biological yield and each of water use efficiency for biomass and evapotranspiration efficiency as well as between economic yield and each of leaf catalase activity, water use efficiency for grain and hundred kernel mass. On contrary, significant negative correlation was recorded between the drought-induced change in shoot evapotranspiration rate and each of leaf proline content and shoot water content. Based on the drought-induced change in the estimated vegetative and yield traits, cluster analysis could sequester the concerned cultivars into drought-tolerant, moderate and sensitive ones; with Sids 13 being the most drought-tolerant cultivar as well as Shandaweel 1 and Giza 168 as the most drought-sensitive ones.

Grain morphology, texture and colour-related compounds of bread wheat cultivars in relation to cultivation regimes and growing location

Grain morphology, texture and colour-related compounds of bread wheat cultivars in relation to cultivation regimes and growing location

Fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in three durum wheat cultivars in relation to sowing date and density

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is an important crop in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered as one of the most damaging diseases, resulting in yield and quality reduction as well as contamination of grain with mycotoxins. Three winter durum wheat cultivars originating from Austria, Slovakia, and Poland were analyzed during 2012–2014 seasons for FHB incidence and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in harvested grain. Moreover, the effects of sowing density and delayed sowing date were evaluated in the climatic conditions of Southern Poland. Low disease severity was observed in 2011/2012 in all durum wheat cultivars analyzed, and high FHB occurrence was recorded in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Fusarium graminearum was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Fusarium avenaceum. Through all three seasons, cultivar Komnata was the most susceptible to FHB and to mycotoxin accumulation, while cultivars Auradur and IS Pentadur showed less symptoms. High susceptibility of cv. Komnata was reflected by the number of Fusarium isolates and elevated mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) content in the grain of this cultivar across all three seasons. Nivalenol was identified in the samples of cv. Komnata only. Genotype-dependent differences in FHB susceptibility were observed for the plants sown at optimal date but not at delayed sowing date. It can be hypothesized that cultivars bred in Austria and Slovakia show less susceptibility towards FHB than the cultivar from Poland because of the environmental conditions allowing for more efficient selection of breeding materials.

Aerenchyma Formation in the Seminal Roots of Japanese Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Growth under Waterlogged Conditions

Morphological adaptation of roots is critical for plants to survive under waterlogging. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of wheat to form aerenchyma in seminal roots in combination with the growth angle of the roots. We used five Japanese cultivars from the waterlogging-prone Kanto-Kyushu region in Japan, and a non-Japanese cultivar, Bobwhite for comparison. Seedlings in pot culture were waterlogged at a 3-cm depth for 7 days. The first adverse effect of waterlogging on plant growth was a significant reduction of root dry mass. The reduction rate varied with the cultivar, and it was 19.2% in cv. Shiroganekomugi and 40.0% in cv. Norin 61. Root aerenchyma was initially observed on the 2nd day of waterlogging and developed until the 7th day, in all 6 cultivars. Quantitative analysis of the aerenchyma development revealed no significant difference in radial distribution among the cultivars, whereas a slight difference was found in the axial distribution. As a consequence, the heavier root weight of Shiroganekomugi was not related to either the radial or axial developing capacity of aerenchyma but might be due to the effect of its shallow root angle in the soil. These results suggest that the capacity to form aerenchyma in the seminal root is not sufficient for expression of waterlogging tolerance in the Japanese wheat cultivars.

Log-Linear and Correspondence Analysis of Variability of Weed Infestation of Several Winter Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Tillage System and Preceding Crop Stubble Height

The objective of the study was to analyse the variability of the weed infestation of several winter wheat cultivars in rela- tion to the soil tillage system applied and to the height of preceding crop stubble. The study was conducted in the years 2008-2010 in Lower Silesia, Poland. The following factors were studied in the experiment: factor I - stubble height a/ short stubble (10 cm) b/ tall stubble (40 cm); factor II - soil tillage systems a/ no-till b/ reduced tillage c/ conventional tillage - ploughing; factor III - winter wheat cultivars a/ Mewa, b/ Rapsodia, c/ Legenda. After the harvest of the preceding crop, glyphosate was sprayed on plots with short and tall stubble, in the first 10-days of August. The number of weeds on each analysed plot was estimated at random, with the frame meth- od. For statistical analysis, the 8 most frequent weed species were selected: Viola arvensis, Sinapsis arvensis, Lamium purpureum, Veronica persica, Apera spica-venti, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Anthemis arvensis and Geranium pusillum. Based on the log-linear analysis, it was deter- mined that V. arvensis and S. arvensis w ere the dominant weed species, whereas A. spica-venti and C. bursa-pastoris were characterised by significantly smaller numbers per 1 m 2 . Significantly greater weed infestation was observed on plots with tall stubble. Increased weed infestation of winter wheat was noted in the reduced tillage treatments compared to those with conventional tillage. Only the numbers of S. arvensis were considerably lower under the conditions of no-till than in the conventional or reduced tillage systems. Cultivar Mewa limited the number of weeds per unit of area to a significant degree, while cv. Legenda increased weed infestation.

Variation in rheological properties of gluten from three biscuit wheat cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilisation

Rheological properties of gluten from three biscuit wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum, L., cv. Reaper, Ritmo, Encore) were studied. The cultivars were grown in two seasons (1997–1999) with three different nitrogen levels, and nitrogen fertiliser was applied using three different strategies. Protein and gluten contents were significantly affected by the N level ( P<0.001), but inter-cultivar differences were only significant in 1999, when growing conditions were restricted by environmental factors. The viscoelastic properties of gluten were characterised by creep recovery and oscillation testing. The results showed a significant inter-cultivar effect ( P<0.001), with an additional effect from the N level ( P<0.001). Increasing levels of nitrogen fertiliser increased the viscous properties of gluten, through an increase of maximum strain and recovery strain, and through a decrease of the storage ( G′) and loss modulus ( G′′), whereas the phase angle, δ, increased. This increase in viscous behaviour is suggested to be attributed to a higher gliadin/glutenin ratio in the gluten. The fertiliser application strategy did not influence the rheological properties significantly. Thus, high N fertiliser application in biscuit wheat cultivation may be beneficial to obtain rheological properties, which are suitable for biscuit making.

An architectural model of spring wheat: Evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance

ADELwheat is an architectural model that describes development of wheat in 3D. This paper analyzes the robustness of the parameterization of ADELwheat for spring wheat cultivars in relation to plant population density and shading. The model was evaluated using data from two spring wheat experiments with three plant population densities and two light regimes. Model validation was done at two levels of aggregation: (a) by comparing parameterization functions used as well as parameter values to the data (leaf and tiller appearance, leaf number, blade dimensions, sheath length, internode length) and (b) by comparing ground cover (GC) and leaf area index (LAI) of simulated virtual wheat plots with GC and LAI calculated from data. A sensitivity analysis was performed by modulating parameters defining leaf blade dimensions and leaf or tiller appearance rate. In contrast to population density, shading generally increased phyllochron and delayed tiller appearance. Both at the level of the organ and at the level of the canopy the model performed satisfactorily. Parameterization functions in the model that had been established previously applied to independent data for different conditions; GC and LAI were simulated adequately at three population densities. Sensitivity analysis revealed that calibration of phyllochron and blade area needs to be accurate to prevent disproportional deviations in output. The robustness of the model parameterization and the simulation performance confirmed that the model is a complete architectural model for aboveground development of spring wheat. It can be used in studies that require simulation of spring wheat structure, such as studies on plant–insect interaction, remote sensing, and light interception.

Zinc Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a yield limiting constraint for wheat production in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to study Zn use efficiency of five wheat cultivars. Two Zn rates were used, i.e., 0 and 40 kg Zn ha−1 applied as zinc sulfate. Significant variation was found among wheat cultivars in relation to grain yield, straw yield, Zn use efficiency and yield components. Based on grain yield and Zn use efficiency across two years, cultivar Cross was most efficient and Dur-3 was most inefficient for Zn use efficiency. Cultivars Kavir, Falat, and Rushan were intermediate in Zn use efficiency. Zinc concentration and uptake were higher in the zinc efficient cultivar Cross, while these values were lowest in the Zn inefficient cultivar Dur-3.

The Relative Amounts of HMW Glutenin Subunits of OS Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Bread-Making Quality

Qualitative and quantitative variation of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits is very important for wheat bread-making quality. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the relative amounts (%) of HMW glutenin subunits in OS winter wheat cultivars and their contribution to bread-making quality by SDS-PAGE and scanning densitometry. In this paper 10 winter wheat cultivars created at Agricultural Institute Osijek (OS) and cultivar Divana (Jost-Sjeme, KriŽevci), as Croatian standard improver, were investigated. The wheat quality evaluation was done by indirect parameters, rheological properties of dough and baking test. The quantitative analysis of HMW glutenin subunits have demonstrated that subunits encoded at Glu-D1 locus (Dx2, DylO and Dyl2) were the dominant components. Subunit Axl and subunits encoded at Glu-B1 locus (Bx7, By8 and By9) were the minor ones. The proportion of subunit Dx5 depends on presence of subunit Ax1. When subunit Axl was present (1 7+9 5+10) the proportion of subunit Dx5 was approximately 50% reduced. The positive correlation between the relative amounts of the y-type HMW glutenin subunits and extensographic resistance and energy of dough, loaf volumes and appearance of bread (h/d) was found. That indicates that the y-type HMW glutenin subunits are more important for bread-making quality of investigated cultivars than the x-type. This investigation has indicated that the presence of HMW glutenin subunit 1 and both the presence and proportion of subunits 5+10 contributes to very good and good bread-making quality, while good bread-making quality of cultivars with subunits N 7+8(9) 2+12 is due to higher proportion of subunits at Glu-D 1 locus.

Variation in puroindoline polypeptides in Australian wheat cultivars in relation to grain hardness

The sequence of the puroindoline-b gene from 15 Australian wheat cultivars was determined. Sequence variation was observed in the WPTKWWKGGCE motif of the deduced puroindoline-b protein sequence. Previously, it has been suggested that this sequence is crucial in determining grain hardness. In this study, no correlation was found between the variation in this sequence and the hardness or softness of the cultivar. The amounts of puroindo-line- a and puroindoline-b protein in a selection of hard and soft Australian wheat cultivars were also determined using ELISA techniques. Both soft and hard cultivars had variable amounts of puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b. In particular, it is notable that the hard cultivars Cook and Diaz contained high amounts of puroindoline-a and puroin-doline- b and also contained the puroindoline-b sequence previously reported to be associated with grain softness. These results suggest that if the puroindoline proteins are involved in determining grain softness or hardness they do so as part of a multi-component mechanism.

Comparisons of RFLP and PCR-based markers to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars.

Previously chromosome 3A of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was reported to carry genes influencing yield, yield components, plant height, and anthesis date. The objective of current study was to survey various molecular marker systems for their ability to detect polymorphism between wheat cultivars Cheyenne(CNN) and Wichita (WI), particularly for chromosome3A. Seventy-seven `sequence tagged site' (STS), 10simple sequence repeat (SSR), 40 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, and 52 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes for wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosomes, were investigated. Three (3.9%) STS-PCR primer sets amplified polymorphic fragments for the two cultivars, of which one was polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Sixty percent of SSR markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI of which 50% were polymorphic for chromosome 3A. Twenty percent of RAPD markers detected polymorphism between CNN and WI in general, but none of these detected polymorphism for chromosome 3A. Of the fifty-two RFLP probes, 78.8% detected polymorphism between CNN and WI for group 3 chromosomes with one or more of seven restriction enzymes and 42% of the polymorphic fragements were for chromosome 3A. These high levels of RFLP and SSR polymorphisms between two related wheat cultivars could be used to map and tag genes influencing important agronomic traits. It may also be important to reconsider RFLP as the most suitable marker system at least for anchor maps of closely related wheat cultivars.

Stomatal Behavior of Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Their Transpiration, Photosynthesis, and Yield1

AbstractWheat cultivars were found to differ widely in their stomatal aperture under conditions of adequate moisture supply. A field study was carried out to determine whether these differences were related to short‐term transpiration (measured by a hygrosensor cuvette over periods of less then 1 min), short‐term photosynthesis (measured by the uptake of 14CO2 over a period of 20 sec), long‐term water consumption (determined from soil moisture data over periods of several weeks), and grain yield. Rank correlations between the various attributes were determined. Ten wheat cultivars were used in 1 year, 11 cultivars in the other year. Leaf permeability (measured by means of a viscous‐flow porometer) was well correlated to stomatal aperture (measured by means of silicone rubber impressions), and was therefore used as an index of stomatal aperture. Leaf permeability was significantly rank‐correlated with short‐term transpiration (r = 0.97 to 0.98), with short‐term photosynthesis (r = 0.86 to 0.84) and with grain yield (r = 0.70 to 0.74), but not with water consumption (r = 0.01 to 0.22), which was nearly the same for all cultivars. Yields of the cultivars ranged between 4,000 and 5,200 kg ha−1 in the first year, and between 4,250 and 6,150 kg ha−1 in the second year. It is suggested that wheat cultivars having wider somatal aperture produce higher yields without consuming more water, and that the porometer method may be employed in wheat breeding programs.

Genetic and Cytogenetic Studies of Stem Rust, Leaf Rust, and Powdery Mildew Resistances in Hope and Related Wheat Cultivars

Three linked genes responsible for resistance respectively to stem rust, to leaf rust, and to powdery mildew are located on chromosome 7B of Hope wheat. The gene for stem rust resistance, operative in seedling and adult plant stages, is recessive and is designated Br17. The incompletely dominant gene for resistance to leaf rust, designated Lr14, showed 18% recombination with sr17, whilst in two different crosses recombination estimates of 6�0 and 2�5%, respectively, were obtained for the recessive gene for mildew resistance and Br17. All three genes were found to be present in a high proportion of Hope and H�44 derivatives. The gene Br 1'7 is apparently ineffective in conferring resistance to North American and pre.1954 Australian stem rust strains. Its incorporation into several cultivars selected for resistance to these strains presumably resulted from gene interactions or linkage with genes for resistance to other diseases.