Wheat Bran Inclusion Research Articles

Stimbiotic and wheat bran inclusion in maize or wheat-based diets for broiler chickens; effects on jejunal histomorphology, digesta oligosaccharides and caecal short-chain fatty-acids profiles

ABSTRACT 1. A stimbiotic (STB) is any feed additive that stimulates caeca fibre fermentation, although the additive itself contributes little to the caeca short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. A 42 d experiment investigated the interactive effects of STB and wheat bran (WB) in broiler chickens receiving maize or wheat-based diets. 2. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial (eight replicates each), the dietary factors being diet (maize-SBM or wheat-SBM), STB (with or without) and WB (0 or 50 g/kg). Jejunal tissue, gizzard, jejunal and ileal digesta and caecal contents were collected on d 18 and 42. 3. Gizzard pH tended to decrease with STB (p = 0.06) supplementation and was lower in birds fed wheat- compared to maize-based diets on d 18 (p < 0.05). Birds receiving diets with WB had higher jejunum pH on d 18 (p < 0.05). 4. Total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the caeca on d 18 and isobutyrate on d 42 were higher (p < 0.05) for maize compared with wheat-based diets. However, on d 42, acetate, butyrate and total SCFA were higher (p < 0.05) for wheat-based compared with maize-based diets. 5. On d 18, STB and WB inclusion increased villi height (VH; p < 0.05) and VH to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), respectively (p < 0.05). On d 42, VH (p < 0.05) and VH/CD were higher in wheat-based diets (p < 0.05). The VH/CD ratio was lower with STB supplementation (p < 0.05). Marker-corrected pentose oligosaccharides (Pent)4 and (Pent)5 concentrations in the ileal digesta were reduced (p < 0.05) with STB supplementation. In addition, STB decreased (Pent)3 concentration in maize-, but not wheat-based diets (p < 0.05). 6. In conclusion, both WB and STB influenced gastrointestinal pH and jejunum histomorphology of broilers without increasing oligosaccharide concentration in the ileum and SCFA in the caeca.

Interactive effects of a stimbiotic supplementation and wheat bran inclusion in corn- or wheat-based diets on growth performance, ileal digestibility, and expression of nutrient transporters of broilers chickens

A 42-day experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of a stimbiotic (STB) and wheat bran (WB) in broiler chickens receiving diets (DT) based on corn or wheat. A total of 960 Cobb 500 male broiler chicks at zero-day old were allocated to 64 pens with 8 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, and 15 birds per replicate. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 2×2×2 factorial, with the factors as diet (corn-soybean meal or wheat-soybean meal), STB (with or without), and WB (0 or 50 g/kg). Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and mortality-corrected FCR data were collected for the starter (d 0-10), grower (d 10-28), and finisher (d 28-42) phases. Ileal digesta and jejunal tissue were collected on d 18 and 42. Data were analyzed as a 2×2×2 factorial using a mixed model of JMP. There was no significant 3-way interaction for growth performance and expression of nutrient transporters. There was a significant SB×WB for FCR (P < 0.05) in the grower phase. Stimbiotic supplementation and WB inclusion individually improved (P < 0.05) FCR regardless of cereal type, but this effect was not observed when the two were combined. In the overall phase (d 0-42), birds receiving corn-based diets had higher (P < 0.05) FI and BWG than those receiving wheat-based diets. There was a significant 3-way interaction for ileal digestible energy (IDE) (P < 0.05) and N digestibility (ND) on d 18 and 42 (P < 0.05). There was no effect of STB or WB in corn-based diets, whereas WB inclusion decreased IDE in wheat-based diets, but STB supplementation increased IDE with or without WB. In corn-based diets, WB inclusion increased ND, whereas ND was decreased in wheat-based diets. Supplementation with STB had no effect on ND, but STB increased ND in wheat-based diets with and without WB. Ileal DE was greater (P < 0.05) for wheat- than corn-based diets on d 42. Wheat bran inclusion increased ND in corn-based diets whereas, with STB supplementation, there was no difference in ND with or without WB. There was no difference in ND with or without STB or WB in wheat-based diets. There was a significant STB×DT on the expression of GLUT-1 (P < 0.05). In corn-based diets, STB produced an upward expression of GLUT-1, whereas in wheat-based diets, STB supplementation had no effect. On d 42, stimbiotic supplementation produced upward (P < 0.05) expression of SGLT-1. In conclusion, STB supplementation in wheat- or corn-based diets and with WB inclusion improved energy digestibility. On the other hand, WB inclusion in wheat-based diets decreased nutrient digestibility especially on d 18, thus making room for a positive response to STB supplementation in wheat-based diets compared to the marginal response to STB supplementation observed in corn-based diets.

Wheat bran inclusion level impacts its net energy by shaping gut microbiota and regulating heat production in gestating sows

An accurate estimation of net energy (NE) of wheat bran is essential for precision feeding of sows. However, the effects of inclusion level on NE of wheat bran have not been reported. Inclusion level was hypothesized to impact NE of wheat bran by regulating gut microbiota and partitioning of heat production. Therefore, twelve multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 2 to 4 parity) were assigned to a replicated 3 × 6 Youden square with 3 successive periods and 6 diets in each square. The experiment included a corn-soybean meal diet (WB0) and five diets including 9.8% (WB10), 19.5% (WB20), 29.2% (WB30), 39.0% (WB40) and 48.7% wheat bran (WB50), respectively. Each period included 6 d of adaptation to diets followed by 6 d for heat production measurement using open-circuit respiration chambers. Compared with other groups, WB30, WB40, and WB50 enriched different fiber-degrading bacteria genera (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of wheat bran were greater in WB30 and WB40 (P < 0.05). Physical activity (standing and sitting) decreased as inclusion level increased (P = 0.04), which tended to decrease related heat production (P = 0.07). Thermic effect of feeding (TEF) was higher in WB50 than other treatments (P < 0.01). Metabolizable energy of wheat bran was similar among treatment groups (except for WB10). NE of wheat bran conformed to a quadratic regression equation with inclusion level (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.01) and peaked at an inclusion level of 35.3%. In conclusion, increasing inclusion level decreased energy expenditure of sows on physical activity and promoted growth of fiber-degrading bacteria, which improved energy utilization of fiber. Fermentation of wheat bran fiber by Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and norank_f__Paludibacteraceae might increase TEF. Consequently, sows utilized energy in wheat bran most efficiently at an inclusion level of 35.3%.

Effect of wheat bran on apparent total tract digestibility, growth performance, fecal microbiota and their metabolites in growing pigs

Abstrast The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wheat bran (WB) levels on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dietary nutrient in growing pigs, and to test the hypothesis that dietary fiber could alter microbiota community and increase the synthesis of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs), thus improving the growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 40.5 ± 3.0 kg were allotted to 5 treatments in a completely randomized design. The five treatment diets included 1 control diet and 4 test diets with the WB inclusion level of 5, 15, 25 and 35%, respectively. The concentration of DE and ATTD of nutrients in diets decreased linearly (P

Effect of dietary wheat bran inclusion on nutrient and energy digestibility and microbial metabolites in weaned pigs

This study was conducted to assess effect of including 40g/kg of wheat bran (WB) in weaner diet on nutrient and energy digestibility and on microbial metabolites. Six weaned piglets (7.3 ± 0.1kg of initial body weight) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Pigs were fed 1 of 2 test diets consisting of: 1) control (a barley-wheat-corn-soybean meal-based diet), and 2) WB diet (40g/kg of coarsely milled WB; 1091µm), which were assigned according to a 2 × 2 Latin square design repeated 3 times. At the end of the second period, all pigs were fed a corn starch-based diet containing 50g casein/kg to estimate basal endogenous amino acids (AA) losses. Piglets fed the WB diet had lower coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy than those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Also, inclusion of WB tended to reduce coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility of OM and DM (P ≤ 0.10). Furthermore, the WB diet showed less digestible energy compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). There were no differences or trends in the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of CP and AA between the 2 diets. Feeding the WB diet increased (P < 0.05) fecal acetate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations in feces and tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) acetate, propionate, valerate, and total VFA in intestinal digesta compared with the control diet. In conclusion, results indicated that dietary inclusion of WB decreased nutrients and energy digestibility, but increased VFA production in the ileal digesta and feces.

0489 Effect of dietary wheat bran inclusion on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs

0489 Effect of dietary wheat bran inclusion on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs

Phytate-phosphorus and phytase contents on the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometry and performance of broilers

ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the efficiency of phytase in diets with low and high phytate phosphorus (PP) 0content, as a consequence of wheat bran inclusion, on the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometry and performance, three hundred and eighty-four male Cobb500 broilers were housed in metabolic cages. Animals were assigned into four treatments in a 2x2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design with eight replicates of 12 birds each. From 11 days of age birds received experimental diets, which consisted of: Diet low in PP; Diet low in PP with phytase (500FTU kg-1); Diet with a high PP and Diet with a high PP with phytase (500FTU kg-1). At 22 and 32 days of age two birds were slaughtered in order to collect gizzard, heart, liver, cecum, cloacal bursa, and at 32 days, a portion of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was collected for morphometric evaluation. From 22 to 32 days of age average feed intake, average weight gain, average body weight and feed conversion ratio were also evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, fixed effects of diet and phytase and interaction between factors as well as the random block effects were tested. There was no significant interaction for the variables studied, concluding that phytase in diets with low or high phytate phosphorus content did not change the relative weight of organs, intestinal morphometrics and performance; only isolated effects were observed.

Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure.

An experiment was conducted to determine effects on DE, ME, and NE for growing pigs of adding 15 or 30% wheat bran to a corn-soybean meal diet and to compare values for DE, ME, and NE calculated using the difference procedure with values obtained using linear regression. Eighteen barrows (54.4 ± 4.3 kg initial BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates. The experiment had 3 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. The control diet contained corn, soybean meal, and no wheat bran. Two additional diets were formulated by mixing 15 or 30% wheat bran with 85 or 70% of the control diet, respectively. The experimental period lasted 15 d. During the initial 7 d, pigs were adapted to their experimental diets and housed in metabolism crates and fed 573 kcal ME/kg BW per day. On d 8, metabolism crates with the pigs were moved into open-circuit respiration chambers for measurement of O consumption and CO and CH production. The feeding level was the same as in the adaptation period, and feces and urine were collected during this period. On d 13 and 14, pigs were fed 225 kcal ME/kg BW per day, and pigs were then fasted for 24 h to obtain fasting heat production. Results of the experiment indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, crude fiber, ADF, and NDF linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased in the diets. The daily O consumption and CO and CH production by pigs fed increasing concentrations of wheat bran linearly decreased ( ≤ 0.05), resulting in a linear decrease ( ≤ 0.05) in heat production. The DE (3,454, 3,257, and 3,161 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), ME (3,400, 3,209, and 3,091 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively), and NE (1,808, 1,575, and 1,458 kcal/kg for diets containing 0, 15, and 30% wheat bran, respectively) of diets decreased (linear, ≤ 0.05) as wheat bran inclusion increased. The DE, ME, and NE of wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were 2,168, 2,117, and 896 kcal/kg, respectively, and these values were within the 95% confidence interval of the DE (2,285 kcal/kg), ME (2,217 kcal/kg), and NE (961 kcal/kg) estimated by linear regression. In conclusion, increasing the inclusion of wheat bran in a corn-soybean meal based diet reduced energy and nutrient digestibility and heat production as well as DE, ME, and NE of diets, but values for DE, ME, and NE for wheat bran determined using the difference procedure were not different from values determined using linear regression.

Effects of inclusion levels of wheat bran and body weight on ileal and fecal digestibility in growing pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded inclusions of wheat bran (0%, 9.65%, 48.25% wheat bran) and two growth stages (from 32.5 to 47.2 kg and 59.4 to 78.7 kg, respectively) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and hindgut fermentation of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six light pigs (initial body weight [BW] 32.5±2.1 kg) and six heavy pigs (initial BW 59.4±3.2 kg) were surgically prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A difference method was used to calculate the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran by means of comparison with a basal diet consisting of corn-soybean meal (0% wheat bran). Two additional diets were formulated by replacing 9.65% and 48.25% wheat bran by the basal diet, respectively. Each group of pigs was allotted to a 6×3 Youden square design, and pigs were fed to three experimental diets during three 11-d periods. Hindgut fermentation values were calculated as the differences between ATTD and AID values. For the wheat bran diets, the AID and ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO), gross energy (GE), and digestible energy (DE) decreased with increasing inclusion levels of wheat bran (p<0.05). While only AID of CHO and ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CHO, GE, and DE content differed (p<0.05) when considering the BW effect. For the wheat bran ingredient, there was a wider variation effect (p<0.01) on the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran in 9.65% inclusion level due to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the nutrient and energy digestibility being higher at 9.65% compared to 48.25% inclusion level of wheat bran. Digestible energy content of wheat bran at 48.25% inclusion level (4.8 and 6.7 MJ/kg of DM, respectively) fermented by hindgut was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in 9.65% wheat bran inclusion level (2.56 and 2.12 MJ/kg of DM, respectively), which was also affected (p<0.05) by two growth stages. This increase in hindgut fermentation caused the difference in ileal DE (p<0.05) to disappear at total tract level. All in all, increasing wheat bran levels in diets negatively influences the digestibility of some nutrients in pigs, while it positively affects the DE fermentation in the hindgut.

Development of low-fat gluten and starch fried matrices with high fiber content

Low-fat and high dietary-fiber diets are important elements in the prevention of chronic diseases. The objective of this work was to understand the effect of wheat bran inclusion in large amounts to a gluten–starch matrix, in structure formation and associated quality attributes, during deep-fat frying. Matrices were prepared mixing 12 g of gluten and 88 g of wheat starch per 100 g of dry solids, ensuring a moisture content of 40 g water/100 g dough. Starch was gradually replaced by wheat bran (up to 40 g/100 g dry solids), and lack of structure formation was overcome by partially replacing starch with pregelatinized corn starch. Samples were fried at 170 °C and oil absorption in high fiber products was reduced through post-frying centrifugation. Pregelatinized corn starch addition allowed obtaining an adequate structure in formulations with high wheat bran content, reducing oil absorption by 35% in formulations with up to 20 g wheat bran/100 g dry solids. It was possible to obtain a low-fat product (70% reduction) with high fiber content (40 g/100 g dry solids) after centrifugation, confirming the importance of oil absorption during post-frying cooling.

Short Communication: Effects of feeding wheat bran and condensed liquid whey in diets of growing cattle

Friedt, A. D. and McKinnon, J. J. 2012. Short Communication: Effects of feeding wheat bran and condensed liquid whey in diets of growing cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 501–504. Wheat bran (WB) derived from abrasion milling prior to ethanol production was evaluated in backgrounding diets for steer calves alone or in combination with condensed liquid whey (CLW) as a partial replacement for barley grain. There was no effect of CLW on any performance parameter, nor was any WB×CLW interaction detected. Average daily gain was not affected (P&gt;0.05) by WB inclusion; however, dry matter intake of cattle fed WB was higher (P&lt;0.01) than that of cattle fed the barley-based diet. Gain:feed and estimated diet NEg content were decreased (P&lt;0.01) by WB inclusion. Ultrasound carcass traits were not (P&gt;0.05) affected by treatment. These results indicate that WB can replace barley grain at levels up to 28% of the diet DM without impacting ADG or composition of gain in growing calves. However, calculated NEg of WB-based diets is lower than that of barley-based diets, thus calves must consume more feed DM to maintain similar gains.

Administration of loperamide and addition of wheat bran to the diets of weaner pigs decrease the incidence of diarrhoea and enhance their gut maturation

The influence of fibre inclusion and transit time regulation on the performance, health status, microbial activity and population, physico-chemical characteristics of the hindgut digesta and intestinal morphology in early weaned pigs were examined. For these experiments, wheat bran (WB) was used as fibre source and loperamide as a drug (LOP) to increase the digesta transit time. In Expt 1, a total of 128 early weaned pigs were randomly distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial combination of WB inclusion (0 v. 40 g/kg) and LOP administration (0 v. 0.07 mg/kg body weight) during 13 d. For Expt 2, a total of twenty-four piglets were allotted to three dietary treatments for 15 d with the same basal diet (control diet) as Expt 1; a diet with 80 g/kg of WB and the combination of WB and LOP. In Expt 1, LOP improved the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of the animals (P = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively). The same result was obtained when WB was combined with LOP. The WB-LOP group also showed a higher concentration of SCFA (P = 0.013), acetic acid (P = 0.004) and propionic acid (P = 0.093). On the other hand, WB inclusion reduced the organic matter and crude protein digestibility (P = 0.001) and tended to decrease the enterobacteria population (P = 0.089). In Expt 2, WB increased the butyric acid concentration (P = 0.086). We concluded that the inclusion of WB to modify the intestinal microbiota activity combined with LOP may be beneficial to animal health and performance.

Farelo de trigo e complexo enzimático na alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas na fase de produção

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de farelo de trigo (FT) na ração com ou sem a suplementação de um complexo enzimático (CE) sobre o desempenho e a produção de ovos de frangas semipesadas na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 288 frangas Lohmann Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro níveis de farelo de trigo (0, 3, 6 e 9%) na ração e da suplementação de complexo enzimático (0 ou 100 g/100 kg de ração), com oito tratamentos e seis repetições de seis aves. O complexo enzimático continha as enzimas beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e alfa-glucanase. O consumo de ração, o peso vivo final, a produção de ovos, o peso e a massa de ovos e a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos não foram afetados pela inclusão do farelo de trigo nas rações. A gravidade específica da casca dos ovos piorou com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de trigo nas dietas. Nenhuma característica foi afetada pela adição do complexo enzimático na ração, com exceção do peso do ovo, que melhorou de 62,74 para 64,28 g. Recomenda-se o uso de até 9% de farelo de trigo em rações para poedeiras em produção. A adição de alfa-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e alfa-glucanase aumenta o peso dos ovos.

Inclusion of wheat bran in barley-soybean meal diets with different phosphorus levels for growing-finishing pigs I. Effects on nutrient digestibility and mineral balances in finishing pigs

The effect of the intrinsic phytase of wheat bran (WB) on phytin-phosphorus availability to pigs on barley-soybean meal diets was measured in a digestibility and balance experiment using a 2x3 factorial arrangement in a 6x5 cyclic change-over design. The factors were WB inclusion (0 or 100 g per kg, later referred to as WB- and WB+, respectively) and three phosphorus (P) levels: high (HP), medium (MP) and low (LP). The inclusion of WB in the diet did not significantly improve dietary P utilization. However, the absorption and retention of P appeared to be slightly improved by WB inclusion in the LP diet. This improvement may be due to WB phytase. The effects of WB on the digestibility and balance of other minerals remained relatively small. The P level, on the other hand, had a greater effect on mineral balances. Ash digestibility was not affected by the treatments. Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were impaired when WB was included in the diet. N absorption of intake was higher (p