Concentration Of Wetting Agent Research Articles

Studying the wetting agent impact in the porous silicon production

Newly, porous silicon (PS) powder has been developed to meet the requirements of various fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. In this research, the PS powder is produced using a combination of both (alkali chemical etching and ultra-sonication techniques) from commercial polycrystalline silicon powder. It shows the dependence of the crystal structure and the morphology on the value of wetting agent concentration, which is controlled on the rate of each chemical reaction in the formation process. For the first time, the PS pines shape is a product at using the preparation conditions (7 wt %KOH, 3 hours, and 15 Vol% NPA). On the other hand, the (PS) micro-rod clusters are produced with different values of both the diameter and the pore size at wetting agent concentrations variation (20, and 25 Vol% NPA). The most stable crystal structure of silicon surface is Si (111), it has a rhombohedral unit cell. By changing the wetting agent concentration value, then the crystal structure of the product powder is changed too, from rhombohedral plane Si (111) to the hexagonal plane Si (211). So, this increases the chances of using the PS product in many fields whether medical or engineering.

Research on Flotation Technique of Separating PET from Plastic Packaging Wastes

Flotation, as one efficient waste plastic separation technology, is an effective method to improve the recycling rate of packaging waste. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) widely used in packaging industry, has a large number of consumption and high recovery value. Aiming at separating PET from plastic packaging wastes, a designed flotation column was used in laboratory to investigate the effects of parameters, such as wetting agent species and wetting agent concentration, on the flotation behaviors. The results showed that the primary flotation of PET/polyvinyl chloride(PVC)/polycarbonate(PC)/ polystyrene(PS)achieved the optimal effect with PS as floating materials and PET/PC/PVC sinking materials under 70mg/L of sodium dodecyl sulfate as wetting agent. When 3mol/L sodium hydroxide used to modify the mixed plastics and 8mmol/L of dibutyl sebacate (DBS) used as wetting agent, PET/PC/PVC separation in the secondary flotation achieved the optimal effect with PET floating rate being 3.56% and PC/PVC floating rate being 97.45% and 92.91% respectively. After two stages of flotation screening, the purity of recycled PET finally reached 90.91%, which indicated that the flotation process developed could effectively separate PET from four kinds of mixed plastics.

Wetting Agent Influence on Water Infiltration into Hydrophobic Sand: II. Physical Properties

Wetting agents are commonly used to remedy localized dry spot (LDS) caused by soil water repellency on golf course putting greens. Information gleaned from field experiments assessing wetting agent effects on infiltration can be difficult to interpret due to temporal and spatial variations. To avoid this challenge, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of six commercial wetting agents at four concentrations (500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg L−1) on surfactant physical properties and to establish relationships between physical properties and water infiltration into a water‐repellent U.S. Golf Association (USGA)‐grade sand. As wetting agent concentration increased, notable decreases in surface tension (γ), liquid‐solid contact angle (θ), and liquid entry pressure head (hp) were measured. These decreases were negatively correlated with the hydraulic conductivity (K) of water‐repellent sands treated with wetting agents. Improved infiltration as a function of wetting agent concentration was explained by reduced hydrophobicity following wetting agent application. Cascade Plus and LescoFlo Ultra at concentrations of ≥3000 and 1000 mg L−1, respectively, transformed the water‐repellent sand to a wettable media, as evidenced by negative hp values. A multiple regression model (R2 = 0.82) found that K of wetting agent treated soil can be explicated by variables γ, hp, and wetting agent concentration. Our results showed that all tested wetting agents improved water infiltration, but the effectiveness was compound dependent. Therefore, it is essential to select appropriate wetting agents and application rates when seeking to improve water infiltration into hydrophobic sands.

Enzymatic removal of plant residues from wool: Application of experimental design techniques for optimization parameters

This study was undertaken to find the optimum conditions of a new enzymatic process to remove plant residues from wool. Commercial enzymatic preparations of Celluclast 1.5 L and Pectinex Ultra SP-L were selected in order to hydrolyze the polysaccharides in primary plant cell walls and middle lamella, resulting into more fragile residues easier to be removed. Since it was intended to define the optimal conditions for enzyme application, a four-factor central composite design was selected to study the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and wetting agent concentration, on the two selected responses, i.e., soluble reducing sugars (RS) and alkali solubility (AS) of wool to detect plant degradation and to evaluate wool quality, respectively. Results demonstrated that enzyme concentration was the most significant effect in plant residues degradation. A total enzyme concentration loading of 20 mL of both diluted enzymatic preparations in equal parts per 1 L of incubation solution (42.970 U/L of Celluclast preparation and PG 29.3 nkat/L + PME 2.537 nkat/L of Pectinex preparation), yielded an equivalent amount of 240.127 mg of glucose per 1.0 g of plant residue, at the optimal conditions: 40.56 °C, pH 4.0 and 1 mL Plurafac/L. SEM analysis has indicated an identical and important degradation of the plant residues, when compared to the conventional carbonization process, and wool quality has been preserved.

Wetting agent effect on physical properties of new and reused rockwool and coconut coir waste

Wettability of growing medium in horticulture is an important practical factor of this industry. With a proper choice and a right application, wetting agent in the nutrient solution would improve wettability and some other physical properties of growing media. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on some physical properties of new and reused rockwool and coconut coir dust substrates with different doses of wetting agent (2, 10, 20, 100, 200, 1000, 2000, 10,000 and 20,000 mg L −1) applied to the nutrient solution and their effects measured by using bioassays. The wetting agent was ether poly-ethylene-glycol nonil-phenol with 20% (w/v) as an active ingredient of a non-ionic surfactant. Bioassay results showed differences among species. For this, the method can be suggested as a good tool to be utilized through fertigation in soilless crops; however, other studies should be proposed for each species in particular. Except to the 2 mg L −1 wetting agent content in reused coir waste, the total water-holding capacity increased with the wetting agent. With 2 mg L −1 wetting agent content there was an important and significant increase the easily available water (over 600%) in both substrates (including the reused ones), while higher doses show no significant differences. The effect of adjuvants added through fertigation is directly dependant on the substrate type evaluated. The substrate reutilized after one crop, reduces the air capacity and increases the easily available water and total water-holding capacity. 2 mg L −1 is the wetting agent concentration more adequate in coir waste and rockwool.

Hydrology of Horticultural Substrates: III. Predicting Air and Water Content of Limited-volume Plug Cells

Abstract Plants grown in small containers often show limited growth due to low levels of aeration and water holding capacity in the medium. These levels can be changed by management practices such as medium compaction, medium wetness at time of container filling, container height and volume, peat : vermiculite ratio, particle size, and the use of a wetting agent. A modified equilibrium capacity variable model was applied to an investigation of media-container interactions for short containers (<5 cm tall). Predicted volume percentages for total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC), air space (AS), unavailable water (UW), and available water (AW) were developed from measured moisture retention data and container geometry. AS increased with: 1) increased particle size, 2) increased media moisture at time of container filling, 3) decreased medium compaction, 4) increased wetting agent concentration, 5) decreased ratio of peat : vermiculite, and 6) increased container height. Increased percent AW resulted from smaller particle size, increased media moisture at time of container filling, decreased container compaction, decreased wetting agent concentration, increased ratio of peat : vermiculite and decreased container height.

Effects of Soil Wetting Agent Concentration on Southern Pine Seed Germination

Abstract A widely used soil wetting agent at the recommended rate (0.1 percent) reduced germination of longleaf, slash, loblolly, and shortleaf pine seeds. Germination varied by species and seed lot. The application rate may be lowered to 0.02 to 0.04 percent, which provides adequate wetting without reducing germination.