Wet Environment Research Articles

Diversity-productivity relationships of savanna ecosystems in the Cerrado-Pantanal transition of southern Mato Grosso, Brazil

Productivity and ecosystem carbon (C) storage are often positively associated with species and/or structural diversity; however, positive relationships in tropical forests and woodlands are not universal and the strength of this relationship may be affected by climate. Diversity-productivity relationships were evaluated in upland and seasonally flooded savanna (Cerrado) of the Cuiaba Basin and Northern Pantanal in southern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Data on wood C increment, tree species composition, and alpha diversity were measured over a 10-year period in nine communities located in the Cerrado-Pantanal transition zone. Communities were composed of a wide spectrum of tropical savanna physiognomies, including mixed grassland (campo sujo), typical wooded savanna (stricto sensu), dense wooded savanna (cerrado denso), seasonal forest (mata seca and mata ciliar), and riparian forest (mata de galeria). We hypothesized that tree species richness and diversity would increase from grassland to forest. We further hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between woody C storage and diversity, but the strength of this relationship would be higher in wet years and wetter environments, such as the Pantanal, due to an increase in water availability. We found that tree species richness and diversity did not increase from mixed grasslands to forests, as mixed grasslands and riparian forests had similarly low levels of tree species richness and diversity compared to the other physiognomies. However, the rate of annual aboveground wood C increment was positively related to species richness and alpha diversity, and the positive relationship was primarily observed during wet years when the annual precipitation was at, or above, the long-term average for the region. Presumably, the impact of structural and species diversity on productivity declines during dry years when water availability becomes a more important control on stem C increment for tree species in the Cerrado-Pantanal transition. These data suggest that maintenance of diversity in these Cerrado woodlands and forests is important for maximizing aboveground C gain. However, climate change, which is causing warming and drying for the region, may limit the importance of diversity on wood C storage.

SOIL MOISTURE AND PH CONTROL DEVICE IN SPROUT CULTIVATION

Sprout cultivation is one of the practical and economical methods to obtain a type of food rich in nutrients. However, the success of sprout cultivation requires proper control of soil moisture and water pH in the cultivation environment. Watering begins when the moisture of the mung bean plant reaches the specified parameters with a soil moisture of 67 and a pH value of + 9. This tool aims to make manual work easier to automate, a benefit in watering sprout plants. This tool uses a water ph sensor and a soil moisture sensor or soil moisture sensor that functions as a soil moisture detector that will send commands to the Arduino uno to turn on the relay so that the water pump can automatically water according to the needs of the soil. The creation of this final project is carried out by designing, making and implementing system components which include Arduino uno as a controller, relay to turn on the water pump and turn off the water pump, LCD (linquit Crystal Display) to display the soil moisture value and water ph value. The results of the research value prove that the tools to be made can function properly and can be developed as expected.

An Extreme Environment Capable Self‐Healing Single Active Layered Triboelectric Sensors as Fully Recyclable and Transparent Human‐Machine Interfaces

AbstractCurrent approaches to triboelectric devices require multiple layers. Here, a transparent ultra‐stretchable single active layered ionic‐based nanogenerator is shown that can self‐heal in both dry and wet environments. Despite being conductive, surprisingly the ionogel exhibits triboelectric properties and generates output voltages ranging from 1.7 to 70 V. By tuning the ionic liquid concentration, unique triboelectric devices with position‐detection and energy harvesting ability are developed. This design enables visualization of the mechanical force distribution through the mechano‐electric‐optical conversion process, which is achieved by changing it from an insulating dielectric material to a tribo‐negative ionic conducting material. The triboelectric device maintains its stability and self‐healing ability at extreme environments (−20 to 380 °C, pH 1.3 to 13), and the device can be fully closed‐loop recycled for reuse. Various human‐machine interface applications such as untethered self‐powered light‐emitting jellyfish‐like devices are demonstrated, a mechano‐thermal sensor array, and tactile recognition of object shapes with over 91% accuracy using convolution neural networks (CNN).

Self-Reinforcing Ionogel Bioadhesive Interface for Robust Integration and Monitoring of Bioelectronic Devices with Hard Tissues.

Integrating bioelectronic devices with hard tissues, such as bones and teeth, is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. However, stable and durable adhesion in dynamic, moist environments remains challenging. Traditional bioadhesives often fail to maintain strong bonds, especially when interfacing with metal electrodes and hard tissues. This study introduces a self-reinforcing ionogel bioadhesive interface (IGBI) combining silk fibroin and calcium ions, designed to provide robust and conductive integration of bioelectronic devices with hard tissues. The IGBI exhibits strong adhesion (up to 186Jm-2) and undergoes mechanical self-reinforcement through a structural transition in silk fibroin under physiological conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrate the IGBI's effectiveness in repairing bone defects and reimplanting teeth, with the added capability of wireless, real-time monitoring of bone healing. This approach allows for continuous tracking of tissue regeneration without a second invasive surgery for device removal. The IGBI represents a significant advancement in bioelectronic integration, offering a durable and versatile solution for challenging environments. Such unique self-reinforcing properties make the IGBI a promising material for biomedical applications where traditional adhesives are insufficient.

Native and cationic cellulose nanofibril films enriched with avocado seed compounds as a green alternative for potential wound care applications

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) show great potential for skin wound care and healing due to their biocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, and high swelling with good mechanical stability. In the presented study, for the first time native and cationized cellulose nanofibrils were used in combination with avocado seeds extracts obtained with different extraction methods (ASE), as an alternative to a well-known antibiotic, Clindamycin, to produce films with high and long-lasting antimicrobial efficacy. The swelling capacity of prepared films and extracts/antibiotic release kinetics were studied at different pH values to evaluate pH response behavior.All developed films exhibited high bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and G-positive Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in up to 100 % bacterial reduction with the log reduction factor up to 5.64 or 6.50, at 14.2 mg of avocado seed extract or clindamycin integrated in the 1 cm2 of CNF film. The high swelling capacity (up to 65.67 %) and stability of avocado seed extracts-enriched CNF films provide a suitable moisture environment and a sustainable release (up to 40.98 % in 48 h) of bioactive compounds. The prepared antibacterial films' chemical and morphological characteristics and pH-responsive behavior proved the potential applications in the cosmetics, biomedicine, and pharmaceutical industry.

Biomimetic poly(thioctic acid)-based bioadhesive hydrogels for wet adhesion, expeditious hemostasis and enhanced wound healing

The bioadhesive hydrogels have been viewed as promising substitutes for surgical sutures in wound closure. However, current bioadhesives face challenges such as weak wet adhesion and hemostatic performance, which hinder their wider clinical application. In this study, a novel poly(thioctic acid)Li+/caffeic acid-grafted sericin (CAS) (PTALi-CAS) supramolecular hydrogel was prepared using facile one-pot method. Among the PTALi-CAS hydrogels with varying CAS content, the PTALi-7%CAS hydrogels exhibited the highest adhesion strength (32.02 ± 2.28 kPa) and could adhere on surfaces of various organs in moist environments. It is noteworthy that the microstructure of the PTALi-7%CAS hydrogels after stretching closely resemble those of mussel byssal adhesion proteins. Additionally, the PTALi-7%CAS hydrogels exhibited rapid hemostatic properties in rat hemorrhage models and significantly accelerated the wound healing in rat skin incision experiments. Therefore, this study proposes a promising approach for developing a versatile hydrogel to aid in healing traumatic wounds.

Recent Advances in Multifunctional Naturally Derived Bioadhesives for Tissue Engineering and Wound Management

ABSTRACTRecent advancements in naturally derived bioadhesives have transformed their application across diverse medical fields, including tissue engineering, wound management, and surgery. This review focuses on the innovative development and multifunctional nature of these bioadhesives, particularly emphasizing their role in enhancing adhesion performance in wet environments and optimizing mechanical properties for use in dynamic tissues. Key areas covered include the chemical and physical mechanisms of adhesion, the incorporation of multi‐adhesion strategies that combine covalent and non‐covalent bonding, and bioinspired designs mimicking natural adhesives such as those of barnacles and mussels. Additionally, the review discusses emerging applications of bioadhesives in the regeneration of musculoskeletal, cardiac, neural, and ocular tissues, highlighting the potential for bioadhesive‐based therapies in complex biological settings. Despite substantial progress, challenges such as scaling lab‐based innovations for clinical use and overcoming environmental and mechanical constraints remain critical. Ongoing research in bioadhesive technologies aims to bridge these gaps, promising significant improvements in medical adhesives tailored for diverse therapeutic needs.

Long-term effects of underground mining on surface soil moisture and vegetation environment: evidence from the Xishan mining area.

This research aims to study the prolonged effects of underground mining on the ecological environment, particularly on surface soil moisture (SM) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC). Using 21years of data (2000-2020) from the Xishan mining area, a novel quantitative relational model was developed to disentangle the effects of mining activities from those of climate, soil type, and topography. The findings reveal that climatic factors, such as precipitation and air temperature, have significant effects on SM and FVC, while soil type and topographic features are important factors affecting SM and FVC. After years of data analysis, when controlling for factors such as climate, soil, and topography, there were no significant differences in the effects of different mining areas and types of mining activities on SM and FVC. This suggests that the disturbance of mining activities themselves on local hydrology and ecological environment did not exceed the impact range of climate change, surface characteristic changes, and their own restoration capacity. These research findings offer a comprehensive perspective for understanding the impacts of underground mining activities on ecological landscapes and provide a scientific basis for developing effective strategies for ecological conservation and rehabilitation.

Triaxial compression and shear strength characteristics of two-stage concrete: an experimental study

The research necessity stems from the need to understand and evaluate the performance of Two-Stage Concrete (TSC) under triaxial compression conditions, as prior studies have predominantly focused on uniaxial and biaxial testing of conventional concrete (CC). This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the triaxial compressive strength and related mechanical properties of TSC, addressing a critical gap in the existing body of literature. Three different mixtures were prepared, including one CC and two TSC variants with varying cement content. The results and behavior of these mixtures were compared to assess their performance. Findings reveal that TSC, particularly those types with finer aggregates, demonstrates superior shear strength, achieving up to 52.4 MPa under dry conditions, in contrast to the 48.38 MPa observed in CC. Furthermore, TSC exhibits remarkable stress tolerance, withstanding up to 82.04 MPa, significantly outperforming CC, which withstands only 69.61 MPa under similar conditions. This behavior can be attributed to the higher coarse aggregate content, the increased interaction and contact points between coarse aggregates, the improved bonding between them, and the inherent properties of the grout. TSC also maintains a higher modulus of elasticity and internal friction angles, indicating superior deformation behavior and shear resistance. Additionally, TSC shows greater resilience to moisture, suggesting its potential suitability for use in variable moisture environments. These properties highlight the strength of TSC for high-load applications and its suitability for infrastructure prone to environmental fluctuations.

Modeling spider silk supercontraction as a hydration-driven solid-solid phase transition

Spider silks have attracted significant interest due to their exceptional mechanical properties, which include a unique combination of high strength, ultimate strain, and toughness. A notable characteristic of spider silk, still debated from both mechanical and functional viewpoints, is supercontraction–a pronounced contraction of up to half its original length when an unconstrained silk thread is exposed to a wet environment. We propose a predictive model for the hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of spider silks, conceptualizing this phenomenon as a solid–solid phase transition, similar to the glass transition in rubber, but driven by humidity. As wetting increases, the system undergoes a transition, at the network scale, from a hard, highly crystalline, dry state–where the material behavior is governed by stiff chains elongated along the fiber axis–to a soft, amorphous, wet state, regulated by a rubber-like response. We model these states using a two-well free energy function dependent on molecular stretch, with transition energy modulated by humidity. Based on the methods of Statistical Mechanics, we deduce that supercontraction can be interpreted as a solid–solid phase transition. We elucidate the important role of thermal fluctuations. In particular, the decrease of the critical humidity needed for supercontraction as temperature grows results as an effect of entropic stabilization of the softer rubbery phase. Our model quantitatively predicts the observed experimental behavior, capturing the temperature dependence of humidity-induced supercontraction effects and related cooperative properties.

Deployment of intelligent irrigation monitoring system with Android app for machine learning prediction.

Water is a fundamental necessity for humans and a critical resource in agriculture. However, water scarcity poses a significant challenge, especially considering that agriculture accounts for a substantial portion of freshwater usage. The inadequate monitoring resources in agriculture lead to unnecessary wastage of water, affecting crop growth and the water supply. This challenge has spurred us to focus on the agricultural domain, aiming to conserve water by imparting intelligence into irrigation systems by converging IoT and machine learning technologies. Our study has proposed a Smart Irrigation System (SIS), designed to operate remotely, leveraging open-source IoT platforms. Utilizing IoT and machine learning methodologies can effectively optimize water usage in irrigation practices. The designed system comprises hardware and software tools, where comprehensive data is monitored through an application interface. The sensor's interface with a 32-bit microcontroller is used to gather data such as environmental temperature, humidity, and soil moisture and temperature. The user (farmer) continuously receives real-time updates about the condition of the farmland through the Blynk app. The app triggers a notification advising the user to start or stop watering based on pre-set threshold values of soil moisture. Additionally, users can control the water pump remotely through the app. The data collected from the deployed smart irrigation system was used to train a machine learning algorithm incorporating weather parameters and soil temperature to predict soil moisture content. This trained model aims to offer guidance for future assessments of unknown soil samples based on the weather conditions.

Adaptable Hydrogel with Strong Adhesion of Wet Tissue for Long-Term Protection of Periodontitis Wound.

Periodontitis is a severe gum infection characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. The disease is challenging to manage due to its exposure to a wet and dynamic oral environment, where conventional hydrogels often suffer from weak adhesion, short residence time, and vulnerability to bacterial invasion. In this study, an innovative hydrogel system based on in situ light curing is proposed. The hydrogel precursor, comprising sodium alginate and a calcium ion network, is designed and adhere to the irregular and smooth surfaces of periodontal tissue before curing. Upon light irradiation, a second network polymerizes rapidly, establishing multiple interactions with the tissue, which enhances adhesion strength. Benefited from this engineering strategy, the hydrogelexhibits a low swelling rate, effectively mitigating adhesion loss in the moist oral environment. Additionally, the hydrogel demonstrates excellent long-lasting wet adhesion, maintaining its presence in periodontal tissue over 120 hours. It also serves as an effective physical barrier against bacterial invasion, achieving a blocking efficiency of 99.9%. This novel design concept offers a promising approach for developing advanced medical dressings for periodontitis, providing sustained therapeutic benefits.

Bioinspired Physico‐Chemical Surface Modifications for the Development of Advanced Retentive Systems

AbstractA major aspiration in advanced materials is to create artificial adhesive surfaces for wearable medical devices to meet the demands of the body's challenging settings and dynamics. For instance, dentures replace missing teeth and operate within the oral cavity, where an interplay between forces, muscles, saliva, and roughness of mucosa undermine their ability to grip oral tissues. Consequently, the lack of effective retentive strategies represents a source of dissatisfaction for denture wearers globally. Nature is rich in examples that employ physical and chemical adhesive strategies to optimize interfacial forces in dry and wet environments. Here, keratin‐coated octopus‐like suction cups are presented at the micro‐ and macroscale to improve the retention of rigid poly(methyl methacrylate). Microtopographies are obtained using two‐photon polymerization and maskless lithography, while denture prototypes with macrotopographies are derived via digital light processing 3D printing. Results suggest that microtopographies and keratin‐coated surfaces sustain higher maximum adhesion stress than the non‐topographical and non‐coated surfaces in moist environments, where retention is typically lacking. Proof‐of‐concept dentures demonstrate higher maximum detachment forces than conventional dentures with and without denture adhesive within dry and wet environments. This interdisciplinary research highlights the potential application of a nature‐inspired physico‐chemical approach in the next generation of complete dentures.

A global assessment of plant–mite mutualism and its ecological drivers

Mutualisms are mediated by adaptive traits of interacting organisms and play a central role in the ecology and evolution of species. Thousands of plant species possess tiny structures called "domatia" that house mites which protect plants from pests, yet these traits remain woefully understudied. Here, we release a worldwide database of species with mite domatia and provide an evaluation of the phylogenetic and geographic distribution of this mutualistic trait. With >2,500 additions based on digital herbarium scans and published reports, we increased the number of known species with domatia by 27% and, importantly, documented their absence in >4,000 species. We show that mite domatia likely evolved hundreds of times among flowering plants, occurring in an estimated ~10% of woody species representing over a quarter of all angiosperm families. Contrary to classic hypotheses about the evolutionary drivers of mutualism, we find that mite domatia evolved more frequently in temperate regions and in deciduous lineages; this pattern is concordant with a large-scale geographic transition from predominantly ant-based plant defense mutualisms in the tropics to mite-based defense mutualisms in temperate climates. Our data also reveal a pattern of evolutionary convergence in domatia morphology, with tuft-form domatia more likely to evolve in dry temperate habitats and pit domatia more likely to evolve in wet tropical environments. We have shown climate-associated drivers of mite domatia evolution, demonstrating their utility and power as an evolutionarily replicated system for the study of plant defense mutualisms.

Suction-forced triboelectricity escalation by incorporating biomimetic 3-dimensional surface architectures

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which operate on the principles of electrostatic induction and triboelectrification, have emerged as highly promising devices for energy harvesting, offering vast potential to address the challenges of energy depletion. In this study, we present a hierarchical bio-inspired architecture designed to enhance the triboelectric effect through a physically adhesive mechanism, achieved by creating a highly deformable 3D microstructure. This three-dimensional (3D) architecture, inspired by the male diving beetle, features properties that increase the contact area and compressibility of the interface by forming conformal contact with the electrode surface in both dry and wet environments. The architecture enhances van der Waals forces and generates multiple physical adhesion forces at the interface, leading to significant charge transfer. Compared to flat surfaces as well as various 3D bio-inspired architectures such as linear-shaped pillars and mushroom-like architectures, diving beetle inspired architecture demonstrated the highest triboelectric performance, generating voltage (∼42 V) and current (∼1008 nA) in dry conditions at 16 N of force. The results of this study offer a new perspective, demonstrating that triboelectricity can be efficiently generated through the strategic design of physically adhesive structures, as opposed to conventional TENGs that rely on structureless designs or chemical adhesives.

Challenges and future directions in evaporative cooling: Balancing sustainable cooling with microbial safety

Evaporative cooling systems are gaining popularity due to their environmental benefits, particularly in reducing energy consumption and utilizing air (R-729) and water (R-718) as refrigerants. However, these systems are susceptible to microbial contamination, posing significant health risks, especially in environments where air is in direct contact with water. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the microbial risks associated with evaporative cooling systems, focusing on bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, fungi, and other pathogens that can proliferate in the moist environments these systems create. While Legionella contamination is well-documented and frequently addressed, this study highlights the need for more comprehensive evaluation of other microbial risks. The research compares the microbial safety of evaporative cooling systems with that of traditional vapor compression cooling and examines the role of cooling pad materials and water quality in promoting microbial growth. It also underscores the limitations of current maintenance practices, which often overlook non-Legionella risks. To improve microbial safety, the paper proposes several mitigation strategies, including UV water treatment and heat exchanger surface modifications, to reduce microbial contamination. Additionally, the study calls for more detailed and consistent maintenance guidelines that cover a broader spectrum of microbial threats beyond Legionella, as well as regular monitoring of indoor air quality to ensure the safe operation of these systems in human-occupied spaces.Ultimately, the findings emphasize that, with improved microbial safety protocols and regular maintenance, evaporative cooling systems can become a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional cooling technologies in various environments.

Understanding soil and ecosystem respiration in a dune-meadow cascade ecosystem

Arid and semi-arid regions, which account for more than 30% of the Earth's land area, increasingly dominate the spatiotemporal trends in global carbon fluxes. The Horqin Sandy Land is a typical semi-arid fragile ecosystem in northern China. Understanding the components of the carbon budget in ecosystems under conditions of extreme soil moisture limitations provides a foundation for comprehending the carbon balance in semi-arid ecosystems. The seasonal and diurnal variations in soil respiration (Rs) in semi-mobile dune (SD) and meadow wetland (MW) ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land were examined, and the sources of CO2 emissions from Rs were identified using stable carbon isotopes. The responses of Rs and ecosystem respiration (Reco) to environmental temperature, moisture and leaf area index (LAI) were revealed. The results showed that on a seasonal scale, in SD with soil moisture content (Ms) below field capacity (FC), Ms had a greater influence on Rs than soil temperature (Ts) during the growing season. Changes in the LAI during the middle and late growth period affected Rs by altering root carbon supply. In MW, the most favorable Ms for Rs was near FC. The increase in LAI before mowing could effectively promote root and soil microbial respiration, and the decomposition of litter driven by Ts was the main form of Rs at this time. After mowing, root respiration and soil microbial respiration were the main processes contributing to CO2 emissions. On a daily scale, relative humidity (RH) dominated the Rs variation under dry conditions, whereas in other conditions, the Rs was adequately explained by temperature in SD and MW. The overall Reco was larger than Rs, but occasionally Rs was greater than Reco. The effects of temperature, moisture and LAI on Reco and Rs varied with growing season. Adding factors, such as ecosystem type, vegetation growth, water, and heat, to the carbon cycle model can improve predictions of carbon emissions, and aid in further management decisions in arid and semi-arid areas.

Rigid-Flexible Coupled Dendritic Molecule Doping: General Approach to Activate Commercial Polymers into Harsh Condition-Tolerant Multi-Reusable Strong Supramolecular Adhesives.

Developing functional adhesives combining strong adhesion, good recyclability and diverse harsh-condition adaptability is a grand challenge. Here, we introduce a general dendritic molecule doping strategy to activate commercial polymers into a new family of supramolecular adhesives integrating high adhesion strength, ultralow temperature, water resistant and multi-reusable properties. Our method involves rational design of a new rigid-flexible coupled dendritic molecule-M4C8OH as a versatile dopant, while simple M4C8OH doping into commercial polymers can modulate internal and external non-covalent interaction to enable H-bonding enhanced interchain cross-linking for tough cohesion along with enhanced interphase interaction. This endows 20 wt % M4C8OH-doped polycaprolactone (PCL) adhesives (PCL-M4C8OH) with improved adhesion strength on various substrates with the maximum increase up to 2.87 times that of PCL. In particular, the adhesion strengths of PCL-M4C8OH on polymethyl methacrylate at 25 °C and -196 °C reach 4.67 and 3.58 MPa-1.9 and 2.3 times those of PCL and superior to diverse commercial adhesives and most reported adhesives. PCL-M4C8OH also displays markedly-improved multi-usability and tolerance against ultralow temperature and diverse wet environments. Mechanism studies reveal the crucial role of M4C8OH molecular structures toward superior adhesion. Our method can be expanded to other polymer matrices, yielding diverse new supramolecular adhesives.

Radiation damage evaluation of YSECT v.2 for spent nuclear fuel inspection in wet storage facility

The Yonsei Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography version 2 (YSECT v.2) for inspection of spent nuclear fuel in the wet storage facility is currently under development. However, the high radiation fields of the facility can potentially damage the system. In this study, we evaluated radiation damage to the scintillator and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and its impact on performance. The facility was modeled using Monte Carlo simulation, and the gamma dose and neutron flux delivered to the detector were calculated. Based on the calculated values, experiments were conducted to evaluate damage by irradiating photons and neutrons to the detector. Radiation damage was assessed by comparing 137Cs spectra obtained before and after irradiation. Additionally, the damage was assessed by comparing the spectra obtained for gamma rays emitted from 252Cf during neutron irradiation. As a result, no detector damage due to photon irradiation was observed. For neutron irradiation, when the neutron fluence reaches approximately 3.0 × 109 neutrons/cm2, the signal gain decreases by 16.66 % due to SiPM damage. Nevertheless, there was no change in the measured counts, which are important for image reconstruction of the system. It is expected that the wet storage environment will not affect the results of YSECT v.2 spent fuel inspection.

External damp environment aggravates diarrhea in spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome in mice: involvement of small intestinal contents microbiota, energy metabolism, gastrointestinal and fluid functions.

Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that a multiplatform water environment combined with lard gavage is an effective method for establishing a mouse model of diarrhea. However, the interactions between intestinal microorganisms and diarrhea, as well as the relationships among energy metabolism, fluid balance, and gastrointestinal function in this model, remain poorly understood. Building on previous research, this study aimed to optimiz and replicate a multiplatform water environment combined with a lard gavage model. Male Kunming mice, free of specific pathogens, were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (ZC), a standing group (ZL), a standing combined with lard group (ZLZ), and a standing combined with internal and external wet conditions group (ZLZS). The mice in the ZL, ZLZ, and ZLZS groups were subjected to 4 hours of daily standing in a custom-designed multiplatform water environment. Starting on day 8, mice in the ZLZ and ZLZS groups were gavaged with lard (0.4 mL per session, twice daily) for 7 consecutive days, while those in the ZLZS group were additionally exposed to a wet litter environment (50 g/100 mL). The ZC and ZL groups received equal volumes of sterile water via gavage. The microbiota in the small intestine, as well as serum levels of cAMP, cGMP, VIP, Gas, and D-xylose, were analyzed. Compared with the ZLZ group, the ZLZS group showed significantly lower serum levels of cAMP/cGMP (p<0.01) and Gas (p<0.01). D-xylose levels were lower in the ZL, ZLZ, and ZLZS groups compared to the ZC group, while VIP levels were significantly higher in the ZL and ZLZS groups (p<0.01). Moverover, Corynebacterium, Empedobacter, and Pseudochrobactrum were identified as characteristic bacterial genera in the ZLZS group. The mechanism by which the small intestinal microbiota induces diarrhea was linked to the biosynthesis of secondary bile acids. A multiplatform water environment combined with lard gavage can effectively induce diarrhea, and the addition of an external wet environment exacerbates this condition by affecting small intestinal contents microbiota and other functions.