Wetland Rice Fields Research Articles

Correction to: Protists: the hidden ecosystem players in a wetland rice field soil

Correction to: Protists: the hidden ecosystem players in a wetland rice field soil

Protists: the hidden ecosystem players in a wetland rice field soil

Protists: the hidden ecosystem players in a wetland rice field soil

Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Zinc-Solubilizing Bacteria (ZSB) from Wetland Rice Fields in Peninsular Malaysia

Micronutrients, such as zinc (Zn), are essential for the growth and development of a wide range of crops. To overcome Zn deficiency in the soil, Zn-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) have recently been employed. In the present study, samples from the rice fields in the state of Selangor, Malaysia, were collected to isolate, characterize, and identify the ZSB. A total of 88 strains were isolated, and only 9 strains were able to solubilize the insoluble Zn on zinc oxide (ZnO)-, zinc carbonate (ZnCO3)-, and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2)-amended Tris-minimal media agar and broth assays. The highest Zn solubilization (20.99%) was measured for the TM23 isolate when exposed to Zn3(PO4)2-modified media culture, whereas ZnCO3 showed the lowest (3.35%) Zn solubilization by ZSB. In addition, nine isolated ZSB also exhibited plant-growth-promoting (PGP) traits, including nitrogen fixation ability, siderophore production, indole acetic acid production (35.28–65.48 mL−1), phosphate solubilization (27.69–77.38%), enzyme hydrolysis, and production of organic acids. Most of the isolated strains (88) were Gram-negative, except for TM54, which was Gram-positive. The four potential ZSB isolates based on 16RS rDNA sequence analysis were identified as Serratia sp. and Acinetobacter sp. Hence, this study’s findings suggest that these isolates could be prospective candidates to overcome Zn deficiencies and reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas.

Influence of Nitrogen Levels and Weed Management Practices on Soil Quality of Wetland Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most popular cereal crops serves as the staple food for world’s half of the population. Nutrients and weeds are two important factors that determine the productivity of wetland rice. Nitrogen (N) is major nutrient that contributes in rice production. Weeds are the major constraint limiting high productivity of rice. Weeds may remove considerable quantity of nutrients besides competing for light; space and moisture thus become a major constraint in wetland rice. Considering these, a field experiment was conducted for two successive kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Agricultural Research Farm, B.H.U., Varanasi, UP (India). The study included influence of nitrogen levels and weeds management practices (WMP) post harvest soil quality of wetland rice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design involving five nitrogen levels viz. control, 60 kg N ha-1 through inorganic, 60 kg N ha-1 as farmyard manure (FYM), 90 kg N ha-1 & 120 kg N ha-1 in main plots and four weed management practices viz. Azolla 2 t ha-1, BGA 1.25 kg ha-1, two hand weeding (2HW) at 20 & 40 days after transplanting (DAT) along with weedy in sub plots and replicated thrice. The results showed that the FYM treated plots exhibited maximum residual NPK and organic carbon with comparatively less pH in post harvest soil of wetland rice. Post harvest soil studies indicated that among weed management practices Azolla facilitated higher residual NPK and organic carbon and least pH in wetland rice field.

The potential of Beauveria bassiana vuill to control rice leaf roller cnaphalocrocis medinalis guenee

The pest presence and environmental condition is very important factor on agricultural production especially manage rice growth in wetland. The purpose of the research is to study the role of Beauveria bassiana Vuill as entomopathogenic fungi against rice leaf roller Cnaphalochrosis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in wetland rice field. Experimental research was held in Pest Laboratory, Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture Hasanuddin University in March to August 2018. The source of C. medinalis larval from rice field in Moncongloe Bulu village, Maros district, South Sulawesi. B. bassiana isolate from Disease Laboratory collection in applied concentration 106 cfu to all of the treatment. The result showed in five days after applied B. bassiana the effective treatment control is P4 = C. medinalis sprayed and dipped rice leaves as food of larvae (100%) then P3 = dipped rice leaves into B. bassiana (90%); P2 = sprayed B. bassiana to body of C. medinalis larval (50%) and P1 = control (30%), respectively. The total mortality of C. medinalis after application B. bassiana started at five days in P4, faster than another treatment. The result of research, B. bassiana is very useful and safety manage population of C. medinalis in rice field.

Agricultural planning based on local agro-climatology assessment in Bongkot, Purwodadi, Purworejo

Bongkot, located in Purwodadi, Purworejo is a village dominated by wetland ricefield reaching 68% total area, with the majority of its population work as farmers. Climate parameters, especially rain intensity affect crop patterns. Farmers strongly depend on rain intensity to support productivity thus they need climate-based crop patterns. This study aims to plan agricultural calendar and crop patterns based on rainfall and dry patterns analysis. Rainfall data is derived from multi-temporal CHIRPS data. A monthly time series with thirty consecutive years (1990-2019) was used to identify local agro-climatology types. Climate of Bongkot generally has 5-6 consecutive wet months and 5-6 dry months. According to Oldeman criteria, this type belongs to C3, which is adequate to plant crops three times a year, with a couple of period for palawija crops on first and second planting, and one time paddy on November or December. The Oldeman classification can be applied as a climate-based crop adaptation.

Ammonia fluxes and emission factors under an intensively managed wetland rice ecosystem.

Nitrogen (N) loss from rice production systems in the form of ammonia (NH3) can be a significant N loss pathway causing significant economic and environmental costs. Yet, data on NH3 fluxes in wetland rice ecosystems are still very scarce which limits the accuracy of national and global NH3 budgets. We measured the NH3 fluxes in situ in a wetland rice field and estimated emission factors (EF) under two soil management systems (i.e. conventional tillage, CT and strip tillage, ST); two residue retention levels (i.e. 15%, LR and 40% crop residue by height, HR); and three N fertilization rates (i.e. 108, 144 and 180 kg N ha-1) in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020). The highest NH3 peaks were observed within the first 3 days after urea application. The mean and cumulative NH3 fluxes significantly increased with the increases in N fertilization rates and were 18.5% and 18.6% higher in ST than in CT in 2020 but not in 2019. Overall, the highest mean NH3 fluxes were in 180 kg N ha-1 coupled with either HR or LR and ST or CT. In 2019, the NH3 EF was unchanged by any treatments. In 2020, the lower EF was in CT coupled with LR (15%) than all other treatment combinations, where ST with HR showed the highest EF (20%). Likewise, the lowest N rate (108 kg N ha-1) in ST had the highest NH3 EF (20%) that was similar to higher N rates (144 and 180 kg N ha-1) in the same tillage treatment and to 180 kg N ha-1 in CT. Our results highlight that NH3 fluxes in rice field particularly the effects of ST correlated with higher soil pH and NH4+ content and lower redox potential. Our results highlight that NH3 fluxes are a potentially large N loss pathway in wetland rice under conventional and decreased soil disturbance regimes.

Identification of SNPs Associated with Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice

Iron (Fe) toxicity is one of the limiting factors that can lead to the decrease of rice yield in paddy fields. Association studies to identify potential alleles or markers linked to iron toxicity tolerant trait can be carried out using high throughput single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We conducted an association study for Fe toxicity tolerance characters, using Forty-five double haploid lines derived from reciprocal double-crossing, i.e. IR54 / Parekaligolara // Bio110 / Markuti in high Fe wetland rice field. Genome-wide association study was carried out using 384 SNP-plex markers distributed on 12 rice chromosomes. A total of 77 SNPs were significantly associated with the Fe toxicity tolerance-related traits. Functional annotation allowed us to shortlist four SNP markers associated with Fe toxicity tolerance trait, i.e.: TBGI204006, TBGI310247, id9006377, and id10000498. The research suggests that association studies followed by functional annotation can effectively detect potential alleles and candidate genes for the trait. The identified QTL and genes provided valuable sources for future genetic improvement of Fe tolerant rice lines.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN SAWAH PASCA BANJIR BANDANG PADA TANAMAN PADI DI KABUPATEN ACEH TENGGARA

The aim of the study was to determine the level of suitability of wetland rice fields in the area before flash floods and post flash floods Lawe Tua Makmur Village, Lawe Alas Subdistrict, Southeast Aceh Regency and soil analysis at the Research and Development Laboratory of PT. Nusa Pusaka Kencana Analytical & Qc. Laboratory Bahilang Tebing Tinggi Medan in April 2016 and December 2017. It is carried out by a survey method that refers to the extent of the limiting factor of land characteristics. Data from observations in the field and data from laboratory analysis were matched to the criteria for the suitability of wetland rice classes. The results showed that the actual land suitability class for paddy rice in the area prior to banjir bandang was according to marginal / S3 (r, f) and the potential land suitability class was marginal / S3 (r). Actual land suitability class for wetland crops in the post-banjir bandang area according to marginal / S3 (r, f, n) and potential land suitability classes according to marginal / S3 (r). The limiting factor is the permanent texture of the soil so that it cannot be repaired and the limiting factors of CEC, organic C and N-total can still be improved by adding organic matter and fertilizing with nitrogen.

IDENTIFIKASI GULMA TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L. var. Ciherang) SUMATARA SELATAN

The growth of weeds in the rice fields can reduce production. Weed is a disrupting plant that grows and spreads rapidly so it becomes a nutritional competitor for cultivated plants. This study aims to identify rice weeds in the fields of Rimau District, Banyuasin, South Sumatra. The research method used was descriptive method with purposive sampling on wetland rice fields of the Ciherang variety. Sampling was carried out in a critical period (3-6 weeks after planting) in rice fields. The results of weed identification obtained 6 families consisting of 15 species, namely Ageratum conyzoides L., Crassocephalum crepidioides, Cleome rutidisprema DC., Cyperusroduntus L. Cyperus compressus, Eleocharis palustris L., Frimbristylis miliacea L. Vahl, Phylanthus naruri L., Eurphobia hirta, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Press., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Echinochola colona (L.) Link., Eleusinindica (L.) Gaertn., Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven. The Poaceae family is most commonly found as a rice weed in Rimau District, South Sumatra.

Soft Soil Retrofitting Study with Bamboo Concave Mattress Against Stability of Jombang - Kertosono Railway Double Track Slope Due to Earthquake Load

Soft soil in construction work is a problem. This is due to the low carrying capacity of the land. Low carrying capacity can cause losses, ranging from losses in terms of construction costs that are increasingly expensive, to the threat of construction safety, ie structures that are made unable to stand stably. The stability of the soft soil found in the location of the railway double track planning can be improved by the method of bamboo slab mattress because the carrying capacity of the soil increases due to pressure from the bamboo slabs that enter the soil. In this study bamboo slabs were used in order to strengthen the stability of embankments on the double track railroad where the embankment did not experience the collapse of the load of the pile itself or due to the burden of the passing train. The earthquake load can affect the stability of the slope of the double track railroad, this is evidenced from the analysis using the plaids program so that the internal force can be known. In the writing of this study, we will draw a picture of soft soil reinforcement modeling with bamboo slabs, which analyzes the calculations with additional earthquake loads. This can be a reference in the implementation of the construction of railroad lines in Indonesia, which are located in vulnerable locations with wetland conditions or rice fields

Field evaluations of agrochemical toxicity to cyanobacteria in rice field ecosystem: a review

The adverse effects of chemical nitrogen fertilizers affecting soil fertility, water pollution and native microorganisms, particularly cyanobacteria, in wetland rice cultivation have drawn global attention towards the use of alternative sources like N2-fixing cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer for sustainable rice farming. Although chemical nitrogen fertilizers are extensively used for obtaining higher rice yield, they are likely to have a deleterious effect on the growth and N2-fixation of diazotrophs, including cyanobacteria. In addition, biocides (herbicides and insecticides) are widely being used in rice cultivation for optimizing crop yield, but these chemicals also affects non-target organisms adversely. There are several reports indicating impacts of these agrochemicals on cyanobacteria, but most such studies were carried out under laboratory conditions. This article reviews information from different field evaluations on the impact of agrochemicals on cyanobacteria along with rice crop in wetland rice field ecosystem.

Tolerance of wetland rice field's cyanobacteria to agrochemicals in cultural condition

Abstract The wetland rice fields are favorable for cyanobacterial growth, which play an important role in building soil fertility. Since agrochemicals are intensively being applied in rice fields to boost crop productivity, this study was undertaken to observe their effects on dominant N2-fixing cyanobacteria i.e. filamentous, heterocystous Nostoc linckia and unicellular Aphanothece pallida. These cyanobacteria were isolated from flooded rice fields and used to find out the effects of urea N-fertilizer, herbicide benthiocarb and insecticide metacid (in isolation and combinations) on their growth and N2-fixation ability. It was observed that N. linckia and A. pallida grew up to 25 days after inoculation (DAI) whereas acetylene reduction activity (ARA) increased up to 15 DAI in N-free medium without supplementation of agrochemicals in both cyanobacteria where N. linckia exhibited higher growth and ARA than A. pallida. Urea-N (30 ppm) was inhibitory for the growth of N. linckia whereas it stimulated the growth of A. pallida. Addition of benthiocarb (0.5 ppm) was found to have no significant impact on the growth of N. linckia but showed initial enhancement in the growth of A. pallida up to 10 DAI. Metacid supplementation at 0.25 ppm supported growth and ARA of both the cyanobacteria. It was also revealed that the use of urea-N, benthiocarb and metacid in combination reduced the growth and N2-fixation of N. linckia, however, these chemicals together were promotary for A. pallida. Overall, it was observed that combinations of these agrochemicals caused additive toxicity to heterocystous cyanobacterium whereas these were promotary to unicellular ones.

Thermoplasmatales and Methanogens: Potential Association with the Crenarchaeol Production in Chinese Soils.

Crenarchaeol is a unique isoprenoid glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (iGDGT) lipid, which is only identified in cultures of ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. However, the taxonomic origins of crenarchaeol have been debated recently. The archaeal populations, other than Thaumarchaeota, may have associations with the production of crenarchaeol in ecosystems characterized by non-thaumarchaeotal microorganisms. To this end, we investigated 47 surface soils from upland and wetland soils and rice fields and another three surface sediments from river banks. The goal was to examine the archaeal community compositions in comparison with patterns of iGDGTs in four fractional forms (intact polar-, core-, monoglycosidic- and diglycosidic-lipid fractions) along gradients of environments. The DistLM analysis identified that Group I.1b Thaumarchaeota were mainly responsible for changes in crenarchaeol in the overall soil samples; however, Thermoplasmatales may also contribute to it. This is further supported by the comparison of crenarchaeol between samples characterized by methanogens, Thermoplasmatales or Group I.1b Thaumarchaeota, which suggests that the former two may contribute to the crenarchaeol pool. Last, when samples containing enhanced abundance of Thermoplasmatales and methanogens were considered, crenarchaeol was observed to correlate positively with Thermoplasmatales and archaeol, respectively. Collectively, our data suggest that the crenarchaeol production is mainly derived from Thaumarchaeota and partly associated with uncultured representatives of Thermoplasmatales and archaeol-producing methanogens in soil environments that may be in favor of their growth. Our finding supports the notion that Thaumarchaeota may not be the sole source of crenarchaeol in the natural environment, which may have implication for the evolution of lipid synthesis among different types of archaea.

ANALISIS RISIKO PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI LAHAN BASAH DAN LAHAN KERING DI KABUPATEN MELAWI

This study aims to analyze the production risk of rice farm and compare production risk betwen wetland rice farm and field rice farm. The method used in this study is deskriptive and quantitative method. The location is determined by purposive. Data obtained through interviews with160 randomly simple rice farmers. The method used is just and pope production of multiple linear regression analysis with cobb douglas method and t test analysis.The results of this research were: the model showed that the factors such as land width, seeds, urea fertilizers, pesticides and quantity of family labours had a real influence to the increase of the wetland rice farm production. While NPK fertilizers, age and education of farmers did not influence to (non-significant) the increasing of rice production.The model used in this research had showed that land width, pesticides, quantity of family labours and age of farmers had a real influence to the increase of the field rice farm production. While seeds and education farmer did not influence to (non-significant) the increasing of rice production. Compare production risk between wetland rice farm and field rice farm showed real difference. Keywords: Risk, Production, Rice Farm, wetland and field.

STS Marker Associated with Iron Toxicity Tolerance in Rice

Iron (Fe) toxicity is one of the limiting factors for rice growth and production in paddy fields. The use of iron tolerant varieties is one of the most efficient way to solve this problems. Identification of molecular markers linked to the trait is very important to develop marker-assisted selection (MAS) to obtain tolerant lines. The objective of this study was to identify sequence tagged sites (STS) markers associated with iron tolerance trait in double haploid rice population. Forty-five double haploid lines derived from reciprocal double crossing, i.e. IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/ Markuti, were phenotypically screened in high Fe wetland rice field at Taman Bogo Experimental Station, Lampung. Molecular analysis performed using STS markers. The results of the association between the genetic and phenotypic analysis showed that there were three markers, i.e. OsIRT1 , OsIRT2 , and OsFRO2 , associated with iron tolerance trait in rice. The markers have potential as selection markers for iron toxicity tolerant lines.

The effects of current water management practices on methane emissions in Japanese rice cultivation

Cultivated wetland rice fields are a source of methane (CH4) emissions. To estimate CH4 emissions and develop policies to reduce such emissions, information on water management at the farm level is crucial. It is known that farmers implement midseason drainage (MD) to increase rice yields and save water. However, little is known about whether MD is carried out in soils where CH4 emissions are high and how part-time status will influence management. The objective of this study is to identify factors that determine MD implementation using a binomial logistic regression model based on a farm-level survey in Japan and to indicate possible changes in estimates of CH4 emissions, accounting for current water management practices. The implementation rates were significantly higher where the soil types were classified as having the potential for high CH4 emissions. Under current water management practices, the duration of MD and the percentage of continuous flooding were 5 to 7 days longer and approximately 7 % higher, respectively, than the values used by the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, which in turn are used to report greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. By accounting for current water conditions with the Tier 2 method, this study indicates that national estimates of CH4 emissions from rice straw application areas could be lowered by 12.7 %. These results may contribute to the development of a mitigation policy that will help to further reduce CH4 emissions.

Cyanobacteria, pesticides and rice interaction

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are widely distributed in tropical wet land rice fields where they play important role in building soil fertility. Due to their ability to photosynthesize and fixing atmospheric nitrogen, these are used as inoculants in rice fields to obtain additional benefits. The fertilizers and pesticides are being extensively used and therefore, it is necessary to find out effects of agrochemicals particularly pesticides on non target organisms like cyanobacteria. In the present investigation interaction of pesticides and cyanobacteria has been studied at different stages of rice crop. It was observed that application of herbicide butachlor decreased growth and N2-fixation of both native and inoculated cyanobacteria whereas insecticide metacid application was found to increase these attributes. The interaction of algal inoculation and both the biocides application were superior than algal inoculation with the herbicide application on both algae and rice. It is concluded from this study that herbicides application affected adversely cyanobacteria but insecticide application was favorable to them and application of both biocides was better than herbicide alone. Therefore judicious use of these chemicals and cyanobacteria in rice fields are suggested.

Plot Scale Phosphorous and Potassium Balances of Newly Opened Wetland Rice Farming Originated from Wetland

Development of newly opened wetland rice fields both from dry land and wetland in Indonesia are important to meetrice growing demand, increase soil productivity, keep rural food security and provide jobs as well as generateincome. Most soils of newly opened rice fields are low in P and K contents, but the farmers do not apply P and Krecommended fertilisers. The study was conducted on newly opened wetland rice farming in Panca Agung village,Bulungan District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia in 2009. The aims were to evaluate phosphorous andpotassium input – out of newly opened wetland rice and to validate the P and K recommendation. Six treatmentswere tested including farmers practices (as control), farmer practices + straw compost + dolomite, NPK withrecommendation rate in which N and K was split in two applications, NPK with recommendation rate in which N andK was split three applications, NPK with recommendation rate + straw compost + Dolomite , in which N and K wassplit three applications, and NPK with recommendation rate + straw compost + dolomite, in which N and K weresplit two applications. The N, P and K rates were 250 kg urea, 100 kg SP-36 and 100 kg KCl ha-1 season-1, while thefarmer practices 100 kg urea and 100 kg SP-36 ha-1 season-1. Parameters to be measured were concentration P andK in mineral fertilizer, compost, irrigation water and grains as well as straw. The results showed that surplus Pranged from 5.75 to 12.85 kg P ha-1 season-1, meaning that SP-36 application rate was more than enough to replace Premoved by harvest product. In contrast, potassium application rate should be increased from 100 to 200 kg KClha-1 season-1 to fix K removed by harvest product. However, when the compost will also be increased to 3 Mg ha-1season-1 K fertilizer can be increased to 150 kg KCl ha-1 season-1 to substitute K taken away by rice harvest productand to keep higher rice grain yield. These P and K recommendation rate imply that total SP-36 and KCl should beavailable at district level will be about 984.9 Mg SP-36 and 1.477 Mg KCl district -1 season -1, respectively.Keywords: Newly opened wetland rice; nutrient balance; nutrient input; nutrient losses; plot scale wetland[How to Cite: Sukristiyonubowo, K Nugroho and S Ritung. 2012. Plot Scale Phosphorous and Potassium Balances of Newly Opened Wetland Rice Farming Originated from Wetland. J Trop Soils 17 (3): 227-237. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.227][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.227]

Nutrient Removal by Rice Cultivated in Newly Opened Wetland Rice in Bulungan District, East Kalimantan

Highly weathered Indonesian soils and potential acid sulphate soils are mainly granted for developing newlyopened wetland rice field to meet rice growing demand in Indonesia. Nutrient removal by rice harvest product ofCiliwung variety planted in newly opened wetland rice was studied in Bulungan District, in 2009. The aims were toexamine the nutrient taken out by rice harvest product and to properly manage its fertility status to sustain ricefarming. Six treatments were studied including T0: farmers practices, T1: farmer practices + compost + dolomite, T2:NPK recommended rate, N and K were split two times, T3: NPK recommended rate, N and K were split three times,T4: NPK recommended rate, N and K were split three times + compost + dolomite and T5: NPK recommended rate,N and K were split two times + compost + dolomite. The results indicated that the highest concentrations of N, P,and K in rice grain and rice straw were observed at NPK with recommendation rate in which N and K were split threetimes + straw compost + dolomite (T4). The T4 (NPK with recommendation rate in which N and K were split threetimes + straw compost + dolomite) also showed the highest nutrient removal by harvest product. Depending on thetreatments, total nutrients removal through rice grains and rice straw varied from 61.81 to 101.71 kg N, 4.31 to13.69 kg P and from 95.77 to 171.16 kg K ha-1 season-1, meaning that at least about 137 to 225 kg urea, 50 to 160kg SP-36 and 190 to 339 kg KCl ha-1 season-1 should be given to replace nutrient removed by harvest product andto avoid any nutrients depletion. When all rice straws were returned to the field as compost, about 55 to 133 kg urea,25 to 110 kg SP-36 and 10 to 19 kg KCl ha-1 season-1 should be added to substitute nutrient removed by rice grain.[How to Cite: Sukristiyonubowo, K Nugroho and T Vadari. 2012. Nutrient Removal by Rice Cultivated in Newly Opened Wetland Rice in Bulungan District, East Kalimantan. J Trop Soils 17: 115-120. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.115] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.115]