Wet-rice Agriculture Research Articles

Traditional Self-Governing Institution of the Co Ho Sre People in Lam Dong in Current Social Life

The Co Ho Sre people, the largest local group within the Co Ho ethnic group, had a long-standing culture, highlighted by developed wet rice farming and stable settlements in their villages. The village of the Co Ho served as a traditional social organization with essential functions in organizing, managing, and operating the community regarding economy, society, culture, and ethnic consciousness in a context of low development. The traditional self-governing institution of the Co Ho village relied on customary laws and the prestige of the village chief to govern all activities within the village. Although there have been many changes in social management, the self-governing institution of the Co Ho Sre still retained many positive elements, playing an essential role in building the Co Ho Sre community in particular and minority ethnic communities in Lam Dong in general. The article applied synthesis and analysis methods along with survey and interview methods to reconstruct the traditional self-governing institution and evaluate its role in the current life of this ethnic group.

ALIH USAHATANI PADI SAWAH KE TANAMAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus auratifolia) DI DESA TRIDANA MULYA KECAMATAN LANDONO KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The objective of this study is to ascertain the underlying factors that precipitate the transition from wet-rice farming to lime farming, as well as to examine the impact of such farming conversions among farmers in Tridana Mulya Village. The study population was comprised of two groups: a group of 31 lime farmers and a group of seven rice farmers. The sampling technique employed was the census method, which entailed the inclusion of the entire population, resulting in a research sample of 38 individuals (31 lime farmers and 7 rice paddy farmers). Data were collected through the use of interview techniques, observation, and documentation of media sources in the form of questionnaires. The variables under investigation are the factors that influence the transfer of farming and the impact of such transfer. The data were analyzed using a descriptive method and an income formula. The results demonstrated that the factors that precipitated the transition from paddy rice farming to lime farming were attributable to a confluence of production, economic, and cultivation-related considerations. The production yield factor of lime farming has demonstrated an increase in production compared to paddy rice farming in Tridana Mulya Village. In terms of economic factors, lime farming has been shown to yield higher profits for farmers than paddy rice farming. Additionally, the cultivation factors associated with lime farming are considerably more straightforward, as the land only requires processing once, due to the fact that lime is a long-term crop, in contrast to paddy rice farming, which is dependent on seasonal conditions. The impact of switching farms includes both economic and environmental consequences. From an economic standpoint, farmers' income may change after switching from paddy rice farming to lime crops. This is because lime crops may yield higher profits than paddy rice, depending on various factors. From an environmental standpoint, the lack of use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides in lime farming may reduce the impact on the environment. This is in contrast to the opposite condition observed in paddy rice farming.

PENERAPAN PRINSIP-PRINSIP PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN PADA USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA CIALAM JAYA KECAMATAN KONDA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

This study aims to determine the application of sustainable agriculture principles in paddy rice farming in Cialam Jaya village, Konda sub-district, South Konawe district. Informants were determined by snowball sampling with a total of 6 informants. The method in this study uses qualitative analysis, as for the analysis used in this study, namely: data reduction, data analysis and data interpretation. The results showed that the application of the principles of sustainable agriculture on wet-rice farming in the village was at the adaptation stage, but not yet fully sustainable. Farmers have implemented several principles such as crop diversification, integrated pest control, and the use of organic fertilizers, but still depend on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. More intensive efforts are needed to improve the overall application of sustainable agriculture principles in order to achieve sustainability of food production, environmental protection and improvement of farmers' welfare.

PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN TERHADAP KINERJA USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA TEPPOE KECAMATAN POLEANG TIMUR KABUPATEN BOMBANA

This study aims to examine the role of agricultural extension workers in the context of wet-rice farming in Teppoe Village, East Poleang Subdistrict, and to elucidate the relationship between the two. The research population consisted of all wet-rice farmers in Teppoe Village, amounting to a total of 250 individuals. A sample of 25 individuals was selected from the total research population, representing 10% of the total number of respondents. The data were collected via survey, interview, and documentation methods with the assistance of research instruments in the form of questionnaires. This study employs a quantitative approach. The research data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive methods, specifically the class interval formula and Spearman's rank correlation. The findings indicated that the role of agricultural extension workers in Teppoe Village, East Poleang Subdistrict, as facilitators was deemed to be satisfactory. However, their roles as motivators and educators were perceived to be inadequate, while their role as innovators was considered to be satisfactory. The performance of paddy rice farming in terms of productivity is in the satisfied category, while the sales price of paddy rice and farmers' income are in the moderately satisfied category. The relationship between the role of agricultural extension officers and farm performance was found to be statistically significant (value 0.031), though the strength of the relationship was relatively weak (value 0.363).

DINAMIKA KELOMPOK TANI PADA USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA PEATOA KECAMATAN LOEA KABUPATEN KOLAKA TIMUR

This study aims to examine the dynamics of farmer groups engaged in rice paddy farming in Peatoa Village, Loea District, East Kolaka Regency. The population under investigation consisted of all wet-rice farmers who were members of farmer groups in Peatoa Village, with a total of 54 wet-rice farmers. The sample was determined using the census method, whereby the entire population was included in the study, resulting in a research sample of 54 respondents. This research employs a quantitative approach. Data were gathered through survey methods, interviews, and documentation via media in the form of questionnaires. The data were processed using a quantitative descriptive method with the class interval formula and Spearman Rank correlation, with the assistance of SPSS software. The results indicated that the dynamics of paddy rice farmer groups in Peatoa Village had a positive impact on farm development. The majority of farmer group members shared similar goals. Group structure involved the division of tasks and responsibilities among members. The farmer groups demonstrate a high level of group task function. The farmer group coaching is progressing well. Each group member exhibits high levels of cohesion, which reflects effective unity and cohesiveness in managing rice paddy farming. A positive group atmosphere enhances cooperation, engagement, and productivity. The level of farmer group activity is an important factor in farm success. Overall, the farmer group dynamics in Peatoa Village show positive patterns, providing insights for agricultural policy development and community development in the region. Further enhancements to the dynamics of farmer groups may also be considered to enhance the productivity of wet-rice farming.

EFISIENSI TEKNIS USAHATANI PADI SAWAH PADA PERTANIAN PERKOTAAN DI KOTA SEMARANG: PENDEKATAN STHOCHASTIC FRONTIER

Improving food self-sufficiency requires a strategy to increase paddy rice production. The urban agriculture initiative in Semarang City is seen as a suitable policy. However, the current increase in agricultural productivity through improved production efficiency is hampered by land conversion and inappropriate use of production inputs. The objective of this study is to assess the technical efficiency of wet-rice farming and its influencing factors in Semarang City. Cross-sectional data from 68 respondents were used in this study. The data analysis strategy used in this study is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) combined with Stochastic Frontier Cobb Douglas production function. The results show that land area, seeds, NPK, urea, and pesticides are the main determinants of rice production. Paddy rice cultivation in Semarang City is technically efficient (0.73). Formal education and other sources of off-farm income are factors that influence the level of technical inefficiency of wet-rice cultivation. Strategies to achieve food self-sufficiency in urban agriculture include developing extension strategies and improving agricultural infrastructure.

Analisis Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Kecamatan Batang Anai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Tahun 2002-2022

Land cover change is a process of change from previous land cover to other land cover and is also long or temporary in nature which is a form of logical consequence of growth and transformation. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine land cover in Batang Anai Sub-district. The research method uses the overlay method, map analysis approach and also regression statistics, namely Landsat images of land cover of the study area in 2002 and 2022 sourced from the Research Center. Significant changes in the area of each category reflect major shifts in the land use structure of the area over the period 2002 to 2022. An increase in urban and wet-rice farming, along with a decrease in the area of shrubs, are highlighted. The driving factor for land change in the Batang Anai sub-district is caused by people who want to increase their income from existing land by expanding their plantation or agricultural land and also building built-up land.

Analisis Risiko Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Desa Radey Kecamatan Tenga Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk of wet-rice farming in Radey Village, Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa Regency. The research lasted for 2 months from September to October 2023. The research was conducted in Radey Village, Tenga District, South Minahasa Regency. Data collection methods in this study were collected through primary data obtained through direct interviews with wet-rice farmers in Radey Village using questionnaires. Secondary data were taken from village and sub-district offices as well as previous research reports, journals, and from the internet related to the research. The sampling method was purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study were 20 respondents who owned farmland (owners) to determine priority risks. Data analysis used in this research is the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) method. Criteria in assessing risk refers to The Basic of FMEA by McDermott with a scale of 1 to 3. Calculate the priority level of each risk source based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN) value. The results showed that there are 2 sources of risk faced by rice farmers that are directly related to rice plants and affect rice farming, namely the risk of production risk sources and price and marketing risks, production risks as many as 4 risks, namely strong winds, pest and disease attacks, erratic weather and climate, high rainfall intensity. Price and marketing risks are 2 difficulties in the process of selling grain, and expensive fertilizer prices. Based on the calculation of the RPN (Risk Priority Number) value, there are 3 risks out of 6 risks faced by rice farmers that must be prioritized. The first risk that must be prioritized first is uncertain weather/climate with an RPN value of 14.25, the second risk of high rainfall intensity with an RPN value of 12.16, and the third risk of strong winds with an RPN value of 10.72.

Nilai Tukar Petani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Passi Timur Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to determine the exchange rate of farmers in Passi Timur Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The research took place from August to October 2023. The research was conducted in Passi Timur Subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained through direct interviews with respondents with a list of questions that have been prepared. Secondary data is data obtained through institutions, agencies, or offices related to this research such as data from the village head office, sub-district office, central statistics agency and so on. Sampling in the study using purporsive sampling method and the sample was 15 respondents of paddy rice farmers in Manembo Village, Poopo Village, and Pangian Village in Passi Timur Sub-district. The data analysis method used in this study uses the analysis of the exchange rate of wet-rice farmers by calculating the exchange rate of farmers (NTP) using the income concept formula. The results showed that the exchange rate of wet-rice farmers in Passi Timur Subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow Regency obtained through the calculation of farmers' income and expenses amounted to 111.14, which means that wet-rice farmers in Passi Timur Subdistrict are able to meet the daily needs of their families from the results of wet-rice farming.

HUBUNGAN MODAL SOSIAL PETANI DENGAN KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA WAWOURU KECAMATAN PALANGGA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of social capital among rice paddy farmers in Wawouru Village and to determine the sustainability of wet-rice farming in the area. The study population consisted of 25 farmers, and the research sample was determined using the census method. A quantitative approach was employed to conduct the research. The data collection techniques used in this study included interviews, recordings, and documentation methods, utilizing media in the form of questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis with the class interval formula and Spearman rank correlation analysis, with the help of SPSS software version 16. The results showed that the social capital owned by wet-rice farmers in Wawouru Village consisted of aspects of trust, norms, and social networks, each of which was in the high category. The sustainability of wet-rice farming in Wawouru Village is high, as reflected in the social, technological, and institutional dimensions. The relationship between social capital and the sustainability of wet-rice farming in Wawouru Village is positive and significant, with a relationship strength of 68.9%, indicating a close relationship.

Millets, dogs, pigs and permanent settlement: productivity transitions in Neolithic northern China

Abstract The transition to sedentary agricultural societies in northern China fuelled considerable demographic growth from 5000 to 2000 BC. In this article, we draw together archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and bioarchaeological data and explore the relationship between several aspects of this transition, with an emphasis on the millet-farming productivity during the Yangshao period and how it facilitated changes in animal husbandry and consolidation of sedentism. We place the period of domestication (the evolution of non-shattering, initial grain size increase and panicle development) between 8300 and 4300 BC. The domestication and post-domestication of foxtail (Setaria italica) and broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) millet increased their productivity substantially, with much greater rate of change than for rice (Oryza sativa). However, millets are significantly less productive per hectare than wet rice farming, a point reflected in the greater geographical expanse of northern Neolithic millet cultures (5000–3000 BC) in comparison with their Yangtze rice-growing counterparts. The domestication of pigs in the Yellow River region is evidenced by changes in their morphology after 6000 BC, and a transition to a millet-based diet c. 4500–3500 BC. Genetic data and isotopic data from dogs indicate a similar dietary transition from 6000 to 4000 BC, leading to new starch-consuming dog breeds. Significant population increase associated with agricultural transitions arose predominately from the improvement of these crops and animals following domestication, leading to the formation of the first proto-urban centres and the demic-diffusion of millet agriculture beyond central northern China between 4300–2000 BC.

PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN MELALUI ADOPSI TEKNOLOGI DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA LAMOERI KECAMATAN ANGATA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The objective of this study is to determine the impact of agricultural extension workers on technology adoption and production factors in enhancing wet-rice farming in Lamoeri Village, Angata Subdistrict, South Konawe Regency. The study population consists of 180 registered rice paddy farmers who are members of 10 farmer groups affiliated with the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP). The study sample consisted of 36 individuals, which represents 20% of the population. The sampling method used was simple random sampling. Data was collected through interviews and documentation using questionnaires as instruments. The data was analyzed quantitatively using the class interval formula. The study found that agricultural extension officers in Lamoeri Village played a positive role in assisting rice paddy farmers. Their roles included facilitating, communicating, motivating, and consulting. The study also revealed that the adoption of innovations in rice paddy cultivation technology was generally successful. Extension workers have optimally carried out the stages of adoption of interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption. However, their role in the awareness stage needs improvement. The production process of paddy rice farming is influenced by natural factors, labor, facilities and infrastructure, and expertise factors. Therefore, it is crucial to always consider and prioritize these factors in order to increase farm productivity.

Global processes of anthropogenesis characterise the early Anthropocene in the Japanese Islands

Although many scholars date the onset of the Anthropocene to the Industrial Revolution or the post-1945 ‘Great Acceleration’, there is growing interest in understanding earlier human impacts on the earth system. Research on the ‘Palaeoanthropocene’ has investigated the role of fire, agriculture, trade, urbanisation and other anthropogenic impacts. While there is increasing consensus that such impacts were more important than previously realised, geographical variation during the Palaeoanthropocene remains poorly understood. Here, we present a preliminary comparative analysis of claims that pre-industrial anthropogenic impacts in Japan were significantly reduced by four factors: the late arrival of agriculture, an emphasis on wet-rice farming limited to alluvial plains, a reliance on seafood rather than domesticated animals as a primary source of dietary protein, and cultural ideologies of environmental stewardship. We find that none of these claims of Japanese exceptionalism can be supported by the archaeological and historical records. We make some suggestions for further research but conclude that the Japanese sequence appears consistent with global trends towards increased anthropogenic impacts over the course of the Palaeoanthropocene.

Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations.

Prehistoric Japan underwent rapid transformations in the past 3000 years, first from foraging to wet rice farming and then to state formation. A long-standing hypothesis posits that mainland Japanese populations derive dual ancestry from indigenous Jomon hunter-gatherer-fishers and succeeding Yayoi farmers. However, the genomic impact of agricultural migration and subsequent sociocultural changes remains unclear. We report 12 ancient Japanese genomes from pre- and postfarming periods. Our analysis finds that the Jomon maintained a small effective population size of ~1000 over several millennia, with a deep divergence from continental populations dated to 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, a period that saw the insularization of Japan through rising sea levels. Rice cultivation was introduced by people with Northeast Asian ancestry. Unexpectedly, we identify a later influx of East Asian ancestry during the imperial Kofun period. These three ancestral components continue to characterize present-day populations, supporting a tripartite model of Japanese genomic origins.

A Bayesian approach for fitting and comparing demographic growth models of radiocarbon dates: A case study on the Jomon-Yayoi transition in Kyushu (Japan).

Large sets of radiocarbon dates are increasingly used as proxies for inferring past population dynamics and the last few years, in particular, saw an increase in the development of new statistical techniques to overcome some of the key challenges imposed by this kind of data. These include: 1) null hypothesis significance testing approaches based on Monte-Carlo simulations or mark permutations; 2) non-parametric Bayesian modelling approaches, and 3) the use of more traditional techniques such as correlation, regression, and AIC-based model comparison directly on the summed probability distribution of radiocarbon dates (SPD). While the range of opportunities offered by these solutions is unquestionably appealing, they often do not consider the uncertainty and the biases arising from calibration effects or sampling error. Here we introduce a novel Bayesian approach and nimbleCarbon, an R package that offers model fitting and comparison for population growth models based on the temporal frequency data of radiocarbon dates. We evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach on a range of simulated scenarios and illustrate its application on a case study focused on the demographic impact of the introduction of wet-rice farming in prehistoric Japan during the 1st millennium BCE.

Diversity in the relationship between low and upland society in mountainous Southeast Asia

The mountainous areas of mainland Southeast Asia have been an area of interest for researchers for decades. The mountains are located in a region that stretches out to the southern and western parts of China and encompasses different ethnic groups, forming a unique political, historical, social and cultural space. Associate Professor Shinsuke Tomita, Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Japan, is exploring the relationship between lowland and upland society in mountainous Southeast Asia, as well as investigating how agricultural productivity can be understood in the context of culture and society. In previous studies, researchers have surmised that interactions between the two societies are one of the key drivers behind the region's formation. An example of this is wet rice farming, which is regarded as the source of political power of the chieftains of the region due to its higher agricultural productivity. As such, researchers have been prompted to better understand the political power derived from wet rice farming and rethink lowland and upland relationships. From a case study in northern Laos, Tomita and the team shed light on relationships that cannot be explained by agricultural productivity. The researchers have also unearthed interesting findings relating to the power of the chieftain, including that the wet rice fields owned by the chieftain are not necessarily larger than other villagers and the power of the chieftain is likely unstable.

Impacts of Unexploded Ordnance Clearance on Wet Rice Farming in Xieng Khouang Province, Northern Laos

Impacts of Unexploded Ordnance Clearance on Wet Rice Farming in Xieng Khouang Province, Northern Laos

Early Grain Cultivation and Starting Processes in the Japanese Archipelago

This paper presents a specific examination of the introduction of grain cultivation and the processes of development in the Japanese Archipelago. In fact, no definitive archaeological evidence has been found that Jomon hunter–gatherers cultivated grain in the Japanese Archipelago; the earliest potential evidence of grain is a stamp mark of rice on the surface of a final late-Jomon, in about 11th century BC, pottery found at the Itaya 3 site in Shimane Prefecture. Current evidence indicates that the first grain cultivation was started by Jomon people who adopted irrigated wet rice cultivation that had arrived from the Korean Peninsula to northern parts of Kyushu, and gradually spread eastward thereafter. This study specifically examines four regions, including northern Kyushu, Kinki, southern Kanto, and northern Tohoku, in order to investigate the processes of grain cultivation initiation and spread. First, the years during which wet rice cultivation started in each region are estimated based on carbon-14 dating of earthenware types used during that period. Secondly, the timing of the spread of wet rice cultivation has been estimated based on carbon-14 dating of earthenware. Subsequently, differences in the periods between the initiation and dissemination of wet rice cultivation were estimated. Results suggest that dissemination took place over approximately 250 years in northern Kyushu, where wet rice cultivation first started. The time required for adoption decreased gradually as the trend moved eastward. It was estimated to have taken approximately 150 years in Kinki and 20–30 years in southern Kanto, taking place at about the same time. A factor, significantly contributing to such differences in timing and development processes among regions, was likely the relationship between the first farmers who introduced wet rice farming and the indigenous hunter–gatherers who lived there.

Impact of green revolution on rice cultivation practices and production system: A case study in Sindang Hamlet, Rancakalong Village, Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayat RA, Iskandar J, Gunawan B, Partasasmita R. 2020. Impact of green revolution on rice cultivation practices and production system: A case study in Sindang Hamlet, Rancakalong Village, Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1258-1265. In the past, farmers of Sindang Hamlet, Rancakalong Village, West Java practiced the wet-rice (sawah) farming system based on the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and belief system. They coordinate their planting schedule according to indigenous calendar known as kalender tani or pranata mangsa (Javanese). The various inputs of the sawah farming system, namely rice seeds, organic fertilizers, and pesticides intensively used originate from the village, made little use of farm supplies obtained through purchased from outside (market). In the early 1970s, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia introduced the Green Revolution to increase the rice production of the wet-rice farming system. The five-farming effort (panca usaha tani) programs, namely the use of the High Yielding Rice Varieties (HYVs), the provision for inorganic chemical fertilizers, the use of synthetic pesticides, the development and improvement of irrigation, and the improvement of methods of rice planting methods were intensively implemented. About ten years later, in 1980s, the sawah farmers of Rancakalong Village, Sumedang District, West Java have adopted the Green Revolution program. As a result, the traditional the wet-rice cultivation practices of Rancakalong farmers that was originally based on the low-external inputs has dramatically changed to the high-external-input agriculture, depending more on artificial inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, fossil energy, and modern rice seeds, which originate from outside of the village and generally have to be purchased. The aim of this study is to document and analyze the changing cultivation practices of the wet-rice farming systems, and rice production systems. Study was undertaken in Sindang Hamlet, Rancakalong Village, Sumedang District, West Java. Method applied in this study was a mixed-method, combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, including observation, semi-structured interviews, and structured interviews applied to 64 respondents. The result of the study showed that the farmers have stopped their traditional cyclical planting schedule based on kalender tani, most local rice varieties have been replaced by the superior or High Yielding Rice Varieties (HYVs), and farmers have become dependent on external inputs, namely inorganic fertilizers, synthetic fertilizers, modern rice seeds, and fossil energy. Consequently, the HYVs have also more vulnerable to diseases and pests, such as brown plant-hopper (Nilarparvata lugens Stal), and also vulnerable to scarcity of water due to drought caused by climate change. This study stresses that a model agriculture system that is ecologically sound, economically viable, and adaptable must be undertaken to develop sustainable agriculture.

On the Origins of the Japanese Language

AbstractIn this article, I deal with the historical development of the Japanese language by applying a multi-disciplinary approach that uses data from a variety of fields. My research indicates that the home-land of the Japonic language family may have been in the lower Yangtze River Valley, from where its speakers moved to the Korean Peninsula and eventually to Japan during the Yayoi period. This spread is associated with the dispersal of wet rice agriculture from the area south of the Yangtze River via the northeastern Asian mainland, where it was in contact with cultures cultivating millet. Old Japanese mythology and genealogical data suggests that the earliest known ethnic group that spoke Japonic may have been the Hayato people of southern Kyūshū.1