Wet Paddy Field Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of a Height Adjustable Mini Combine Harvester

Mini combine harvesters have been very popular among paddy farmers. The compact size of the machine, in addition to the axial flow threshing mechanism and the effect of low ground pressure on paddy soil, makes it a potential alternative for efficient paddy harvesting of a height-adjustable mini combine harvester used for harvesting paddy fields. This type of harvester was tested in typical paddy field conditions planted with MR297 variety at MARDI Seberang Perai. The performance tests included measuring theoretical and effective field capacity, field efficiency, soil bearing capacity before and after machine disturbance and machine slippage. The fuel consumption was also recorded. The combined harvesting losses were also measured during the experiment. Results showed that in wet and muddy conditions, the mini combine harvester obtained a theoretical field capacity (TFC) of 1.28 ha/hr, effective field capacity (EFC) of 0.94 ha/hr and a field efficiency (FE) of 73.4%. The average fuel consumption of the mini combine harvester was 25 L /ha. The wheel slippage in wet paddy fields was 2.18% and on farm roads was 1.55%. The mini combine harvester also contributed to producing less ground effects, combined with the use of low ground contact pressure tracks, that caused minimal soil disturbance that would affect the soil hardpan layer. This mini combine harvester produced an average harvesting loss of 2.3% with an average harvesting impurity of 10.65%. The mini combine harvester had enough power to move in typical paddy field conditions, with no soft soil problems. The mini combine harvester was able to turn 360 degrees within a small area, which made it suitable for harvesting in paddy fields. Thus, this mini combine harvester has the potential to be used for paddy harvesting with the ability to not only produce minimal harvesting loss, but also produce less ground contact pressure which can help to manage the soil hardpan layer from being easily damaged.

Identification patterns of Trichoderma strains using morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and lignocellulolytic activities.

Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with an abundance of reports of its economic importance in the agriculture industry. Thus, the correct identification of Trichoderma species is necessary for its commercial purposes. Globally, Trichoderma species are routinely identified from micro-morphological descriptions which can be tedious and prone to errors. Thus, we emphasize that the accurate identification of Trichoderma strains requires a three-pronged approach i.e. based on its morphological characteristics, multilocus gene sequences of the rDNA [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions], translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α), Calmodulin (CAL) and its lignocellulolytic activities. We used this approach to identify a total of 53 Trichoderma strains which were isolated from a wet paddy field located at Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. The 53 strains were positively identified as belonging to three Trichoderma species, namely T. asperellum (43 strains), T. harzianum (9 strains), and T. reesei (one strain) on the basis of its morphological characteristics and multilocus gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on the UPGMA method of the ITS 1 and 2 regions of the rDNA, TEF-1α and CAL revealed three distinct groups with the T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. reesei strains placed under the section of Trichoderma, Pachybasium and Longibrachiatum, respectively. In addition, the lignocellulolytic activities of the isolates were measured based on the diameters of the halo zones produced when degrading cellulose, lignin, and starch, respectively. This diagnostic assay can be used to identify Trichoderma as it produces polyphenol oxidase when Tannic Acid Media is used for the lignin test, endoglucanases when Jensen media is used for cellulose, and it hydrolyzes starch to glucose when the modified Melin-Nokrans media is used for the starch test. Accurate identification of Trichoderma species is needed as these strains can potentially be used as a biocontrol agent to prevent diseases and to increase yield in agriculture crops.

Ethnoecological study on the utilization of plants in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Wulandari I, Iskandar BS, Parikesit, Hudoso T, Iskandar J, Shanida SS, Megantara EN, Gunawan EF. 2021. Ethnoecological study on the utilization of plants in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 661-674. Plants can provide benefits for community as food, medicine, fuel, building materials, furniture, and others. Plant utilization should be conducted sustainably in a region with high importance of geological, biological, and cultural diversity, such as in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to reveal: (i) plant utilization by local community in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark based on land cover; and (ii) community dependence on the plants being utilized. Method used in this study was mixed of qualitative and quantitative methods using direct observation, semi-structured and structured interviews data collection techniques. The result of study showed that the community in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark still uses plants for food (80 species), medicinal plants (73 species), livestock fodder (9 species), firewood (27 species), building materials, furniture (38 species), and others (23 species). The highest plant utilization came from gardens (131 species), home gardens (99 species), natural forests (77 species), dry-paddy fields, and wet-paddy fields (7 species). Generally, various agroecosystems and also forest in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark have an important role in providing plant products to fulfill the daily needs of rural people.

Landscape and local factors affecting the distribution of wet paddy fields in Toyota City, central Japan

Landscape and local factors affecting the distribution of wet paddy fields in Toyota City, central Japan

Quantification of the soil stiffness constants using physical properties of paddy soils in Yangtze Delta Plain, China

The prediction of soil sinkage under wheels and tracks is of significant importance for determining the off-road vehicle performance and level of compaction of agricultural soils. Bekker's theory for pressure and sinkage relationship has been widely applied to estimate the vehicle mobility performance for designing off-road vehicles for deformable terrains. However, the Bekker's constants, which reflect the soil sinkage and behaviour of soil under load, vary significantly among soils. There is a paucity of studies on paddy soils in the plastic state. Furthermore, the determination of soil stiffness constants via pressure–sinkage tests is usually time-consuming. In this study, the impact of three soil physical properties, including soil water content, clay content, and density, on the soil stiffness constants for sinkage behaviour in paddy soils was assessed based on experimental results. Subsequently, numerical models were established to quantify the Bekker's stiffness constants measured from soil bin tests using soil physical properties. Three quadratic polynomial regression models were established and evaluated to quantify the three constants using soil water content, clay content, and density. The P values from goodness of fit tests suggested significant fit (p 0.05) between the simulated and experimental results. The established models were further validated using the soil samples with different physical properties. The comparisons between soil stiffness constants predicted using the model with laboratory-measured values indicated satisfactory model performances (R2 > 0.9). In this study, a simple and promising method was established to estimate soil stiffness constants using easy-to-measure soil physical properties. The model can provide a sound basis for the design and development of agricultural machinery in muddy and wet paddy fields.

Ngarawunan and Pamageran: Reading the Cultural Landscape through the Relation of Settlements-Agriculture-Forest in Kasepuhan Ciptagelar Community

Kasepuhan Ciptagelar community is a society that holds the padi-culture until now. Ciptagelar community respects the paddy and believes it as an entity that has a soul. This belief is manifested in every routine activity and ritual related to paddy. Some of these activities are namely ngarawunan and pamageran. They became a background for the formation of a cultural landscape in Kasepuhan Ciptagelar. Both ngarawunan and pamageran are rituals that have impact on the protection of the agricultural environment. The event of ngarawunan involves landscape relation among settlements - dry paddy field (huma) - wet paddy field (sawah). Whereas the event of pamageran involve the relation of settlement - dry paddy field - forest. Both contain local knowledge that full of meaning. How do they build a cultural landscape in Kasepuhan Ciptagelar? This article is written based on the results of research with qualitative-inductive methods through an ethnographic-participatory paradigm. The result of this research indicated that the relations between two events in the agricultural environment of dry-wet paddy field with settlement and forest establish the spatial concept as a paddy cultural landscape. Ngarawunan and pamageran events have mutual coexistence. The combination of the two basic mentalities of dry-wet paddy field community, especially the wet paddy filed in the ngarawunan shows the spatial concept without borders. Meanwhile, the mentality of the dry field community in pamageran presents the concepts of boundary or territory. Both are side by side and complement each other harmoniously. These original spatial concepts which eventually have become the indigenous spatial concept of Kasepuhan Ciptagelar community is still sustained up to present.

Aerial robot for smart farming and enhancing farmers' net benefit

The knitting of information and modern electronic technology with agricultural production system to determine, analyze and manage the critical temporal and spatial factors of farm for maximizing profitability, sustainability and environmental protection is need of hour. In this context, robot (Arial, Ground and Under-water) can play an important role. Aerial Robot is also commonly known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Drone. It may be boon for management of agricultural production as it can focus on small crop fields at lower flight altitudes than other regular aerial vehicle to perform site-specific farm management operation with higher precision. It can also address adverse crop and land prerequisites, where use of conventional machines is challenging, e.g. spraying under wet paddy field, tall crop sugarcane, pigeonpea etc. Embedding the available technologies and methods for meeting functional, operational and structural requisite, specifically for the crop and land environment with Arial Robot is of utmost importance. On the basis of system range, accuracy, resolution, and precision, sensitivity, linearity, offset, hysteresis and response time of different sensing and control technologies, e.g. optical, near infrared, thermal multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, Light Detection and Ranging, radio frequency and sonar .This paper presents an overview of research involving the development of UAV technology for agricultural production management. Technologies, systems and methods are analyzed for in situ integration under Indian farm conditions. The limitations of current Arial Robot for agricultural production management are deliberated, moreover forthcoming needs and suggestions for development and application of the technology in agricultural production management are projected.

Quantification of the introducing potential on local biomass resources as fertilizer based on the chemical properties of soil and water in Wa Municipality, Ghana

Continuous cereal-based systems require fertility preservation with continuous and sufficient nutrient inputs to agricultural land. Biomass resource have the potential to be self-supplied fertilizer; therefore, this study examined to quantify required fertility by measuring chemical properties of water and soil for main agricultural land (paddy fields, cereal fields and Tuber fields) and estimated the potential of local biomass resources in Wa Municipality, Ghana, for methane fermentation that can produce biogas and digest liquid as fertilizer. Average measured results of water quality indicated pH 6.2, EC 168.7 µs/cm, TDS 168.3 µs/cm, NH4+ 0.3 ppm, NO3 4.5 ppm, Me (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cd) 0.1 ppm, PO43- 0.4 ppm, and COD 6.3 mg/l. Similarly, soil results indicated pH 6.2, EC 65.9 µs/cm, TDS 67.1 µs/cm, NH4+ 2.3ppm, NO3− 10.8ppm, Me (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cd)1.9 ppm, PO43- 1.1 ppm and COD 152.0 mg/l. Estimated biomass resources in the municipality was 12, 925.6t/year combined with livestock waste, human excreta, sawdust, and agricultural crop processing waste. Potential of Nitrogen fertilizer was 34, 589.84kgN/year which can be spread about 400ha of wet paddy field and has the potential to replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

Potency and Carrying Capacity of Rice Straw for Beef Cattle Feed in East Kalimantan

Rice straw is a very potential feedstuff to meet livestock needs during lack of green forage in dry season. Some treatments can be adjusted to deal with the characteristics of rice straw i.e. low nutrient content and bulky. Optimum utilization of rice straw indicates zero waste production conceptsin accordance with low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). This research was conducted in two steps: 1) survey based on purposive sampling technique to determine the potency of rice straw quantity in three regencies; and 2) laboratory experiment to determine the nutrient quality of rice straw. Survey was carried out to collect data related with wet paddy field harvested area and beef cattle population to determine the carrying capacity of rice straw used for beef cattle’s feed. In laboratory experiment, rice straw samples were chopped and dried and then followed by analyzing the dry matter content and conducted proximate analysis. Result showed that the average production of rice straw in last five years found in research locations were +9.799; +8.302; +7.079; +8.714; and +6.432 tons. The average populations reached up to 1,264 AU; 1,616 AU; 1,842 AU; 1,683 AU and 1,919 AU. The average demand of beef cattle per year was 44.609 tons/y; 23.719 tons/y; 20.225 tons/y; 24.897 tons/y and 18.377 tons/y. The average carrying capacity was 54.07 AU/y; 78.91 AU/y; 20.16 AU/y; 65.91 AU/y; and 16.58 AU/y. The nutrient contents of rice straw based on proximate analysis was DM=87.85%; CP=4.86%; CFa=0.91%; CFi=41.07%; NFE=36.98%; and TDN=46.65%. According to the result, it is concluded that the quantity and quality of rice strawis potential to meet the needs of beef cattle on feed in North Penajam Paser, Kutai Kartanegara and Berau Regency.

Assessment of the air-soil partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a paddy field using a modified fugacity sampler.

Rice, one of the most widely cultivated crops, has received great attention in contaminant uptake from soil and air, especially for the special approaches used for its cultivation. The dry-wet alternation method can influence the air-soil partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the paddy ecosystem. Here, we modified a fugacity sampler to investigate the air-surface in situ partitioning of ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at different growth stages in a suburban paddy field in South China. The canopy of rice can form a closed space, which acts like a chamber that can force the air under the canopy to equilibrate with the field surface. When we compared the fugacities calculated using a fugacity model of the partition coefficients to the measured fugacities, we observed similar trends in the variation, but significantly different values between different growing stages, especially during the flooding stages. However, the measured and calculated fugacity fractions were comparable when uncertainties in our calculations were considered, with the exception of the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The measured fugacity fractions suggested that the HMW PAHs were also closed to equilibrium between the paddy field and atmosphere. The modified fugacity sampler provided a novel way of accurately determining the in situ air-soil partitioning of SVOCs in a wet paddy field.

Mercury emissions from natural surfaces highly impacted by human activities in Guangzhou province, South China

Abstract In situ measurements of mercury (Hg) exchange fluxes between natural surfaces and atmosphere were carried out at 14 sampling sites in Guangdong province, southern China, which is the most populated and industrialized area in China. It is found Hg fluxes varied significantly from different landscapes. The average fluxes of Hg from agricultural bare soils, dry paddy soils, and wet paddy fields were in the ranges of 18.2–135, 2.7–14.2, and 1.4–22.8 ng m −2 h −1 , respectively. Average fluxes for bare soil and forest soil were 135 and 6.6 ng m −2 h −1 , respectively. We did not observe significant correlations between Hg fluxes and soil Hg concentrations for all the sampling sites, and this is probably due to the different soil utilizations at the sampling sites. Dry paddy soils and wet paddy fields exhibited relatively lower Hg fluxes than other agricultural soils. Dry paddy soils had low soil porosity which might minimize the interface of soil to the atmosphere. Besides, low penetrations of solar radiation and relevant biotic activities in dry paddy soils might also result in low air Hg concentrations in soil pool which in turn result in minimal diffusions of Hg to the atmosphere. Hg fluxes from wet paddy fields were mainly controlled by soil Hg concentrations, which affected the Hg contents of above water layer and could also release Hg 0 through the water layer to the atmosphere. It was also found that sites close to large anthropogenic point sources exhibited relatively higher emission fluxes, indicating potential of Hg reemissions from historical deposited Hg from anthropogenic sources.

Seasonal biomass changes at a newly constructed wetland in agricultural area

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to present and evaluate the rate of biomass growth due to temperature changes and to identify the type of vegetation that best adapts to temperature changes in a surface flow constructed wetland (CW). The operation of the CW started in 2009 treating stream agricultural runoff from a watershed area of 221 ha which are mainly wet paddy fields. The CW is composed of seven connected cells which include a sedimentation zone, deep and shallow marshes. Five typical wetland plant species such as Acorus calamus, Oenanthe javanica, Phragmites australis, Phragmites japonica, and Typha orientalis were planted surrounding the CW. The water quality and plant biomass were monitored from April to December 2009. The mean inflow DO and pH concentration were 6.9 ± 2.0 mg/l and 7.0 ± 0.5, respectively during the whole season. The water and air temperature at the CW were not significantly different (Ta = 0.86Taw; n = 15; r = 0.91; p <0.0001). Based on the results, the optimum temperatu...

배수불량 경사지 논에서 배수개선에 따른 콩의 수분스트레스 반응해석

There are considerable areas of wet paddy fields in Korea that requires improvement of its drainage system. In poorly drained sloping paddy fields, upland crops can be damaged by either rainfall or capillary rise of the water table caused by percolating water beneath the upper fields during summertime rainy season. The purpose of this study is to evaluate excess water stress of soybean yield by drainage systems. Four drainage methods namely open ditch, vinyl barrier, pipe drainage and tube bundle were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. Stress Day Index (SDI) approach was developed to quantify the the cumulative effect of stress imposed on a soybean yield throughout the growing season. SDI was determined from a stress day factor (SD) and a crop susceptibility factor (CS). The stress day factor is a measure degree and duration of stress of the (SEW30). The crop susceptibility factor (CS) depends of a given excess water on crop stage. The results showed that SDI used to represent the moisture stress index was most low on the pipe drainage 64.75 compared with the open ditch 355.4, vinyl barrier 271.55 and tube bundle 171.55. Soybean grain yield increased continuously with the rate of 3% in Vinyl Barrier, 32% in Pipe Drainage and 16% in Tube Bundle.

Vertical changes in bacterial and archaeal communities with soil depth in Japanese paddy fields

Vertical changes in bacterial and archaeal communities (mainly methanogen) with soil depth in three Japanese paddy fields (Tatsuta, Nagakute and Ichinomiya, Aichi prefecture) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative PCR. All fields were located in an alluvial area and the soil texture differed among the layers. The Nagakute and Ichinomiya paddy fields were well-drained paddy fields (Gray Upland soil and Gray Lowland soil, respectively), whereas the Tatsuta paddy field was a wet paddy field (Gley soil). The amount of extracted DNA drastically decreased below a depth of 20 cm and remained at a low level in the deeper layers in all fields. Numbers of mcrA genes, encoding the methyl-coenzyme M reductase α subunit of methanogenic archaea, drastically decreased with depth in the Nagakute and Ichinomiya paddy fields; high numbers of mcrA genes were retained through the layers in the Tatsuta paddy field. Cluster analysis of the DGGE band patterns of the bacterial and archaeal communities showed that their patterns in each field were initially divided into two groups, upper and lower layers, except for the bacterial community in the Tatsuta paddy field. These differences in the communities roughly corresponded to the distribution of the rice roots. Sequencing analysis of representative DGGE bands of the archaeal communities showed that diverse methanogens belonging to members of Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcina spp., Methanosaeta spp., Methanocellales and Methanobacteriaceae inhabited the plowed soil layer, whereas uncultured members in the cluster ZC-I group of Methanosarcinales were more predominant beneath the plowed soil layer. Archaeal members other than methanogens inhabited the deeper layers of the Nagakute and Ichinomiya paddy fields. These results showed that the populations and compositions of bacterial and archaeal communities in paddy fields distinctly varied with soil depth, and indicated that the distribution of rice roots and the groundwater level might affect the populations and compositions in the subsoil.

EFFECTIVENESS OF A CAGE WHEEL AS A TRACTION AID

This study was intended to evaluate the effectiveness of a cage wheel as a traction aid with driving tires of agriculturaltractors in wet paddy fields. The torques transmitted to the cage wheel and driving tire were measured under appliedpull. The torque required by a single lug was also measured. The measurements were made in a wet paddy field with a hardpan30 to 40 cm deep, in which tractors are not likely to operate without a traction aid. Experimental results showed that the cagewheel increased the traction performance of the tractor as the diameter of the cage wheel increased. About 36% to 43% ofthe total torque required by the test tractor was used by the cage wheel when its diameter was 1182 mm and 49% to 56% whenit increased to 1222 mm. The peak torque required by a single lug increased by 5% as the diameter increased from 1182 to1222 mm and by 17% as it increased to 1262 mm. The peak traction also increased by 31% and 59%, respectively, at the sameincreases in diameter. However, the inflation pressure of the driving tire and forward velocity did not significantly affect thecage wheel performance. Increasing the number of lugs increased the traction developed by the cage wheel. However, thetraction developed by individual lugs decreased due to their interferences. Finally, a mathematical model to estimate the grosstraction developed by a cage wheel was proposed.

Growth and Grain Yield of Wheat Experimental Lines with Deep and Shallow Root System in Wet Paddy Fields

根系の深さが異なるコムギ実験系統である浅根性の9系統（浅根群）と深根性の9系統（深根群）を2作期にわたり栽培し, 土壌の過湿と追肥を組み合わせた処理を行って生育と子実収量を比較した. その結果, 2002年産の試験では過湿処理した水田, 対照として過湿処理を行なわなかった水田とも深根群に比べて浅根群のほうが収量が多かった. 浅根群のほうが収量が多い傾向は過湿水田でより強く, 無追肥区と追肥 1 回区では両群の収量に有意な差がみられた. これは浅根群では地上部全重と穂数において過湿処理による低下程度が軽微であったためである. 2003年産の試験では群間に有意差はみられなかったものの, 過湿水田では浅根群のほうが収量が多く, 対照とした畑では両群で同程度か深根群のほうが若干, 収量が多かった. 過湿水田で各系統が栽培された圃場内の位置の土面の高さを調べたところ, 栽培された位置により結果的に地下水位が高くなった系統ほど収量が少なくなる傾向が認められ, 同じ水位で比較すると浅根群のほうが深根群より収量が多かった. なお, 根の分布を調査した結果, 根系の平均的な深さを示す「根の深さ指数」からみて, 過湿水田よりも対照畑のほうが根系が深く群間の差も大きかったが, どちらの圃場でも浅根群の根系は浅く, 深根群の根系は深いことが確認された. 以上のことから, 遺伝的な浅根化によりコムギの耐湿性をある程度向上させることができるといえる.

Development of the Self-propelled Bale Wrapper for Making of the Whole Crop Rice Silage under the Wet Paddy Field

Development of the Self-propelled Bale Wrapper for Making of the Whole Crop Rice Silage under the Wet Paddy Field

Rhizoremediation of dioxin-like compounds by a recombinant Rhizobium tropici strain expressing carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase constitutively.

A recombinant Rhizobium strain, PBK3-IS, that constitutively expressed the oxygenase component of carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain KA1, was constructed. In the water-cultured siratro rhizospheres inoculated with strain PBK3-IS, 48% of the dibenzofuran was removed within 3 days (initial substrate, 25 microg). Similar results were obtained in soil-cultured siratro rhizospheres using sterile vermiculite. When non-sterile field soils were used instead of sterile vermiculite, the inoculated recombinant strain could grow on the siratro root in all soils tested, except for wet paddy field.

東北平坦水田における大区画化と直播栽培による低コスト作業技術の開発 第２報 レーザー光を利用した高精度均平化技術の開発

1) Preparation for large scaled paddy fields and utilization of direct rice seeding cultivation are expected to be the key technologies for the low cost and labor saving large farm rice cultivation.To achieve this, the technique of land leveling for field operations have to be developed.A precise land leveling operation by a wheel tractor with laser-beam emitter and recever in a wet paddy field are developed.2) The automatic measur ament system of a rice paddy field surface level by a tractor that we developed was highly practical.After measured data are stored in a memory of handheld computer the standard deviation of a field height value is shown on the display. Also, measured data are exported to the personal computer and by RC232C, the contour map of the paddy field is draw quickly, which is useful for the land leveling work.3) Considering the relation between rice seed germination and water depth in the field, the priciseness of the field leveling for direct rice seeding is required to be under 1.5cm of standard deviation (s. d.). To realize this preciseness, a prototype leveling aparatus consisting a laser emitter, a laser receiver and dry land leveler pulled by a tracter, was developed and was tested the performance.The results of land leveling test at a field of 1ha indicated that the elevation difference of the field of 16cm was improved to that of 92% of ±2.5cm (1.58cm s. d.) after leveling work. The working efficiency was 0.57hour/10a. For a precise leveling work, the of the soil water content should be under the plastic limitation, under which less amoumt of soil adoheres to the blade of the leveler.The performance tests of the laser assisted leveling aparatus for a paddy harrowing work revealed that for an accuvate operation only a blade should be controlled by a hydaulic cylinder according to a laser beam.Since large amount of soil can not be handled by the aparatus, the leveling for a paddy harrowing work is recomended for a fine leveling work after a rough leveling work.

Effects of Single Application of Fertilizer in Nursery Boxes on Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Rice in Wet Paddy Fields with Rice Straw Plowed

Effects of Single Application of Fertilizer in Nursery Boxes on Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Rice in Wet Paddy Fields with Rice Straw Plowed