Wet Foot Research Articles

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX WITH INCIDENT OF FLAT FOOT IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS NEGERI 1 SUKAWATI GIANYAR REGENCY

High body mass index (BMI) in a long time relate to certain deformities of the feet, especially on flat foot. This study aims to determine the relationship of BMI with the incidence of flat foot in junior high school children 1 Sukawati Gianyar regency. The study was using analytic observational with crossosectional study design. The subject were 113 students of SMP Negeri 1 Sukawati. IMT measurements were performed by measuring height using staturemeter and weight measurement using weight scales. For measurement of flat foot using Wet Foot Print Test method. Based on 113 respondents found 27 people (23.9%) with flat foot conditions and 86 people (76.1%) with normal foot conditions. The result of analysis using Chi Square Test method shows there is a significant correlation (p = 0.009) between BMI and flat foot at SMP Negeri 1 Sukawati Gianyar.Keywords: Body mass index, flat foot, wet footprint test

Correlation of Loaded and Unloaded Foot Area With Arch Index in Younger Flatfoot

Harris & Beath claimed 23% of human kind population is indicated flatfoot. Identifying flatfoot is by using wet foot test. This footprint is not accurate because of the difficulty to make sure the patient stand upright. Another way is using x-ray to determine height of arch which is a distance from medial longitudinal foot arch to the ground. If the distance is less than certain level, so the foot type is included as flatfoot. Other method proposed by Kulkarni et al. using the footprint index (FPI) which is the ratio of B intercept to A intercept, where the footprint was obtained from pedobarography image. If FPI is lower than 0.63, it is categorized as flatfoot. Another method to determine arch type which is widely used is Cavanagh’s Arch Index (AI) from division of mid foot area to entire footprint area (excluding the toes). If AI>0.26, then the foot type is flatfoot. This study is to learn the correlation between entire loaded and unloaded foot area with Cavanag’s AI. The entire loaded foot and footprint area for evaluating AI derived from a digital footprint modified from document scanner, while the entire unloaded foot area derived from a 3D scanner for foot orthotic. One hundred and two healthy asked voluntarily for doing footprint. From 102 subjects found 63 participants identified as flatfoot, 31 subjects are normal feet and 8 subjects identified as high arch. A series of 3 x 3 repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine statistical differences (α<0.05). A significant interaction existed between ratio of entire loaded and unloaded foot area (RFA) subject to all categories of AI (p<0.05) also a correlation coefficient of r=0.67 has found between RFA and AI on foot type of flatfoot which means that flatfoot can be indicated by RFA.

Juvenile plantar dermatosis: A barrier disease beyond eczema: An open prospective uncontrolled study in a tertiary care hospital of South India

Background: Juvenile plantar dermatosis (JPD), also known as “wet and dry foot syndrome,” is a skin disorder of the feet that commonly affects children from ages 3–14. JPD is frequently seen in children with eczema, but it is not a requirement for diagnosis. Forefoot eczema (FE) is synonymous with JPD is a condition characterized by dry fissured dermatitis of the plantar surface of the feet. Aims: To study the clinical patterns of FE and its associated risk factors. Methods: Twenty-five patients were recorded in the study during the period from April 2013 to March 2014. Fungal scrapings, patch testing, and biopsy for histopathological examination were done wherever required. Results: In our study, the most common site affected was the plantar surface of the toes in 8 (32%) patients. Hand involvement, with fissuring and soreness of the fingertips and palm, was seen in two patients (8%). Four patients (16%) had a personal history of atopy whereas a family history of atopy was present in 3 (12%). Nine patients (36%) had associated risk factors with reported aggravation of itching with plastic, rubber, or leather footwear, and with prolonged contact with water and detergents. Negative fungal scrapings and culture in all patients ruled out a dermatophyte infection. Patch testing with Indian Standard Series was performed in all patients and was positive in three. Conclusions: This study concluded FE as a distinctive dermatosis of the first and second decade, predominantly in males, with a multifactorial etiology and confirming the concept of FE as a barrier disease beyond eczema.

Investigation of drilling failure of Well A1, E-Field, onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria, using 3-D seismic data

This study aimed at investigating reasons for failure of Well A1 that is surrounded by hydrocarbon discoveries in onshore Niger delta with a view to propose optimal location for a new well through interpretation of new 3-D seismic data. Sands encountered by Well A1 were delineated and tied to seismic. Structural closure was mapped and reservoirs at various depths were stacked and sectioned. Porosity, Net to Gross, and Gross Rock Volume of the reservoirs were computed. Well A1 was correlated to a nearby Well K4 and a good correlation was observed. A fault assisted multi reservoirs Prospect-E with south-westerly shift with depth was delineated on the hanging wall of structure building E-Fault whose closing contours is expected to trap hydrocarbon. Petrophysical properties of the reservoirs range from fair to good. Well A1 either perforated prospect-E beneath the oil water contact, completely missed prospect-E or punctured the wet foot wall of E-fault. Consequently, Well A1 could not impact the objective sands and only able to produce water. Well A1 failed because of wrong surface positioning which unsuccessfully targeted the shifting reservoirs. A successful exploratory well in E-Field would be a gently south-westerly deviated well whose vertical section would encounter the shallower sands and deviated section targeting the deeper sands with surface location at about 1 km southeast of Well A1.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF IRRIGATION OF BIOSALINE CROPS WITH SALINE WATER VIEWED FROM A LAND AND WATER USE PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACTThe potential for using saline water for the irrigation of salt‐tolerant or biosaline crops, as a way to reduce the dependence of agriculture on limited freshwater resources, is analysed in this paper. In theory, saline water irrigation is possible provided high leaching ratios are applied; in practice this is only possible and sustainable where soils have a high infiltration capacity and drainability, provided the infrastructure (i) can handle the high volumes of leaching water; (ii) is salt resistant, (iii) is virtually seepage free (to prevent salinization of surrounding areas) and (iv) the highly saline drainage water can be safely disposed of. Specialized management is required to monitor salinity and prevent and correct errors and damage; this results in costly infrastructure and operation and maintenance.Most biosaline crops are low‐value crops. Therefore saline water irrigation for dry foot crops will often not be commercially feasible. In the case of wet foot crops the conditions for soils, infrastructure and management are less strict and less costly. Irrigation with saline water of wet foot crops could therefore be feasible in certain areas. The most promising biosaline inundated crops are biomass and fibre crops as a raw material for pulp, energy or particle boards. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Lawtalk: The Unknown Stories Behind Familiar Legal Expressions (review)

Reviewed by: Lawtalk: The Unknown Stories Behind Familiar Legal Expressions Rebecca Shapiro (bio) Clapp, James E., et al. Lawtalk: The Unknown Stories Behind Familiar Legal Expressions. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011. Pp. xvii + 348. $45.00 ISBN 978-0-300-17246-1 As someone who, when refinancing my house, lost an argument with my banker over the true meaning of "may" respecting a fee in the contract, I picked up the book Lawtalkwith great interest. I did not find in the book an explanation of the nuances of legalese that might have served in my banking dispute— Lawtalkis not that kind of book. And yet I was not disappointed in the slightest, for what I had found was a book with lively and clear explanations of how certain legal expressions developed and have become part of the cultural lexicon of the United States—from the slangy rap sheetto the mundane billable hourto the sinister Jim Crow. The book is the work of four scholars, each contributing his or her particular expertise: James E. Clapp, a lawyer and legal lexicographer, and author of Random House Webster's Dictionary of the Law; Elizabeth G. Thornburg, a professor at SMU Dedman School of Law, and a specialist in legal metaphors; Marc Galanter, an emeritus professor of law at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and author of Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture; and Fred R. Shapiro, a librarian and lecturer in legal research at Yale University and editor of The Yale Book of Quotations. Arranged in alphabetical order, the 77 essays are expansive (the shortest, jailbait, is about a page long; many entries span several pages) presenting a full and fascinating account of the linguistic and social history of each term and its impact on culture and the legal profession. Initials at the end of each entry indicate which author contributed it (the bulk of the content is attributed to Clapp and Thornburg), presumably reflecting the authors' interests and expertise, and yet the book maintains a consistency of voice and approach across all the contributions. As the title makes clear, Lawtalkis not about legal language necessarily—the formal, and formulaic, jargon in contracts or credit card forms—but about law "talk," the "law-related language [that] pervades our everyday speech" (ix). Thus, while some of the terms and expressions whose stories the authors tell do originate in legal usage and largely remain there ( Chinese wall, corpus delicti), most of them reflect the fluid relationship between legal or political contexts and popular or high culture, in which terms arise in one sphere and expand into another. We [End Page 266]act with deliberate speed(from Brown v. the Board of Education) and argue over affirmative action(from the text of a Kennedy executive order). We speak of the CSI effect(television), bemoan blue laws(religion) or joke that we'll kill all the lawyers( Shakespeare). Some of the entries remind us about the legal contexts for terms and expressions that are so familiar that we do not think about their origins, such as aid and abet, eye for an eye, read the riot act, and three-fifths rule—though we may not be able to define boilerplatelanguage, we know it when we see it. But the real treasure here is arguably in the stories that will be unfamiliar to many readers ( badge of slavery, black letter law, and hornbook lawwere new to me); that track how meanings have shifted remarkably ( politically correctwas once a term of approbation); and that debunk false etymologies ( rule of thumbhas nothing to do with domestic violence). The authors demonstrate that we think we know what law talk is, and often we know what it means today, but we don't know how law talk came into being; nor do we know how terms and ideas—even sounds—have changed over time. In each entry the authors scrupulously trace from historical sources (literature, news, legal cases, etc.) a term or expression from its origin to its current use, in a narrative style with vivid details. One such example is the story of wet foot, dry foot...

Influence of surface microstructure on the sliding friction of plantar skin against hard substrates

This study investigated how the sliding friction coefficients of wet foot skin depend on the microscopic surface properties of contacted hard substrates. Fourteen subjects conducted repeated slip experiments with one foot on each of 28 different wet surfaces. The friction and normal forces transmitted to the substrates were measured using a tri-axial force plate, and coefficients of friction were determined over periods of stationary sliding. The surface structures of the substrates, characterised by an optical 3D profilometer, varied from roughness asperities in the range of micrometers to macroscopic surface elements in the range of millimetres. The analysis of the load dependence of the skin friction behaviour based on a two-term model provided information on the adhesion and deformation components of friction. Both adhesion and deformation were found to increase with the surface roughness of the substrates. Adhesion mechanisms seemed to predominate on smooth surfaces showing low friction coefficients (<0.3), while the contributions due to skin deformations were found to be up to 0.4 on rough surfaces with high friction coefficients (>0.5). Independent of friction measurements, the analysis of the surface microstructure of the substrates indicated that ploughing as a skin deformation mechanism could contribute around 50% to the deformation component of friction.

A Growth Assessment of Juvenile Abalone Haliotis laevigata Fed Enriched Macroalgae Ulva rigida

The experiment was conducted to assess the growth of juvenile greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata fed a range of Ulva rigida diets with different nitrogen contents and an artificial pelleted diet. The minimal nutrient concentration resulting in significant enrichment of U. rigida was 2.25 mg N l−1. The maximum nitrogen content obtained by U. rigida in this study was 6.099%, which resulted from an inorganic nutrient concentration of 7 mg N l−1. However, no further significant increase in enrichment occurred from nutrient concentrations of 10 and 15 mg N l−1. Abalone specific growth rate in shell length (SGRL) and wet weight (SGRW) and foot muscle yield were significantly higher for abalone fed the artificial diet compared to those fed any U. rigida diet. Abalone fed U. rigida enriched in less than 15 mg N l−1 had similar growth rates compared to abalone fed unenriched U. rigida. Abalone fed the artificial diet contributed a higher percentage of weight gain into the valuable foot muscle. The foot muscle moisture content of abalone fed the artificial diet was significantly lower than that of abalone fed any U. rigida diet. The conclusions reached by this study should assist Australian abalone producers in assessing the potential benefits of using U. rigida as an effluent biofilter and subsequent food source for the commercially important juvenile greenlip abalone.

Audit my shorts

It is an innate desire of doctors to try to improve their service to their patients, and to continue to augment their knowledge and refine their skills throughout their careers. Medical audit started out as a way of encouraging this admirable professional attribute, and standardising it so that it could be applied in everyday practice and in all aspects of patient care. It is essentially a very simple idea. (a) We decide what we should be doing; (b) we find out what we are doing; and (c) we take the necessary steps to change (a) into (b). Clear as a bell, easy got as a wet foot. But somewhere along …

A holistic approach to the exploitation of intertidal stocks: limpets as a case study

The potential ecological consequences of commercially exploiting the limpets Patella argenvillei and P. granatina on the west coast of South Africa were investigated. Standing stocks were quantified and population parameters (growth, mortality and recruitment) determined for both species. These data were used to derive empirical estimates of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for P. granatina and P. argenvillei (7,4 and 1,5 tons wet foot mass respectively). The population parameters were also used in the development of a length-based simulation model to provide a second estimate of MSY for P. granatina (up to 12,9 tons). Small-scale experimental harvesting showed that both species recovered extremely slowly if all limpets were removed (total clearance). When the harvest was size-selective (partial clearance), with P. granatina >60 mm and P. argenvillei >75 mm being removed, P. granatina failed to recover after 13 months but P. argenvillei recovered within 15 months. Partial and total clearance led to enhance...