Western Washington State College Research Articles

In Memoriam: Dr. James W. Scott

In Memoriam:Dr. James W. Scott Todd Welch, Digital Access Librarian James "Jim" W. Scott, (1925-2011) professor emeritus of geography at Western Washington University, died peacefully on July 20, 2011, in Bellingham, Washington. Born September 30, 1925, in Bootie, England, he received degrees in geography from Cambridge (St. Catherine's College) and Indiana University before obtaining an appointment as assistant professor at Western Washington State College in the fall of 1966. He completed his doctoral dissertation on The Metalliferous Mining and Smelting Industries of the British Isles, 1540-1640, but soon shifted his research interest from Tudor and Stuart Britain to focus on the pioneer settlement and economic development of the Pacific Northwest in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His professional publications included the Social Science Resource Handbook (co-authored by Raymond G. McInnis), Historical Atlas of Washington (Larry Delorme, co-author), Whatcom County Maps, 1832-1937 and Early Industries of Bellingham Bay and Whatcom County with Daniel D. Turbeville; and Washington: A Centennial Atlas—Western's principal contribution to the state centennial and for which he was awarded the Governor's Writer's Award in 1991. In 1971, together with colleagues from the History Department, and with support from university administration, Dr. Scott founded the Center for Pacific Northwest Studies. He became its first director and remained as director until his retirement in 1993, collecting and preserving important archival collections documenting the history of the Northwest and publishing a series of occasional papers on a variety of historical, economic, political, and literacy topics of the region. Among his most notable contributions was his long-term membership (1977-1993) on the Washington State Historical Records Advisory Board. He also served on the Washington Task Force on Newspaper Preservation and the Washington Resource Planning Advisory Board. Professionally, Dr. Scott served as the editor of the Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers from 1980 to 1987, archivist for the association from 1981 to 1995, and as its president in 1992-93. He continued attending the APCG annual meeting long after his retirement from teaching [End Page 141] and was deeply gratified at receiving the association's Distinguished Service Award at the 1999 meeting in Reno. He was also founding member of both the Association of Washington Geographers and Northwest Archivists. In the final days of his life, Dr. Scott relayed to those closest to him that he felt his greatest achievement and source of deepest satisfaction was his commitment to the education and development of his students. His involvement and dedication to teaching took on many manifestations, including advising graduate student research, serving on thesis committees, directing numerous field camps and conference proceedings. The reward: a career encouraging and guiding the intellectual and personal development of his students. The bonds that he formed with his students at Western lasted long after students graduated and his retirement began. He was a scholar, teacher, mentor, and friend. An individual of his generosity and caliber is incredibly rare. He will be missed! [End Page 142] Todd Welch, Digital Access Librarian Northern Arizona University Copyright © 2012 Association of Pacific Coast Geographers

Statistical Inference for the General Education Student—It Can Be Done

Walter J. Sanders has taught high school in the state of b Washington and has been a faculty member at Chico State * t t College, Western Washington State College and the University of Illinois. He is currently Associate Professor of Elementary Education and Director of the Mathematics Curriculum Laboratory at Indiana State University. His interests are in curricular development and teacher preparation.

Statistical Inference for the General Education Student-It Can Be Done

Walter J. Sanders has taught high school in the state of b Washington and has been a faculty member at Chico State * t t College, Western Washington State College and the University of Illinois. He is currently Associate Professor of Elementary Education and Director of the Mathematics Curriculum Laboratory at Indiana State University. His interests are in curricular development and teacher preparation.

Large Genetic Distances Associated with Little Morphological Variation in Polycelis coronata and Dugesia tigrina (Planaria)

Nixon, S. E., and R. J. Taylor (Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281 and Department of Biology, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington 98225) 1977. Large genetic distances associated with little morphological variation in Polycelis coronata and Dugesia tigrina (Planaria). Syst. Zool. 26:152-164.-Genetic similarities among twenty-two populations of Polycelis coronata and one population of Dugesia tigrina (Planaria) were determined from electrophoretically obtained protein data. Similarity values between populations of Polycelis were lower than expected, being significantly below values reported for many vertebrate and invertebrate species. This difference is partially explained by various ecological and-behavioral isolating mechanisms. Lack of morphological variation between populations which does not correspond with the biochemical divergence may imply different rates of evolution at these two levels. Evolutionary divergence times based on the protein data are used as possible indices of the migratory pattern of Polycelis in the Pacific Northwest and correlate with the theory of land bridges between North America and Asia. [Planaria; electrophoresis; genetic similarity; phenograms; land bridges.] The use of electrophoresis in determining protein similarity between groups of organisms has proven to be an extremely useful tool in the study of population genetics. It is a method which can be used with facility and repeatability -in measuring the degree of genetic heterozygosity and polymorphism in natural populations and has become a valuable systematic aid. Reports of the use of electrophoretic data to estimate the degree of genetic similarity between populations, species, or higher taxonomic levels have been summarized by Avise (1974). Recently, protein similarities calculated from electrophoretic analyses has been used to determine genetic distances and evolutionary divergence times among species and groups of Drosophila (Nei, 1971; Lakovaara et al., 1972), the fish genus Bathygobius (Gorman et al., 1976), the amphisbaenian genus Bipes (Kim et al., 1976), four genera of starfish (Ayala et al., 1975), nine genera of minnows (Avise and Ayala, 1976), and lizards of the genus Anolis (Yang et al., 1974; Gorman and Kim, 1976). We have used a similar approach with 22 populations of Polycelis coronata (Girard) and one population of Dugesia tigrina (Girard), the two most common triclad flatworms in the state of Washington. Polycelis coronata is a common planarian species of western North America, extending from the Black Hills of South Dakota westward to the Pacific Coast. It is the most common freshwater flatworm in Washington and has an extremely wide geographical distribution in the state (Nixon, -1975). It is distinguished from other species of Polycelis primarily on the basis of sexual characteristics (such as morphological differences in the copulatory organs), albeit sexual maturity is apparently seldom achieved in natural populations. Because of this and the virtual lack of morphological variability among geographically separated populations, electrophoretic analyses are especially applicable to systematic studies of representative flatworms. Polycelis is restricted to fairly cold streams and springs, usually at high altitudes (above 650 meters), and appears to be stenothermic, tolerating temperatures between 40 and 140 C (Nixon, 1977). In order for individuals to migrate between springs, they would have to travel considerable distances downstream, there encountering warmer

The 1976 Western Workshop for Language Teachers: A Report to the Profession1

ABSTRACT This report describes the rationale, approach, and design of a four‐week workshop conducted at Western Washington State College in July‐August 1976. The fifty‐six participants, teachers of French, German, and Spanish from Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, were selected with the help of the state foreign language associations of these three states. Daily activities included a language class, a course in cross‐cultural communication, and instruction in ‘non‐traditional’ methods of language teaching (including adaptations of Counseling Learning and the Silent Way). Participants bad access to numerous campus resources which are described in the report. In an attempt to multiply the benefits derived from this workshop, twenty‐five school administrators were invited to participate with the language teachers in a two‐day mini‐workshop as part of the project.

Authors

Authors

Selected Writings of Edward S. Curtis: Excerpts from Volumes I-XX of The North American Indian ed. by Barry Gifford

Reviews 71 Carolyn Forché’s ambitions seem much less lofty. And her poems are accordingly less daring but more often successful. The first section of her book, “Burning the Tomato Worms,” is warm, moving towards senti­ mentality but avoiding it. However, this is the best section of her book; when Stanley Kunitz, in the introduction, describes her “imagination” as “passionate and tribal,” his terms rightly apply to her own world, her Slovak grandmother, even that European peasant world; but when she begins to give us images of the world of Indians one cannot accept her as tribal. She is not; there is a lingering paternalism in the present move of so many young white poets to give depth to experience by seizing upon the world of the American Indian. Fórche is an outsider and I think she sometimes recognizes that, although her poems are ambiguous, like her book’s title. Too, Mr. Kunitz suggests that her “Kalaloch” “may very well prove to be the outstanding Sapphic poem of an era.” The poem is about as passionate as Kunitz’ euphemisms. In short, Dorn and Forche are both highly competent, effective, and, yes, American. But they are not the future of poetry, at least as represented here. L. L. LEE, Western Washington State College Selected Writings of Edward S. Curtis: Excerpts from Volumes I-XX of The North American Indian. Ed. by Barry Gifford. (Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Company, 1976. ix + 143 pages + plates, $5.95.) The rediscovery of Edward S. Curtis (1868-1952) is one by-product of the rediscovery of the American Indian that has been underway since the middle 1960’s. Curtis, a Seattle photographer, was himself part of an earlier vogue of the Indian. He reached maturity in the 1890’s at a time when many artists, responsive to the fin-de-siecle nostalgia over the passing of the Western frontier, were turning to Indian themes .The twentieth century loomed large, threatening the imminent extinction of native culture in the rush of technological growth. Here was a last chance to capture something of a vanishing America, to capture the fading glory of the red man before he reached the end of his trail. Several talented sculptors, painters and photographers rose to the challenge. None exceeded Curtis in ambition or intensity of commitment. He proposed to become nothing less than a latter-day George Catlin, preserving in words and pictures an imperishable record of a perishing race. Between 1897 and 1930 he photographed and studied some eighty native societies in Western North America, traveling from the Rio Grande to the Bering Strait. Twenty sumptuous volumes, each accompanied by a portfolio of photogravure prints, resulted from his efforts. 72 Western American Literature Collectively titled The North American Indian, they found their way into the libraries of the great institutions and the very wealthy. Curtis tried to reach a larger audience by writing a few popular books and magazine articles and producing a romantic film about the Kwakiutl with a title aimed at the boxoffice, In the Land of the Head Hunters. But his life’s work, The North American Indian, remained inaccessible to the average reader, and Curtis lived out his final years in relative obscurity. With the vogue of things Indian in the 1960’s, Curtis photographs suddenly began to pop up everywhere. Lavish picture books have been devoted to his work. All of his own titles are back in print, including The North American Indian. In the Land of the Head Hunters has appeared several times in an edited version on educational television. As a result of this concentrated attention, Curtis’ photographs are today widely familiar. His literary endeavors are not, and Barry Gifford’s anthology Selected Writings of Edward S. Curtis is apparently intended to fill the void. It is neither a picture book nor (despite the misleading cover title The Portable Curtis) a genuine “selected writings” since it consists exclu­ sively of excerpts from The North American Indian. Gifford states that these have been chosen on the basis of representativeness and interest. But in both respects his book leaves something to be desired, and the question remains: Who is this anthology intended for? Because it...

Custer in ’76: Walter Camp’s Notes on the Custer Fight ed. by Kenneth Hammer

Japanese woman) as protagonist, goes on too long, repeating the same sexual imagery. Still — it is a charming book. L. L. LEE, Western Washington State College 266 Western American Literature Custer in ’76: Walter Camp’s Notes on the Custer Fight. Edited by Kenneth Hammer. (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1976. xiii -f303 pages, $10.95.) Americans continue to be fascinated with books about Custer and the saga of the western Indians, if the volume of such publications is a reliable indicator. Custer in ’76 is different from most in that it is a primary source book filled with interviews of many of the participants in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. It is a work of beauty with its fine photographs and clearly illustrated maps. Walter Camp, a civil engineer and railroad magazine editor, had hoped to write a history of Custer’s battle with the Sioux but, unfortunately, he died in 1925 before he could fulfill his dream. Prior to his death, Camp interviewed over two hundred survivors of the battle and scribbled their responses on cards and on backs of envelopes. He left this large collec­ tion of materials to his widow and in 1972 Brigham Young University officials obtained them for their library. The editor of Camp’s notes, Kenneth Hammer, has included material on various aspects of the Sioux battle of 1876. There are lists of Medal of Honor winners from the Little Bighorn battle, muster rolls of the 7th Cav­ alry, and names of Indian scouts and Indians who lost their lives in the battle. Hammer also included biographical material on Walter Camp and a speech he gave for the members of the Order of Indian Wars of the United States. The heart of the book concerns the interviews with 7th Cavalry officers and men, Indian scouts who served the army, Indians who fought against Custer, and miscellaneous people who were involved in some other capacity. These interviews, taken by this early practitioner of oral history, make a fine source collection for research scholars. It relates where people were during the battle and actions they took. Some interviewees expressed their feelings about key people in the battle or suggested how one officer felt about another officer. In general one receives a rather positive view of Custer. At the close of the book Camp gave a lengthy discussion concerning the orders that General Alfred Terry, Custer’s superior, gave to the Colonel before they split forces and Custer rode to his death. The author feels that Terry gave Custer the necessary flexibility he needed in his orders and that Reviews 267 Custer conducted himself properly in pushing the attack against the Indians. It would appear that Camp was rather one-sided in this evaluation and generally indicates his bias in favor of Custer. For researchers this book is a welcome addition to the several other source books on the battle now available (Graham — The Custer Myth and Overfield — Official Documents of the Little Bighorn). Although it is a book that will have limited appeal to a general audience, it will be greatly appre­ ciated by western buffs and Custer scholars. JOHN W. BAILEY, Carthage College Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. By Tom Robbins. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976. 365 pages, $10.95 cloth; $4.95 paper.) Imagine Ken Kesey writing a novel to proclaim he is not a sexist; add the playfulness, the literary self-consciousness, and the philosophizing of John Barth; reduce cynicism and difficulty to the level of Richard Brautigan. And the result would be something akin to Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, a book which (like the author’s first novel, Another Roadside Attraction) seems geared for instant popularity. Tom Robbins comes out valiantly on the right side of many simple issues. He is in favor of women and whooping cranes, freedom and individuality, poetry and magic and humor and sex. He is opposed to vaginal deodorants, and is therefore in favor of the revolution which occurs on the Rubber Rose — a beauty ranch dedicated originally to internal cleanliness, and afterwards to the liberation of its cowgirl staff. Somewhat more idiosyncratically, he is opposed to the chauvinism of the Brain. The...

Workers and Commissars: Trade Union Policy in the People's Republic of China. By Merton Don Fletcher. [Bellingham, Washington: Western Washington State College, 1974. Program in East Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 6.147 pp. $3.00.] - The Chinese Worker. By Charles Hoffman. [Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974, 252 pp. $15.00.

Workers and Commissars: Trade Union Policy in the People's Republic of China. By Merton Don Fletcher. [Bellingham, Washington: Western Washington State College, 1974. Program in East Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 6.147 pp. $3.00.] - The Chinese Worker. By Charles Hoffman. [Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974, 252 pp. $15.00.

Mongolian Short Stories. Edited By Henry G. Schwarz. Bellingham: Western Washington State College, 1974. xxv, 179 pp. Biographical Sketches, Notes, Glossary. $4.00 (paper).

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Mongolian Short Stories. Edited By Henry G. Schwarz. Bellingham: Western Washington State College, 1974. xxv, 179 pp. Biographical Sketches, Notes, Glossary. $4.00 (paper).

Mongolian Short Stories. Edited By Henry G. Schwarz. Bellingham: Western Washington State College, 1974. xxv, 179 pp. Biographical Sketches, Notes, Glossary. $4.00 (paper).

The Identity Struggle of Lincoln Steffens—Writer or Reporter?

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsPete SteffensPete Steffens is an associate professor in the Journalism Program, English Department, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington.

A Simulation Approach to Recreation Planning (A Case of Changing Quality). R. E. Howitt et al. The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, February 1974, pp. 35-50. The Annals of Regional Science, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington 98225. $8

A Simulation Approach to Recreation Planning (A Case of Changing Quality). R. E. Howitt et al. The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, February 1974, pp. 35-50. The Annals of Regional Science, Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington 98225. $8

Why Isn't Penny Flipping Fairer?

Keith J. Craswell is Associate Professor of Mathematics at Western Washington State College. A graduate of Olympic Community College, Bremerton, WA, and the University of Washington, he is particularly interested in the area of statistics and probability. He has written numerous articles for mathematical and statistical journals. For the past six years, Professor Craswell has served as Director for NSF Mathematics Teacher Training Programs, both academic year and summer institutes, at Western Washington State College.

Why Isn't Penny Flipping Fairer?.

Keith J. Craswell is Associate Professor of Mathematics at Western Washington State College. A graduate of Olympic Community College, Bremerton, WA, and the University of Washington, he is particularly interested in the area of statistics and probability. He has written numerous articles for mathematical and statistical journals. For the past six years, Professor Craswell has served as Director for NSF Mathematics Teacher Training Programs, both academic year and summer institutes, at Western Washington State College.

Louis Fischer. <italic>The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941–1945</italic>. New York: Harper and Row. 1972. Pp. xv, 238. $8.95

Louis Fischer. The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941–1945. New York: Harper and Row. 1972. Pp. xv, 238. $8.95 Get access Fischer Louis. The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941–1945. New York: Harper and Row. 1972. Pp. xv, 238. $8.95. Paul Roley Paul Roley Western Washington State College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 79, Issue 1, February 1974, Pages 200–201, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/79.1.200-a Published: 01 February 1974

A Day in the Life of Three Clinical Professors

Clinical professors come in an assortment of makes, models, and tyles. A br ef description of Project Turn-About is necessary. Project Turn-About is a field-centered approach to training teachers. The project is located in Garfield Elementary School, Everett, Washington, which is an inner-city low-income area. The school has an enrollment of 538 children, kindergarten through grade five. It is divided into four instructional areas, with each area containing from 90 to 165 children. Five clinical professors were hired. Two were paid by the local school district. Three were staff members of Western Washington State College. Four of the cinical professors are each assigned to an instructional area; the fifth is responsible for special education and program evaluation. The school is also staffed by three administrators, two reading specialists, one school counselor, one li brarian, one Physical Education specialist, and fourteen certified teachers. Psychologist and speech therapist services are available through the school district. Six ad ditional certified teachers are graduate students of West ern Washington State College. Five of these serve as half-time teachers and spend one-half of their time pur suing master's programs. Twenty-five student teachers are present, working in a traditional student teacher role. The school also hosts thirty-three laboratory students. These students are completing two quarters of their junior year in the Education Department of Western Washington State College. Their role is to spend ap proximately one-half of their time in contact with chil dren as para-professionals and one-half of their time in completing academic work. Within this elementary school framework, the clinical professors pursue a num ber of roles, which are herein outlined: A) The clinical professor has a classroom of about 26 children. He keeps records, conducts parent confer ences, and is expected to be present in the classroom at least one-half of the school day. B) The clinical professor is the team leader for an in structional area. In this role, he has the responsibil ity of building an effective team for instruction of pupils and training of student teachers and laboratory students. The responsibility includes supervision, scheduling, handling of inter-staff conflicts, leader ship in area meetings, and communication of adminis trative desires and decisions to the area staff.

The Profession Helping Itself: 24th Annual PNCFL Meeting

annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest Conference on Foreign Languages (PNCFL) on May 4-5, 1973, carried out its intent of promoting closer cooperation among all branches of the foreign language Approximately 300 representatives of the many facets of the profession were brought together under one roof on Orcas Island at Rosario Resort, a secluded area surrounded by trees and mountains on one side and looking out on the San Juan Islands of Puget Sound on the other. The location provided an informal, quiet atmosphere which encouraged interchange of ideas across some of the traditional barriers within the ranks of foreign language scholars and teachers. The program itself was designed to appeal to the wide variety of interest found among members of the Sessions devoted to literary scholarship, to linguistic research, and to language pedagogy brought together seventy-four speakers representing forty-two secondary schools and universities in seventeen states and three Canadian provinces. Program chairman Harry Reinert, high school teacher and foreign language consultant in the Edmonds (Washington) School District, chose as the theme for the conference A Helping Hand, referring toJob: Then will I confess unto thee that thine own right hand can save thee. PNCFL President Walter L. Robinson of Western Washington State College developed the theme of Job more fully in his opening remarks, noting that one might be reminded of Job's cursing the day he was born or of the terrible misfortunes which befell him. The foreign language profession also has problems: the constant erosion of language requirements in colleges, curtailment of high school sequences, leveling off of enrollment in general and in foreign language in particular. Thus, said Robinson, the conference could be viewed as a gathering of Job's comforters. But if we assemble here to lament our woes, then our theme from Job should be 'Miserable comforters are ye all.' Rather let us hope that out of our present troubles and our present deliberations here we may emerge as better practitioners of our profession. Before President Robinson formally opened the program, national and regional leaders had already engaged in two pre-conference working sessions in which they sought ways of combatting problems of the profession by utilizing the profession's own resources. C. Edward Scebold, Executive Secretary of ACTFL; Hans W. Deeken, Executive Secretary of AATG; and Carl Dellaccio, President-Elect of ACTFL, served as advisors to a gathering of sixteen Pacific Northwest foreign language leaders to discuss practical steps toward improvement of the status of foreign languages, both in terms of public image and of professional cooperation. Among the participants were state foreign language supervisors, presidents of regional and state foreign language associations, and presidents of state chapters of individual language associations. These discussions resulted in a proposal which was endorsed by the PNCFL members attending the business meeting on May 5:

Effective College Teaching Techniques

The Center for Higher Education, a faculty commit tee on Improvem nt of Teaching (chaired by Dr. L. Brewster, Speech Department), and the Graduate Office of Western Washington State College invited eight col lege teachers from Northwest colleges and universities to address the faculty on eight consecutive afternoons on Methods and Techniques of College Teaching I Have Found Effective. The series was part of a year long emphasis on improvement of teaching. This report dis cusses these presentations.

Stability of stated reinforcers as measured by the reinforcement survey schedule

The Reinforcement Survey Schedule (RSS) is designed to assess therelative reinforcing values of a variety of stimuli and stimulus situations. While the scale apparently is a valid assessment device, its stability over time had not been established. The present study is a test-retest reliability study of the RSS over three time intervals of 1,3, and 5 weeks, respectively. Subjects were 313 undergraduate psychology students at Western Washington State College. Median correlations for the 140 items, across subjects were .734, .665, and .709 for 1, 3, and 5 week intervals, respectively. Median correlations for subjects, across items for the same intervals were .829, .775, and .801. These reliability coefficients are of sufficient magnitude to render the scale useful as a clinical and research instrument. Implications and further refinements are discussed.